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STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF
LAMBS IN ARID ZONE OF RAJASTHAN
jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa HksM+ ds cPpksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu ds
izn'kZu ij izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk v/;;u
NUPUR CHANDEL B.V.Sc. & A.H.
THESIS
MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
(Livestock Production Management)
2018
Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334001 (Rajasthan)
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF
LAMBS IN ARID ZONE OF RAJASTHAN
jktLFkku ds 'kq"d {ks= esa HksM+ ds cPpksa ds fodkl vkSj mRiknu ds
izn'kZu ij izksck;ksfVd iwjd dk v/;;u
THESIS
Submitted to the Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE (Livestock Production Management)
FACULTY OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
By
NUPUR CHANDEL B.V.Sc. & A.H.
2018
3
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
CERTIFICATE- I
Date ……......……
This is to certify that Nupur Chandel had successfully completed the
Comprehensive examination held on …………………as required under the
regulation for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science.
(S.C.Goswami)
Head
Department of Livestock Production Management
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
4
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
CERTIFICATE- II
Date…….........…..
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Study on effect of supplementing
probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in arid zone of
Rajasthan” submitted for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science in the subject
of Livestock Production Management of the Rajasthan University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Bikaner embodies bonafide research work carried out by Nupur
Chandel under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been
submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during this work
have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the
advisory Committee on ……….
(S.C.Goswami) Head
Department of Livestock
Production Management
College of Veterinary and
Animal Science, Bikaner
(S.C.Goswami)
Major Advisor
DEAN
College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Bikaner -334001
5
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
CERTIFICATE- III
Date…….........…..
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Study on effect of supplementing
probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in arid zone of
Rajasthan” submitted by Nupur Chandel to Rajasthan University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Bikaner, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Veterinary Science in the subject of Livestock Production Management
after recommendation by the external examiner was defended by the candidate before
the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the
candidate in the oral examination on her thesis has been found satisfactory. We
therefore recommend that the thesis be approved.
(S.C. Goswami) Major Advisor
(Vijay Kumar)
Co-Advisor
(R.K. Dhuria) Advisor
(Hemant Dadhich)
Dean, PGS Nominee
(S.C. Goswami)
Head
Department of Livestock Production Management,
College of Veterinary and Animal Science,
Bikaner -334001
Approved
Dean
Post Graduate Studies
RAJUVAS, Bikaner
6
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner
CERTIFICATE- IV
Date…….........…..
This is to certify that Nupur Chandel, of the Department of Livestock
Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner has
made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Study on effect of
supplementing probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in
arid zone of Rajasthan”. Which were suggested by the external examiner and the
advisory committee in the oral examination held on ……………. . The final copies of
the thesis duly bound and corrected were submitted on …………., are enclosed
herewith for approval.
(S.C.Goswami)
Major Advisor
Department of Livestock Production
Management
Enclosed: One original and two copies of bound thesis. Forwarded to the Dean, Post
Graduate Studies, Rajuvas, Bikaner through the Dean, CVAS, Bikaner.
Dean
C.V.A.S, Bikaner
(S.C.Goswami)
Head
Department of Livestock Production
Management
Approved
Dean
Post Graduate Studies
Rajasthan University of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the accomplishment of the present study, I hearty thanks to Animal Husbandry
Department, Government of Rajasthan, for providing me enough study leave to successfully
complete Post Graduation and my thesis work.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and admiration to my major advisor, Dr. S.C
Goswami, Pofessor and Head, Department of Livestock Production Management for his guidance,
suggestions and deligent efforts throughout my research programme.
I would like to extend my gratitude to members of my advisory committee, Dr Vijay
kumar Chaudhary, Professor, Department of LPM, Dr Hemant Dadhich, Professor and Head
Department of Pathology, Dr R..K Dhuria, Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, College
of Veterinary and Animal Science, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, for valuable guidance and suggestions
during the period of study.
I respectfully acknowledge the help rendered by Dr (Mrs) Tara Bothra, Asst. Prof, Dept
of LPM, Dr (Mrs) Rajni Arora, Asst.Prof, Dept of LPM, Dr Arun kumar Jhirwal, Asst. Prof,
Dept of LPM , Dr Mohan lal Chaudhary, Asst. Prof ,Dept of LPM, Dr Vijay kumar Vishnoi,
Asst. Prof, Dept of LPM, Dr Vikramjeet and Dr (Mrs) Manju Nehra, Asst. Prof, Dept of
Animal Breeding and Genetics, for their immense support, valuable guidance and constructive
views in my research.
It is my pleasant duty to express the gratitude to LSA Ajeet Kumar Bhati and LSA
Balkishan Khatri, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bikaner for profounding the necessary
facilities for wool analysis of wool samples.
The help and company of staff of livestock Research Station, Kodamdasar, Dr Virendra
kumar, Dr Sunil Kumar Yadav, Dr Kamal Mohan , LSA Dharampal Chhimpa and worker Mhd
Hussain and Premji was outstanding, for providing me ever willfull help for successful completion
of my entire experiment.
The help and company of Staff of LPM,Department Kallaji, Aacharyaji and Vikasji were
outstanding.
I am grateful to my batchmate M.VSc students Dr. S. Preethi, Dr.Gayatri , Dr.Narendra
Poonia and Dr.Manish for their kind help in my research.
Iam obliged to Dr.Jagdish Kumar Vaishnav for his technical skill to analyse the research
data.
The financial assistance provided by the CVAS, RAUVAS,Bikaner in the form of stipend
during the period of studies is thankfully acknowledged.
I would like to thank my parents, my father Sh. Mohan lal Chandel and my mother Smt
Radhika whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue.
I would like to pay my sincere affectionate regards to my brother Mr. Ananth, nephew
Aviraj, Avirudra, Mahaan and neice Tanishka for their continuous encouragement, moral support
and affection.
Last, but not least, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me
during my whole research period. My most sincere thanks to the Almighty God who made
everything possible.
Place: Bikaner Date: (Nupur Chandel)
8
LIST OF CONTENTS
S. No. Title Page No.
1. Introduction 1-6
2. Review of Literature 7-22
3. Materials and Methods 23-28
4. Results and Discussion 29-60
5. Summary and Conclusion 61-64
6. Literature cited 65-76
7. Abstract(English & Hindi) 77-80
9
LIST OF TABLE
Table No. Titles Page No.
3.1 Random distribution of animals 23
3.2 Experimental design of animals 24
3.3 Composition and market cost of experimental feed
supplement 24
3.4 Dose of experimental feed supplement 25
4.1 Mean ± SE value of periodic body weight (kg) of
experimental lambs
32
4.2 Analysis of variance of total body weight (kg) of
experimental lambs
32
4.3 Analysis of variance of periodic body weight (kg) of
experimental lambs
33
4.4 Mean ±SE values of weekly average body weight gain (in
gm) of experimental lambs
36
4.5 Analysis of variance of average body weight gain (gm) of
experimental lambs
36
4.6 Analysis of variance of weekly average body weight gain
(gm) of experimental lambs
37
4.7 Body weight and Feed Conversion Ratio 35
4.8 Mean ± SE values of periodic body length (inches) of
experimental lambs
41
4.9 Analysis of variance of total body length (inches) of
experimental lambs
41
4.10 Analysis of variance of periodic body length (inches) of
experimental lambs
42
4.11 Mean ± SE values of periodic body height (inches) of
experimental lambs
45
10
Table No. Titles Page No.
4.12 Analysis of variance of total body height (inches) of
experimental lambs
45
4.13 Analysis of variance of periodic body height (inches) of
experimental lambs
46
4.14 Mean ± SE values of periodic heart girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
48
4.15 Analysis of variance of total heart girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
48
4.16 Analysis of variance of periodic heart girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
49
4.17 Mean±SE values of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
50
4.18 Analysis of variance of total abdominal girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
50
4.19 Analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (inches)
of experimental lambs
51
4.20 Mean ± SE values of wool parameters of experimental
lambs
54
4.21 Analysis of variance of wool quality parameters 55
4.22 Comparative economics of experimental feed supplement 58
11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Titles Page No.
1. Periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs 34
2. Total body weight gain (kg) in different treatment groups 34
3. Periodical body length (inches) of experimental lambs 38
4. Periodical body height (inches) of experimental lambs 38
5. Periodical heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs 43
6. Periodical abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs 43
7. Staple length (cm) and average number of crimps per cm of
different treatment groups 57
8. Average fineness (micron) and medullation percent of
different treatment groups 57
9. Hairy, Hetero and Pure percent of different treatment
groups 58
12
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No. Particulars
1. Experimental Animals
2. Slot plunger
3. Ermascope
13
ABBREVIATIONS
ADG Average Daily Gain
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
CFU Colony Forming Unit
DF Degrees of Freedom
DM Dry Matter
DMI
ETV
Dry Matter Intake
Enterotoxaemia Vaccine
FCR Feed Conversion Ratio
GDP Gross Domestic Production
GOI Government of India
ISI Indian Standards Institute
IWTO International Wool Textile Organization
M Mean
MS Mean Square
SC Saccharomyces Cerevisae
SE Standard Error
SS Sum of Squares
YC Yeast Cuture
14
INTRODUCTION
15
1. INTRODUCTION
Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture supporting
livelihood of more than two- thirds of the rural population. India‟s livestock sector is
one of the largest in the world. The overall contribution of livestock sector in total
GDP is nearly 4.11 percent. India is the third largest country by number of heads of
sheep that is 65.06 million in 2012, declined by 9.07 percent over census 2007
(Livestock census, GOI, 2012- 2013).
According to nineteenth livestock census held in 2012, the total livestock
population in Rajasthan is 577 lakhs and out of the total population around 16 percent
were sheep. Rajasthan ranks third in sheep population and accounts nearly 14 percent
of the total sheep population in the country and contributes to 35 percent of total wool
production. Sheep (Ovis aries) is a quadrapedal, ruminant mammal member of order
Aritodactyla, the even toed ungulates typically kept as livestock. Sheep are
multipurpose animals and raised for their meat, wool, milk, hides, skins and manure.
In Rajasthan state eight recognized breeds of sheep are available that are
Marwari, Malpura, Jaisalmeri, Chokla, Nali, Pugal, Sonadi and Magra. Besides this
huge population of non-descript sheep is also found in the state. In Rajasthan western
districts like Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Pali are known for more sheep
population. Chokla breed is distributed in Nagaur, Sikar and Churu district of
Rajasthan. Chokla breed is light to medium size animal with reddish brown face, skin
is pinkish and the coat is relatively dense and fine. Magra, Pugal and Chokla breeds
are endangered breeds of Rajasthan, the major reason for serious reduction are
adverse climate and insufficient attention is given to the development of feed and
watering resources in their home tracts. Chokla breed is found in north western arid
and semi-arid region in India, major product of breed is carpet wool (Kumar et al.
2015).
The average wool production in India is 0.62 kilogram per sheep per year and
in Rajasthan, it is about 1.12 kilogram per sheep per year. Bikaner district in
Rajasthan is known as Asia‟s largest wool market. Transactions regarding arrival and
sale of wool in Bikaner mandi during 2013-2014 as per data collected by Central
Wool Development Board are 1,72,927 quintal (arrival) and 1,72,960 (sold). The total
meat production in the state was 92 thousand tonnes in 2009-2010 in which 14
16
thousand tonnes of meat were contributed by the sheep with a share of around 16
percent. The consumption of meat has been projected to rise to 8-9 million tonnes by
2020 in which contribution of mutton would be substantial (Birthal and Taneja, 2006).
Sheep is a small sized calm animal and grow rapidly. They contribute greatly
to the agrarian economy, especially in areas where crop and dairy farming are not
economical and play an important role in the livelihood of a large proportion of small,
marginal farmers and landless laborers. Sheep farming require little investment and
we get returns of investment within a very short period.
Indian climate is suitable for sheep. Production practices usually vary
according to the purpose either meat, milk and wool production. Sheep productivity is
influenced by breed, dietary factors (Ram Ratan, 2004) and rearing environment
(Karim et al. 1984). The importance of wool relative to meat has declined. In the
economics of sheep husbandry, wool is now of secondary importance because mutton
fetches maximum return to a sheep farmer (Mehta et al. 1998).
Small ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm
systems and agriculture. To obtain high performance and good quality carcass, diets
with a high proportion of concentrate are used. Ingestion of large amounts of readily
fermentable carbohydrates can lead to changes on rumen fermentation pattern,
resulting in an increase in production of volatile fatty acids and lactate and thus
decreases in pH, which affects the amounts of cellulytic bacteria and reduces fibre
digestibility and the production of microbial mass. Thus, it is necessary to control
fermentation and use additives that maintain rumen health and improve animal
production. Feed is the main component of livestock farming which has gained
special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to
improve feed utilization through addition of feed additives. For a long period
antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their
ban in many countries search for alternative feed additives has been intensified.
India‟s huge population of ruminants remains a major source of green house
gases adding to global warming. Livestock sector contributes to global climate change
by emitting green house gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide either
directly from enteric fermentation or indirectly from feed production activities,
deforestation to create new pasture. It also generates almost two-thirds of
17
anthropogenic ammonia which contributes significantly to acid rain and acidification
of ecosystems. Reducing green house gases through mitigation and adaptation
strategies remains a major challenge. The scientific community has discussed the
restriction of growth promoting additives mainly antibiotics in order to avoid risks for
environment and for meat consumers on a search for sustainable and environmentally
friendly animal production. The purpose of using feed additives is to improve the
digestive and production efficiency by lowering the prevalence of pathogens and by
reducing the impact of livestock on the environment (Yirga, 2015).
The first goal of the livestock production is the delivery of safe foods for
human consumption taking into account the welfare of the animal and respect for the
environment. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognized to be safe to the
animals. Probiotics are defined as live microbial dietary supplement that beneficially
effect host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance (Cruywagen et al,
1996).
Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve
animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improves growth performance
through enhancing the rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed
conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilize rumen pH,
increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilizing protozoa,
resulting in a highly efficient rumen function and are known to reduce incidence of
neonatal diarrhea and mortality.
Addition of probiotics in feeding system has been shown not only to improve
post weaning live weight gain in calves but also to stimulate rumen development in
calves during weaning. Use of probiotics, instead of ionophores and antibiotics as
manipulators of rumen fermentation improves animal performance and ruminal
function (Chaucheryas- Durand and Durand, 2010).
Alternatively, there are live yeast cultures, which act as probiotic and have
characteristic that meet international market requirements. Young lambs with high
potential for live weight gain between 60 and 150 days of age need diets with high
protein and energy content according to National Research Council – NRC (2007),
which can hardly be achieved in an exclusive forage diet.
18
The beneficial responses of yeast products on productivity and health in ruminants
have been well recognized (Newbold et al, 1996, Robinson and Erasmus, 2009). It
has been suggested that yeasts may directly digest fibre components and improve
rumen environment by creating favourable pH, supply of micronutrients, scavenger
of oxygen and conductive for the growth of cellulolytic utilization of nutrients.
Various modes of action have been proposed to explain effects that yeast
cultures may have on rumen fermentation and ruminant production. Feeding of yeast
stabilizes rumen pH, increases total volatile fatty acids and reduces ammonia
concentration (Erasmus et al. 1992, Newbold et al. 1996, Tawab et al. 2016).
Increased bacterial population is central to the action of the yeast in improving
ruminant productivity (Wallace and Newbold 1992). Yeasts may stimulate growth
and enzymatic activity of cellulolytic bacteria as well as improve microbial protein
synthesis and fibre digestibility (Bomba et al. 2002). Yeast supplementation reduces
the redox potential that creates better conditions for growth of strict anaerobic
microorganisms produces specific factors, for example Vitamin B12 or branched chain
fatty acids, that way stimulating synthesis of microbial biomass in the rumen
(Chademana et al. 1990, Jouany 2006, Chaucheyras-Durand et al. 2008). Moreover,
yeast supplementation reduces rumen acidosis, stimulates growth and activity of lactic
acid-utilising rumen bacterium. Above activities of yeast lead to stimulation of rumen
fermentation and contribute to improved digestibility and feed utilization.
Supplementation of trace minerals individually or in mixtures increased feed
utilization and performance of animals (Engle and Spears, 2000, Datta et. al 2007, Jia
et. al 2008). Supplementation of trace minerals with Saccharomyces cerevisae (yeast)
may show further better response over Saccharomyces cervisae supplementation by
improving the mineral status of animals. The native breed lambs in farmer‟s field
have a 50-60 gm average daily gain in active phases of growth (Kaushish, Rawat and
Sharma, 1990) whereas under organized feeding management such lambs have
attained 170 gram average daily gain (Karim and Rawat, 1996).
The ability of an organism to be an effective probiotic has been found to be
strain specific and dosage dependent. Thus there is a need for standardization of a
dosage, strain specificity, viability and biosafety of these probiotics before they are
released in the market for usage by consumers (Satyanarayana et al. 2012).
19
Some products on the market guarantee high numbers of live yeast cells (for
example 100 billion CFU per gram) with low recommended feeding rates (0.5-1.0
gram per day), while other products are less concentrated and fed at higher levels of
inclusion (more than 10.0 gram per day) and suggested that live organisms are not
required for beneficial effects because the end products of fermentation (metabolites
produced by the yeast cells) are considered as the active ingredients.
Most recommended doses are based on dose response studies and are yeast
strain-specific. The effects of yeast products on animal productivity are strain
dependent. So, all yeast product preparations are not bioequivalent in efficacy.
Rumen microbiologists and ruminant nutritionists have suggested the use of
feed supplements to manipulate the rumen microbial population and thus rumen
fermentation to maximize the efficiency of feed utilization to further increase
ruminant productivity that is milk, meat and wool production (Nagaraja et al. 1997).
Hence an experiment has been planned for entitled “Study on effect of supplementing
probiotics on growth and production performance of lambs in Arid Zone of
Rajasthan” was undertaken with the following objectives-
1) To study the effect of probiotic (SC) supplementation on body weight and wool
parameters in Bikaneri Chokla lambs.
2) To compare the growth and production performance of Bikaneri Chokla lambs by
supplementation of probiotic alone and probiotic along with minerals in different
groups.
3) To study the comparative economics in cost of production performance.
20
REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
21
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The probiotics are live organisms (bacteria, yeast and fungi), which when
administered in adequate amounts confers a health benefit to host, improves ruminant
production and satisfy the demands associated with livestock industry.
The concept and advantages of using probiotics have been discussed
extensively in different species of livestock by numerous workers viz. Cole et al.
(1992), Chaucheyeras-Durand & Durand (2010), Erasmus et al. (1992), Engle and
Spears (2000), Datta et al. (2007), Jia et al. (2009) and Yirga (2015) in their studies
concluded that use of probiotic as feed additive improves production performance and
helps in disease prevention through maintenance of a healthy gastrointestinal
environment and improved intestinal function.
The literature related to the present investigation has been reported under the
following headings:-
2.1 Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and production performance of
ruminants.
2.2 Effect of minerals supplementation on growth and production performance of
ruminants.
2.3 Combined effect of probiotic with minerals supplementation on growth and
production performance of ruminants.
2.1 Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and production performance
of ruminants
In ruminants, yeast (SC) supplementation in the form of live culture or dead
cells with culture extracts has been proved successful in beneficially modifying rumen
fermentation by improving the microbial balance in its gut, increase animals growth
and improve its health by increasing its resistance to disease. Thus probiotics are
believed to improve the overall health of an animal.
Chademana and Offer (1990) evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of YC
on digestion in the sheep, conducted an experiment on 6 mature sheep, each fitted
with a rumen cannula. In results found that YC supplementation does not affect the
overall nutrient digestibility of organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber or gross energy.
At every forage and concentrate ratio, YC increased the disappearance of hay organic
22
matter. Results of study concluded that YC supplementation in diets increases the
initial rate of forage digestion in the rumen without changing overall food
digestibility.
Andrighetto et al. (1993) conducted an experiment on 12 sheep and evaluated
the effect of yeast culture addition on digestion in sheep. In trial, fed a high
concentrate diet to sheep and in results found that yeast supplementation decreased
rumen pH and increased total volatile fatty acids concentration and there were no
difference in dry matter and crude protein but ruminal turnover rate and retention time
were similar for the diets.
Karim and Rawat (1996) conducted an experiment on lambs raised under
extensive range management and others on intensive feeding with supplementation
and in results found that the growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, carcass
yield and dressing percentage were higher in lambs maintained under grazing with
supplementation and intensive feeding.
Hadjipanayiotou (1997) evaluated the effect of YC on milk yield, milk
composition and live weight changes. An experiment was conducted with 3 trials, one
with 48 suckling goats and another two with 48 non suckling ewes. The degradability
of feed stuffs fed either a concentrate with or without YC was studied. In results
found that with the exception of the greater (p<0.04) body weights loss by goats on
the yeast diet then those on the control and also there were no differences for dry
matter and crude protein degradability of feed stuffs. Results concluded that inclusion
of yeast does not improve performance of dairy ewes and goats and the degradability
of feed stuffs in the rumen.
Kamel et al. (2000) conducted an experiment on 3 sheep by giving them 3
different diets, Berseem hay (Basal diet), Basal diet plus SC at level of 0.75 per cent
DM intake and Basal diet plus SC at a level of 1.5 per cent DMI. Degradation rates of
DM were significantly increased (p <0.05) at both level of supplementation. Hence,
addition of SC to berseem hay stimulated the proliferation of microorganism, which
in turn associated with enhancement of performance of animal.
Santra et al. (2003) to improve animal productivity they studied on rumen
manipulation, as ruminants in developing countries are predominantly maintained on
low grade roughage and grazing on degraded range land resulting in their poor
23
nutrient utilization and productivity. Hence, manipulation of rumen fermentation was
tried to optimize ruminal fermentation for improving nutrient utilization and
productivity of the animals. According to them, rumen protozoa were eliminated by
defaunation for reducing ruminal methane production and increasing protein outflow
in the intestine, resulting in improving growth and feed conversion efficiency of the
animals. Additionally, probiotics of bacterial and yeast origin had been used in animal
feeding to stabilize rumen fermentation, reduced incidence of diarrhoea and thus
improving growth and feed conversion efficiency of young stalk.
Ghani et al. (2004) evaluated the effect of supplementing different levels of
YC in Zairaibi goat diets on digestibility, milk yield, rumen activity and performance
of Zairaibi goats during lactation period. An experiment was conducted on 15 Zairaibi
does divided in 3 groups. The control group was fed a concentrate mixture and
roughage, while the T2 and T3 groups were fed the same diet supplemented with 3 or
6 gram of YC, respectively. Results revealed that bucks fed YC had higher nutrient
digestion coefficients than the control group. Ruminal volatile fatty acids were higher
(p<0.05) for bucks fed YC at 6 hour post feeding than in the control group. The
lactating goats had higher (p<0.05) milk yield and contents of milk energy, protein,
total solid and solid non fat than the control goats. From this experiment it can be
concluded that inclusion of 6 gram per day of YC in goat diets is recommended under
field condition.
Haddad et al. (2005) evaluated the effect of YC supplementation on nutrient
intake, digestibility and growth performance of lambs. In an experiment 24 Awassi
lambs of same age group were divided in 3 groups. Each animal in group fed with 0,
3, & 6 gram per day of YC supplementation, respectively. From the results of study
concluded that lambs with 3g/day supplementation had a higher (p ≤0.05) weight gain
compared to lambs in the 0 g/day. ADG for lambs in 3g/day group was higher (p
≤0.05) than for lambs in 0 g/day group and FCR was highest in 6 gram per day
supplemented group.
Timmerman et al. (2005) conducted an experiment on one week old veal
calves to assess the influence of probiotics on growth and health indicators. In an
experiment, liquid probiotic supplements were administered daily for fifteen days in
one group and in other groups upto fifty six days. From the results they found that the
probiotics enhanced growth rate during the eight week of experimental period, ADG
24
and FCR were significantly improved in the treated groups and also tended to
diminish mortality.
Titi et al. (2008) studied effects of yeast culture on growth performance and
carcass composition of lambs and kids. In an experiment results shows that yeast
culture supplementation increased digestibility with no effect on growth, feed intake
or feed conversion ratio of fattening lambs and kids. They concluded that yeast
culture supplementation does not affect growth rate or dry matter intake in both kids
and lambs.
Maragkoudakis et al. (2010) evaluated the potential of a Lactobacillus
plantarum isolate from cheese as a probiotic feed supplement in lactating goats and
conducted an experiment in goats lasted for 5 weeks, results shows that the
Lactobacillus plantarum strain had displayed an interesting probiotic potential in
terms of beneficially modulating the goat faecal microbiota and goat production
performance.
Mikulec et al. (2010) conducted an experiment on 36 lambs divided in 2
groups, one control group and other trial group and evaluated the effect of live yeast
cells (SC) on growth performance of lambs, in one group fed 0.5 gram per day and in
other group 1 gram per day of live yeast. From results they concluded that
supplementation of live yeast at different level does not improve growth performance.
Silvia et al. (2010) evaluated body fat, protein, energy contents and nutritional
requirements for body weight gain of lambs in tropical semi-arid conditions. An
experiment was conducted on 32 castrated lambs, as reference for initial body weight
composition 8 lambs were slaughtered remaining 24 were randomly distributed in 3
treatment groups with supplement levels 0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent of body weight of a
corn, soyabean and mineral concentrate mixture. Net requirements for 200 gram body
weight gain per day ranged from 25.99 to 22.09 gram protein and from 0.311 to 0.591
M Cal energy for lambs of 15 to 30 kg body weight. Animals raised in tropical semi
arid region require more protein and less energy than lambs raised in temperate
regions.
Tripathi et al. (2010) conducted a comparative study on probiotics like
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, and Kluyveromyces marximanus
by feeding lambs. From results of experiment they found that in all lambs with yeast
25
culture supplementation increase in feed efficiency takes place but among the three
yeast cultures, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had the most potential as growth promoting
in lambs.
Sales (2011) conducted an experiment to quantify the effect of yeast
supplementation on ruminal parameters, nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency and
growth in sheep. In an experiment randomly distribute animals in two groups, in one
group with YC supplementation and other non-supplemented. In supplemented no
effects (p>0.05) were detected on the volatile fatty acids. Digestibility of dry matter,
organic matter and crude protein were increased by yeast supplementation with no
effects found for digestibility of fibre components.
Tripathi et al. (2011) conducted an experiment on 60 weaner lambs for 91
days and distribute animals in 5 equal groups. In an experiment allow all lambs to fed
ad- libitum, a composite feed mixture ratio of roughage to concentrate 25:75. In
treatment groups lambs received either Kluyveromyces marximanus, Saccharomyces
cerevisae, Saccharomyces uvarum or mixed culture. From results of experiment found
that dry matter intake was similar among all groups. However, daily gain was higher
in SC and YC supplemented lambs. The Saccharomyces cerevisae, Saccharomyces
uvarum and mixed YC supplementation improved feed intake by 8.0, 13.3 and 18.8
per cent and daily gain by 26.6, 11.7 and 18.8 per cent, respectively in lambs. The SC
culture feeding promoted feed intake and growth by 8 per cent and 26.6 per cent,
respectively showing the suitability of growth promoting microbial feed additive.
Therefore, SC can be used as growth promoting feed additives in meat animal
products.
Allen and Ying (2012) concluded that supplementation of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae fermentation product reduced the rate of ruminal starch digestion in cows
with high yield intake, which could help to stabilize the ruminal environment when
large amounts of starch are consumed to support higher milk production.
Raval et al. (2012) evaluated that probiotic supplementation to lactating cows
significantly improved fat percent.
Santillo et al. (2012) concluded that meat from artificially reared lamb fed
with milk replacer containing probiotics showed an improved fatty acid profile for
human diet. That is blood cholesterol levels in lambs fed milk replacer with
26
Lactobacillus acidophilus was almost halved compare with that found in maternal
milk and milk replacer.
Issacowitz et al. (2013) conducted an experiment in lambs by feeding diet
comprising hay and concentrate rations in two different proportions. In an experiment
they randomly distributed lambs in two groups, in one group diet containing live
yeast supplementation and in other group without live yeast supplementation. In
results they concluded that live yeast supplementation increased the weight and the
carcass length regardless the amount of concentrate added to the diet.
Kamal et al. (2013) conducted an experiment for 120 days on 24 kids of same
age group and distributed animals in 2 equal groups one control and other treatment
group. In experimental group fed SC (5.6x109
cells per head per day). From results of
experiment they found that body weight gain, height at withers and heart girth were
higher with superior FCR in the treatment group. From study they concluded that SC
supplementation improved growth and feed conversion efficiency.
Rufinno et al. (2013) an experiment was conducted in lambs by replacing the
soyabean meal by inactive dry yeast. From experiment results they found that
subcutaneous fat thickness and the intramuscular fat concentration decreases linearly
with increased level of inactive dry yeast in the diet. From following study they
concluded that inactive dry yeast can replace upto 100 percent of soyabean meal in
lamb diet.
Ahmed et al. (2015) evaluated the effects of substitution of berseem hay with
a mixture of Atriplex nummularia and Acacia saligna (1:1 Dry matter) on 36 Barki
lambs for 70 days. They divided them in different groups of 9 lambs in each group. In
an experiment control group with no substitution, in second group Accacia
nummularia and Accacia saligno mixture without fungal treatment and in third group
Trichoderma reesi treated Accacia nummularia and Accacia saligno mixture
supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.5 g/kg. Dry matter of feed replaced
100 per cent of berseem hay in the diet. From results of experiment they found that
significant (p<0.05) interactions occurred between diet and period for feed conversion
efficiency than lambs fed the Accacia saligna and control diet. In conclusion,
untreated halophyte mixtures of Accacia nummularia and Accacia saligna at (1:1 Dry
matter) can be substituted for berseem hay without negative effects on performance.
27
Treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae may improve performance and change
certain biochemical responses.
Ghazanfar et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 8 heifers for 120 days,
distribute animals in 2 groups. In this trial both groups were offered NRC
recommended diet with or without YC supplementation. From results of experiment
they found that the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral
detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in YC supplemented
group compared with control group. Finally they concluded that incorporation of SC
in the NRC recommended diet improves growth and health performance of dairy
cattle heifer.
Toghyani et al. (2015) evaluated the effect of kefir as probiotic on growth
performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens. In an experiment 192 one day old
broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, each with 12 chicks. Treatment
were as following (1) a basal diet (2) 2% milk kefir in drinking water (3) 2% molasses
kefir in drinking water (4) the diet supplemented with commercial probiotic.
Supplementing 2% kefir increase body weight of broiler at 28 and 42 days of age
(p<0.05). Supplementing 2% molasses kefir improved FCR of broilers during growth
period (p<0.05). From experiment results they concluded that inclusion of 2% milk
kefir in drinking water improves growth performance feed conversion ratio and
increased body weight of broiler.
Dabiri et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of different level of probiotic in diet of
ewes at late pregnancy and early lactation on body condition score, growth
performance and immune system of their lambs. From experiment results they
concluded that probiotic (SC) supplementation in diets of pregnant and lactating ewes
at level of 4.5 gram per day had a positive effect on their lamb growth performance.
Tawab et al. (2016) discussed the potential roles of probiotic as feed additives
on productive performance and health status of small ruminants and confined to
improve animal health, productivity and immunity.
Vohra et al. (2016) studied about current trend in animal nutrition, to provide
feed that meets nutritional needs to maintain healthy status and to lowers the
possibilities of infection and suggested that probiotics is an effective natural strategy
towards improving an animal health and performance. This review focuses on the
28
positive influence of YC supplementation in animal feed and some of the mechanisms
by which these benefits are achieved.
Uyeno et al. (2016) conducted an experiment on 15 Holstein cows and
evaluated the effects of supplementing feed of cows in mid-to-late lactation with an
active yeast product. In an experiment animals were randomly distributed in 3 groups
supplemented with different doses of yeast that is at the rate of 0, 5, 10 gram per day
over 21 day period of study. From results of an experiment they found that there is no
significant difference in feeding and milking performance or blood parameters
associated with supplementation. The population of bacteroides tended to be less and
fibrolytic bacterium fibrobacter significantly increased (p<0.05) in the rumen fluid of
the yeast 10 gram supplemented group compared with that of the control group.
Alsaied et al. (2017) evaluated that feeding of active dry yeast improved the
appetite of animals which leads to increase the feed intake and also daily weight gain
of the treated animals. Adding active dry yeast significantly increase the levels of
thyroid hormones which lead to increase the protein and fat biosynthesis. Benefits of
yeast supplements for ruminants are improving the overall intestinal bacteria balance,
reducing digestive problems, lower the risk of acidosis and reduction in the humidity
of bedding resulting in lower stress levels, improves fertility, weight gain and feed
utilization.
Fremah et al. (2017) evaluated the effect of oral probiotic administration on
growth and global gene expression profile in dairy cows. They conducted an
experiment on Holstein cows for 60 days supplemented with a daily dose of 50 ml of
a commercial probiotic. From results of experiment they found that probiotic
supplementation had no effect on body weight, packed cell volume and total protein
content in plasma (p>0.05), per cent lymphocyte count increased (p<0.05), and per
cent neutrophil count decreased (p<0.05) in probiotic supplemented animals. They
concluded that the utilization of probiotic in animal agriculture impacts genes which
are important to dairy cow health and production.
He et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on Holstein calves and evaluated the
effect of a yeast probiotic supplementation to pre weaning 42 Holstein calves on feed
intake and growth. The SC (Var boulardii) supplemented in milk replacer and fed at 5
29
gram per day per head. From results of an experiment they found that supplementing
SC in milk replacer had no additive effects on animal growth.
Zhu et al. (2017) conducted an experiment to find the effects of SC
fermentation products on performance, rumen fermentation and microbiota in dairy
cows fed a diet containing low quality forage. Trial was performed to evaluate the
effects of different levels of SC fermentation product on lactation performance and
rumen fermentation in mid- lactation of Holstein dairy cows. From results of
experiment they concluded that the increased level of SC linearly increases (p ≤ 0.05)
concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acids, which improves the performance of
animals.
2.2 Effect of minerals supplementation on growth and production performance
of ruminants.
Minerals are essential to the animals, participating as structural components of
tissue and acting in body fluids as electrolytes to maintain acid-base balance, the
osmotic pressure and permeability of cell membranes. Mineral deficiency has been
reported as responsible for low production and reproductive disorders have been
observed among ruminants.
Starks et al. (1953) evaluated that lambs receiving elemental sulphur retained
more nitrogen (p<0.015) and more sulphur (p<0.01). From results of experiment they
found that significantly more wool growth in treatment group than lambs receiving a
basal ration with 0.054 per cent sulphur. Further, in another experiment they also
reported highly significant increase in weight gain and wool growth by addition of
elemental sulphur.
Pastrana et al. (1991) evaluated the effect of selenium supplementation on the
productivity of Columbian sheep. They conducted an experiment on 24 ewes injected
with 0.1 miligram of sodium selenite per kg, one month before mating and 24 ewes in
control group. In treatment group Liver selenium level was higher (p<0.05) as
compared to control group. They concluded that ewes in the treatment group
produced 1036 kilogram lambs per 100 ewes compared to 725 kilogram for control
group at the weaning age of eight weeks.
Engle et al. (1999) conducted an experiment to determine the effect of dietary
phosphorus and trace mineral source on immune response and performance in steers
30
stressed by weaning. In an experiment they gave different treatment to animals. In
trial, in first group they gave inorganic trace mineral, in second group organic trace
mineral, in third group 0.15 percent supplemented phosphorus plus inorganic trace
mineral and in fourth group 0.15 percent supplementation plus organic trace minerals.
From results of experiment they concluded that increasing dietry phosphorus or
replacing inorganic trace minerals with organic forms had little effect on immunity
and performance of steers.
Matusi (2002) evaluated the effects of YC supplementation on phosphorus
absorption. For this conducted an experiment on ruminants and in results found that
fermentation of soyabean meal with Aspergillus usamii completely degraded phytate
and improved phosphorus availability, phytate is easily degraded in rumen and
availability of phytate phosphorus is high in ruminants. Finally, concluded that dietary
yeast phytate increased phosphorus absorption and availability.
Shinde et al. (2003) conducted an experiment on lambs, and in results they
found that concentration of copper and zinc in serum and wool of rams fed with
copper and zinc sulphate or copper and zinc methionine complex is greater than
control group. From experiment results they observed that there was no effect on
nutrient intake, digestibility except wool yield of lambs.
Lesmeister et al. (2004) conducted an experiment on seventy five calves for
forty two days to determine effects of SC supplementation on growth, blood
parameters and rumen development. They recorded growth and blood parameters at
weekly intervals. In results they found that inclusion of YC at 2 percent significantly
increased total DMI, ADG and daily hip width change when compared with the
control treatment. ADG was improved by 15.6 percent for the 2 percent YC treatment.
They concluded that the addition of YC in dairy calf starter at 2 percent enhances
DMI and growth.
Garg et al. (2008) evaluated the effect of organic and inorganic zinc
supplement on growth nutrient utilization and mineral profile. They conduct an
experiment on 18 lambs, for a period of 150 days. Animals in an experimental group
were additional supplemented with 20 miligram zinc per kilogram of diet either
through inorganic zinc sulphate or zinc methionine complex. From results of an
31
experiment they concluded that ADG of lambs and FCR were significantly (p≤ 0.05)
higher in organic feed supplemented group.
Dallago et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 24 male lambs for 84 days
to evaluate the effect of chromium-picolinate oral supplementation on the
performance and rumen protozoa in sheep. In this experiment lambs were treated with
different level of chromium per animal per day. From results of this experiment they
found no changes in initial and final mean body weight, dry matter intake, daily gain
and total body weight gain of lambs.
Dezfoulian et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation (zinc
sulphate and zinc proleinate) in a barley basal diet, an experiment was conducted on
20 male lambs for 70 days. From results of experiment they concluded that ADG and
feed efficiency improved with zinc supplementation and improves the performance of
lambs.
Gresakova et al. (2013) conducted an experiment on 15 male lambs of 4
month old age group and evaluated the effects of selenium-yeast supplementation on
sheep. In an experimental trial they distributed animals in two treatment groups, one
supplemented with only selenium at the rate of 0.007 miligram per kilogram per dry
matter and in other group with 0.3 miligram selenium per kilogram dry matter from
selenium-yeast. From results of experiment they demonstrated that the feed
supplemented with selenium from selenium-yeast results in higher absorption of
selenium from the digestive tract and greater body selenium retention in sheep.
Naderi et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 20 male and 20 female
Sanjabi lambs with aim to investigate the effect of nutrition supplement on skin
follicle activity and wool growth rate in male and female lambs during autumn and
winter season. In an experiment fed control group with basal diet and in treatment
group fed diet with more concentrates. From results of this experiment they found
positive effects of supplementary feeding on both i.e percentage of active primary
follicle and secondary follicle. They concluded that the fibre follicle activity and wool
growth in Sanjabi lambs is mainly under influence of nutrition.
Fouladgar et al. (2016) conducted an experiment to determine effects of
feeding kefir on performance and health of calves. They select thirty, three day old
Holstein female calves. Kefir was added to whole milk and fed twice per day. In
32
results they found that kefir to whole milk directly had no effects on concentration of
blood metabolites. However, body length was greater and improvement in fecal
scores and reduced days of diarrhoea.
Araujo et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on 36 male goat kids grazing in
semi-arid region of Brazil with objective to determine net requirements of
phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for growth. From results of this
experiment they concluded that indigenous goat grazing in the semi-arid region of
Brazil have different mineral requirements from those values recommended by
international committees for dairy and meat.
2.3 Combined effect of probiotic with minerals supplementation on growth and
production performance of ruminants.
In order to maintain general vitality as well as optimum performance, it is
extremely important that the animal should remain in perfect physiological state of
health therefore, it is essential to study the effect of new feed resources.
Erdman and Sharma (1989) conducted an experiment on 20 Holstein cows for
10 weeks to evaluate the effect of YC and Sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and
composition in dairy cows. In an experiment supplemented diet with sodium
bicarbonate and 1per cent YC. From results of this experiment they concluded that
YC and sodium bicarbonate had no effect on DM intake and milk yield. However,
there was a tendency for increased milk protein per cent with added YC and increased
daily production in animals.
Doyle et al. (1990) evaluated the effects of mineral mixture supplementation
in sheep. For this purpose they conducted an experiment by supplementing diet with a
complete mineral mixture or with mineral mixture and urea with sulphate to found the
effects on the intake and digestion of three straws by sheep. From results of this
experiment they concluded that mineral supplemented group had no effect on intake
and digestibility of any of the straws while it reduced or tends to reduce rumen
ammonia levels with two or more digestible straws and no significant effects on non-
ammonia nitrogen flows from the abomassum.
Naqvi and Rai (1990) conducted an experiment on sheep and concluded that
low level of feeding reduced the fleece yield and increased the efficiency of
33
conversion of feed to wool. Staple length and diameter of fibre was reduced at low
level of feeding while crimps/cm increased.
Cole et al. (1992) conducted four experiments and determined influence of
yeast culture on health performance of feeder calves, in the first experiment 108
feeder calves were fed diet containing 0.75 percent YC and phosphorus, in second
experiment 101 calves fed diets containing 0.75, 1.5 percent YC, in third experiment
feeder steers fed diet containing 0.75 percent YC and challenged while in fourth
experiment fasted feeder lambs for 3 days and provided diets containing 1.5 percent
YC. From results of these experiments they concluded that lambs fed YC had greater
nitrogen balance and tends to have greater zinc and iron balance than control lambs
and finally they suggested that supplementation of YC have beneficial effect and
improves metabolism.
Deaville and Galbraith (1992) conducted a comparative study of protein level
and yeast culture on growth performance and mohair fibre characteristics of British
Angora goats. From results of experiment they concluded that there was an increase in
live weight gain with high protein level diet supplemented with yeast culture.
Chiquette (1995) conducted two experiments on steers and evaluated the
effects of addition of feed supplement SC and Aspergillous oryzae. From results of
experiment they found that milk yield, milk composition and feed intake were not
affected by addition of SC to the diet but supplementation of the diet with
Aspergillous oryzae alone or in combination with SC increased the ratio of milk yield
and dry matter intake.
Hinman et al. (1998) evaluated the effects of YC in a barley and potato
processing residue diet on steer growth performance and carcass characteristics. In
this experiment 72 beef steer were randomly distributed in 2 treatment groups, from
results of this experiment they concluded that feeding YC in a barley and potato
processing residue finishing diet improved ADG by 6.9 percent and feed efficiency by
4.5 percent.
Miller et al. (2002) studied the effects of two different yeast cultures on
ruminal microbial metabolism. They conducted an experiment on ruminants and in
results found that both yeast culture products increases dry matter and protein
digestion as compared with control group. They also found that protein production by
34
rumen microbes was different and they concluded that specific yeast cultures have
different modes of action.
Aguiar et al. (2007) concluded that the replacement of corn and soyabean
meal with sugarcane yeast and urea in the diet of sheep adversely affected the energy
intake and animal performance.
Kawas et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of sodium bicarbonate and YC on
nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of lamb fed finishing diet. From results
of experiment they concluded that lamb consuming diet with sodium bicarbonate had
27 percent more nitrogen retention in contrast with those fed basal diet without
additive.
Gaggia (2010) studied about potential combinations of suitable probiotics and
prebiotics may prove to be the next step to reduce the risk of intestinal diseases and
remove specific microbial disorders.
Malik and Bandla (2010) evaluated the effect of source and dose of probiotics
and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on intake, feed efficiency and growth performance
of buffalo calves. In experiment Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus and
three fibrolytic enzymes were tested. From results of experiment they found that
average daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly higher (p≤0.01) in fibrolytic
enzyme-2 than fibrolytic enzyme-1. Final body weight was 4 per cent and 12 per
cent and feed efficiency was 2.6 per cent and 1.6 per cent more in fibrolytic
enzyme-2. They concluded that fortification of SC and fibrolytic enzymes together
had more impact on average daily gain and feed efficiency in buffalo calves.
Pal et al. (2010) conducted an experiment and evaluated the effects of yeast
(SC) supplied from dried distillers rice grains with or without a trace mineral
mixture on the performance and nutrient utilization of black bengal kids. From
results of experiment they concluded that yeast supplementation in kids increases
growth, feed intake and nutrient utilization but trace mineral supplementation had
no influence on growth and nutrient utilization.
Estrada et al. (2012) conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated the
effect of feeding different levels of chromium-enriched live yeast in hairy lambs fed a
corn-based diet on growth performance, dietary energetic, carcass traits and visceral
organ mass, in results they found that chromium enriched yeast supplementation
35
enhances growth rate, longissmus muscle area, and dietary energetic efficiency in
finishing feedlot lambs.
Vosooghi et al. (2014) conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated the
effects of different level of protein with or without probiotics on growth performance
and blood metabolite during pre weaning and post weaning phases in male lambs. In
results they found that cortisol concentration was significantly lower in lambs fed
with probiotic and they concluded that probiotic supplementation increased feed
intake and rumen ammonia –nitrogen during the pre weaning period.
Pienaar et al. (2015) conducted an experiment on 32 merino lambs to evaluate
the influence of a SC alone or in combination with an ionophore (lasolacid-sodium),
on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in a standard lamb finishing diet. In results
they found that dietary treatment had no effect on the nutrient digestibility of the
finisher diets and they concluded that rumen specific live yeast included alone or in
combination with lasolacid-sodium did not influence apparent digestibility of lambs.
However it enhance apparent total tract crude protein availability.
Smeti et al. (2015) evaluated the combined effect of concentrate with
Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils on ewes. From results of an experiment they
found that rosmerry essential oil increase dry matter intake, nitrogen intake and
increase fat content of colostrums and also decreases lamb mortality.
Kumawat et al. (2016) conducted an experiment on Magra lambs and
evaluated the effects of supplementary feeding and in results found highly significant
effect of treatment on body weight, average weight gain and of wool characteristics
medullation, hairy and pure percent are significantly high in treatment groups.
Shankpal et al. (2016) evaluated the effects of supplementing bypass fat and
YC on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and FCR in weaner Surti kids.
In experiment twenty four Surti kids were randomly distributed in four groups, first
fed with basal diet, second basal diet with 2 percent YC, third basal diet with 2 per
cent bypass fat and in fourth basal diet with combination of 2 percent YC and 2 per
cent bypass fat. From results of experiment they concluded that inclusion of live yeast
and bypass fat at 2 percent in kid diet improves growth, digestibility of nutrients and
FCR with 6.66 percent less feed cost as compared to control group.
36
Belal and Obeidat (2017) conducted an experiment on awassi ram lambs for
63 days to determine the influence of feeding olive cake and SC supplementation on
performance and blood metabolites. From results of experiment they concluded that
SC supplementation was not showing any significant benefits.
Ahmadzadeh et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on 44 Ghezal ewes (age
2-5 year) to evaluate the effect of supplementing a diet with monensin and SC yeast
on reproductive performance in breeding season. From results of experiment they
found that monensin sulphate and SC treatments had greater number of lambs than
ewes of control group. In blood sample greater concentration of 17 beta estradiol,
progesterone, blood urea nitrogen, glucose than ewes of control group and they
concluded that diet including monensin and SC yeast had beneficial effects on
reproductive performance.
37
MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
38
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was planned and conducted to determine the effect of probiotic
(SC) supplementation with different concentration and with or without minerals to
assess the effect on growth and production performance of lambs and an experiment
was conducted on eighteen Bikaneri Chokla lambs for 10 weeks.
The research work was conducted at Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar
Bikaner (Rajasthan). All the facilities for proposed study exist in Livestock Research
Station, Kodamdesar, Department of Livestock Production Management and
Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Rajasthan, College of Veterinary
and Animal Science, Bikaner.
3.1 Management and Distribution of experimental animals
Eighteen healthy lambs (female) of same age group (4-5 months) were
selected for an experiment from Livestock Research Station, Kodamdesar. During
pre-experimental period each animal had given identification number using
aluminium tags and marking of different colour for easy identification in different
treatment groups. Experimental animals were housed in well ventilated and hygienic
conditions and were allowed to acclimatize for a period of 10 days prior to
experimental feeding. All animals were vaccinated with ETV and were went to de-
worming before the start of experiment by Albendazole as anti-helminthic. All the
lambs were maintained at ambient temperature with natural day light. All the
experimental animals were distributed randomly in different treatment groups as
shown in (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Random distribution of animals.
S. No. Tag no. Body wt (kg) S. No. Tag
no.
Body wt
(kg) S. No. Tag no. Body wt (kg)
1 3712 18.5 1 3708 17.3 1 3707 20.4
2 3713 19.5 2 3711 18.7 2 3709 20.7
3 3714 13.2 3 3717 16.5 3 3710 19.5
4 3715 17.8 4 3723 18.3 4 3716 18.7
5 3718 20.3 5 3725 18.6 5 3720 19.5
6 3719 17.5 6 3727 16.7 6 3721 19.9
39
3.2 Experimental design.
All the experimental animals were distributed by randomized block design
into 3 groups of 6 animals in each subjected to one control (T1) and two treatment
groups (T2 and T3) as described in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Experimental design of animals
S. No. Experimental
group
Feeding strategy Number of
Animals
Experimental
Period
1. T1 Grazing + Basal diet 6
April, 2017 to
June, 2017
2. T2 Grazing + Basal diet +
Probiotic supplementation
6
3. T3 Grazing + Basal diet +
Probiotic with Mineral
supplementation
6
3.3 Experimental Feed Supplement
Measured quantity of experimental feed supplement was provided to each
animal in both treatment groups during the entire period of experiment. Ingredient
composition of experimental feed supplement given to animals was as shown in Table
3.3 and ingredient composition of basal diet that is concentrate pellet feed (Saras
gold), having 19.8 percent crude protein and 2500 kcal/kg metabolic energy with 11
per cent moisture, 20 percent protein, 10 per cent fibre, 3 per cent sand-silica, 2 per
cent min-mixture and 1.5 percent salt was fed at the rate of 100 gram per animal in
each group, with market cost of Rs. 1700 per 100 kg.
Table 3.3: Composition and market cost of experimental feed supplement.
S.No Name of ingredients Percent ingredients Market cost (Rs.)
1 Probiotic -Yeast(SC) 100 billion CFU Rs. 59 per100gram
2
Probiotic –Yeast(SC) with
minerals
1.5 billion CFU with
minerals (Calcium,
Phosphorus and Zinc)
Rs. 35 per100gram
40
3.4 Dose of Experimental feed supplement
Experimental feed supplement were given to all animals in two treatment
groups T2 and T3 groups as shown in (Table 3.4).
Table 3.4: Dose of Experimental feed supplement
Group Feed Supplement Dose
T2 Probiotic(SC)
(100 billion CFU)
3gram per day per animal
T3
Probiotic (SC) + Minerals
(1.5 billion CFU) + Ca, P, Zn
3gram per day per animal
3.5 Experimental procedure
3.5.1 Feeding and watering
All the animals of experimental groups (T1, T2 and T3) of six animals in each
group were allowed to grazing for 8 hours during morning and evening hours along
with basal diet (concentrate pellets) and are allowed to drink water before and after
grazing hours. In T1 group animals were kept on grazing with basal diet and in T2
group animals 3 gram per day per animal probiotic feed supplement were given along
with grazing and basal diet, whereas in T3 group animals 3 gram per day per animal
probiotic with minerals feed supplement were given along with grazing and basal diet.
3.5.2 Observations
Following recordings were done during the experimental period.
a) Body weight records (kilogram)
Digital platform balance was used to measure the body weight of all
experimental animals at weekly interval. Body weight of all the animals was recorded
individually on the first day of the procurement of experiment and thereafter regularly
at weekly interval upto10 weeks of experimental period.
b) Weekly average weight gain (gram)
The weekly live weight gain was calculated from the difference in body
weight attained at the end and at the start of the period.
c) Feed Conversion ratio (FCR)
Feed conversion ratio of the experimental feed worked out for entire
experimental period by taking into consideration the live weight gain to total feed
consumption was calculated with following formula.
41
Feed conversion ratio= weight gain / Total feed consumed
3.5.3 Body conformation.
External body measurements viz. length, height, heart girth and abdominal girth were
recorded at weekly intervals with the help of measuring tape.
a) Body length
The length in inches from point of shoulder to the point of hip (Tuber Coxae)
is measured as body length of the animal.
b) Body Height
The distance in inches between point of the toe (hoof) to the highest point on
wither (thoracic vertebrae).
c) Heart Girth
Heart Girth of animals is measured as the circumference of the chest in inches
around thoracic cavity behind the elbow.
d) Abdominal Girth
Abdominal circumference in inches around the abdominal cavity was
measured as abdominal girth of the animals.
3.5.4 Wool characteristics
The wool samples for laboratory analysis were collected on the last day of
experiment from all the three experimental group animals. Samples were taken from
left mid-side region above the last 3rd
pair of ribs and as close to skin as possible.
Different Samples were kept in different polythene bags with identification tag no. of
different groups.
Samples were taken to Additional Director office of Animal Husbandry
Department, Government of Rajasthan, CVAS, Bikaner, for analysis of wool sample
and evaluated in wool analysis laboratory.
The methods used for wool analysis
According with procedures laid down by ISI (1964, 1965) IWTO (1967) and
Ryder and Stephension (1968), were used for the measurement of wool parameters
and techniques for the assessment of wool production and its characteristics in
experimental groups.
42
Qualitative estimations
Staple length:
Black velvet board and measurement scale were used to measure the staple
length. On an average 10 random blocks were used to take the average staple length.
The length of the staple was measured from the base of the lock of fibres to the dense
part of tip where majority of the fibres end without stretching the staple. Average
staple length were calculated by taking an average of 10 random blocks and
calculated as follows:
Average staple length = N
X
Where:
∑ = sum of length of individual staple
X = length of individual staple (cm)
N = number of staple measured
Staple crimp:
Staple crimp was counted simultaneously with the measurement of staple
length. The crests or troughs were counted manually.
The average crimps per unit length of staple were calculated as follows:
Average number of crimps (per cm) = L
X
Where:
∑ = sum of number of crimps per staple
X = number of crimps per staple
L = length of individual staple
Fiber metrology
Fibre diameter:
After measuring staple length and number of crimps per centimeter, wool
samples were washed with petroleum ether solution to make free from dirt and fecal
matter. After washing, wool samples were used to make a slide with the help of slot-
43
plunger (plate: 2) and cutted in pieces of 0.5 mm size. The powdered mass was taken
on microscopic slide with the help of needle and thoroughly mixed with liquid
paraffin and a cover slip was placed over it. The slides were examined under
Ermascope (plate: 3).
Frequency distribution of 200 fibres were recorded on data sheet (hairy per
cent, hetero per cent and pure per cent) and mean fibre diameter were calculated.
Medullation percentage:
The number of medullated and non-medullated fibres were recorded under
ermascope and expressed as medullation percentage. The number of hairy, hetero and
pure fibres were recorded and expressed as percentage.
Medullated fibres are with complete wide medullaion and in appearance black
while viewing in ermascope. Hetero fibres have partial medullation and show
characteristic of both wool and hair which occur in the fleeces of indiscriminately
bred sheep and appears indiscriminate while viewing in ermascope. Pure fibres are
non-medullated and in appearance transparent while viewing in ermascope and hairy
fibres are medullated fibre that is higher in the coarser.
3.5.5 Statistical analysis
For statistical analysis of data collected during experiment was subjected to
analysis by adopting methods of analysis of variance as described by Snedecor and
Chochran (1994). Wherever, the significance of mean differences were tested by
Duncan‟s New Multiple Range Test, the variance ratio (F-values) were found
significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of probability.
3.5.6 Comparative economics
Comparative economics was calculated at the end of 70 days of experimental
period. The total cost of experimental feed was calculated on the basis of prevailing
market prices. The total feed cost per animal during the experimental period was
calculated and from that feed cost per kilogram live body weight gain was calculated.
44
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
45
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sheep rearing has multiplicity value and plays an important role in
national economy. Across the developing world an adequate supply of nutrients for
livestock is crucial to the livelihood of millions of people. In India there is a large
deficit of feed and fodder. Frequent droughts and floods further widen the gap
between demand and supply of feed and fodder. Due to industrialization and increase
in human population grazing lands are continuously decreasing resulting in decrease
in population of sheep in our country. Due to this imbalance, animals are mainly fed
on poor quality feed which are low in energy and essential nutrients. Therefore, it is
describe to maximize the utilization of nutrients from available feed stuffs by using
various feed additives like probiotics and minerals. Among non antibiotic feed
additive probiotics especially (SC) and minerals have a great potential to alter rumen
fermentation and improve body weight and body length and wool parameters in
sheep. Thus, an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of probiotic
supplementation with or without minerals and with different live yeast concentration
as feed supplement on growth and production performance in lambs.
In T2 group probiotic (SC) with 100 billion CFU live yeast concentration and
are without minerals were used as feed supplement and were given at the rate of 3
gram per day to each animal whereas in T3 group probiotic (SC) with 1.5 billion CFU
live yeast concentration along with minerals were used as feed supplement at the rate
of 3 gram per day to each animal in group to assess the growth and production
performance of lambs. Physical parameters body weight, body length, body height,
heart girth and abdominal girth were recorded at weekly interval for 10 weeks. Wool
samples were collected on the last day of experiment from each animal in each group,
to analyse the wool parameters like fibre diameter, medullation per cent, average
number of crimps per centimeter, staple length, hairy per cent, hetero per cent and
pure per cent.
The results of study conducted in two treatment and control group had been
presented here under in the following headings.
4.1 Chemical composition of different experimental feed used in experiment.
4.2 Body weight, Weekly average weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio.
46
4.3 Body conformation i.e. body length, body height, heart girth and abdominal
girth.
4.4 Wool quality attributes.
4.5 Comparative economics of the different treatment group.
4.1 Chemical composition of different experimental feed used in experiment
4.1.1 T2 group- Probiotic – Yeast (SC)-100 billion CFU.
4.1.2 T3-group- Probiotic –Yeast (SC)-1.5 billion CFU with minerals (Ca, P, Zn).
4.2 Body weight, weekly average weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio
4.2.1 Weekly body weight (kg)
The body weights of experimental lambs were recorded at weekly intervals, as
the changes in body weight is very reliable measure of performance of animals
subjected to different treatment. The weekly body weight in control group, probiotic
and probiotic with mineral added feed supplement increases respectively as shown in
(Table 4.1). The mean initial body weights were found to be 17.53 ± 0.99 kg, 17.4 ±
0.42 kg and 19.41 ± 0.30 kg in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively.
The mean periodic body weight (Table 4.1) was found to increase from 17.53
± 0.99 kg to 22.06 ± 0.98 kg in T1 group, 17.4 ± 0.42 kg to 25.2 ± 0.66 kg in T2 group
and 19.41 ± 0.30 kg to 26.25 ± 0.55 kg in T3 group in 70 days of experiment but
difference was non-significant.
The statistical analysis of data of total body weights gain (Table 4.2) revealed
highly significant effect (p< 0.01) due to treatment. On comparing the means by
Duncan‟s new multiple range test of significance higher total body weights gain were
recorded in animals of supplemented feed group as compared to control (T1) group.
The statistical analysis of periodic body weights data (Table 4.3) revealed non-
significant effect upto IInd
weeks of treatment and from IIIrd
ot VIIth
weeks revealed
significant (p<0.05) effect of treatment than highly significant effect (p<0.01) of
periodic body weight attributed to increase in body weights of lambs with
advancement of age in treatment groups. The significantly higher weight gain in
probiotic supplemented group with more live yeast concentration in comparison to
probiotic with mineral supplemented group and control group indicated positive effect
of the probiotic as feed supplement on body weights. Weekly body weights were
47
depicted (Fig.1) for all the three groups and shows uniform pattern in body weight
gain.
Results of present study were in accordance with Pal K et al. (2010) concluded
that yeast supplementation in kids increase growth, feed intake and nutrient utilization
but trace mineral supplementation had no influence on growth and nutrient utilization.
Further, Estrado-Angulo et al. (2012) evaluated that chromium enriched yeast
supplement enhances growth rate, longissmus muscle area and dietary energetic
efficiency in finishing feedlot lambs. Santra et al. (2003) studied that probiotics of
bacterial and yeast origin have been used in animal feeding to stabilize rumen
fermentation, reduced incidence of diarrhea and thus improve growth and production
performance of lambs. Similar findings were also reported by Ghani et al. (2004),
Karim and Rawat (1996), Issacowitz et al. (2013) they all conduct an experiment on
lambs and concluded that yeast supplementation improves the weight and the carcass
length. Whereas Fremah et al. (2017) conducted an experiment on cows and evaluated
that probiotic supplementation had no effect on body weight.
4.2.2 Weekly average weight gain (gm)
The weekly average weight gain (gm) in lambs of different treatment groups,
obtained during trial have been presented in Table 4.4. Mean ± SE values are 453 ±
36.05 gm, 780 ± 83.61gm and 684 ± 72.42gm in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The statistical analysis of average weight gain (Table 4.5) shows highly
significant effect (p≤0.01) of treatment. The statistical analysis of weekly average
weight gain (Table 4.6) revealed significant effect on IInd
, Vth
and IXth
weeks of
treatment.
The maximum average weight gain was observed in lambs of T2 group (780 ±
83.61) feeding probiotic supplementation with more live yeast concentration followed
by T3 group (684 ± 72.42) feeding probiotic supplementation with less live yeast
concentration along with minerals and the minimum average weight gain was noticed
in the animals of T1 group (453 ± 36.05) in which lambs were kept only on grazing
with basal diet and without probiotic supplementation. Additional weight gain was
depicted in Fig.2 for all the three groups.
48
Table 4.1: Mean ± SE values of periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs
S
No.
Period
(Weeks)
T1 (Control
group)
T2 (Probiotic feed
group)
T3 (Probiotic+Mineral feed
group)
1 0 17.53±0.99 17.4±0.42 19.41±0.30
2 I 17.8±1.01 17.68±0.39 19.78±0.29
3 II 18.15±1.00a 18.53±0.39
a 20.53±0.36
b
4 III 18.66±1.05a 19.48±0.40
ab 21.5±0.42
b
5 IV 19.23±1.06a 20.61±0.55
ab 22.38±0.47
b
6 V 19.75±1.07a 21.63±0.44
ab 23.08±0.49
b
7 VI 20.23±1.07a 22.11±0.69
ab 23.98±0.59
b
8 VII 20.23±1.07a 22.98±0.74
ab 24.75±0.61
b
9 V III 21.28±1.03a 23.8±0.64
b 25.33±0.55
b
10 IX 21.78±1.04a 24.65±0.67
b 25.86±0.53
b
11 X 22.06±0.98a 25.2±0.66
b 26.25±0.55
b
Total gain 4.53±1.98a 7.8±0.84
b 6.84±0.6
b
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.2: Analysis of Variance of total body weight gain (kg) during
experimental period
Source of
Variance DF SS MS F-value
Treatment 2 344 172
22.17**
Error 15 116.5 7.77
**=Highly significant (p<0.01)
Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each
other.
49
Table 4.3: Analysis of variance of periodic body weight (kg) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
0
week
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 3NS
3.33NS
2.6* 4.18
* 4.50
* 5.03
* 5.29
* 5.78
* 7.01
** 7.24
* 8.20
**
Error 15 2.54 2.48 2.60 3.04 3.32 3.26 3.98 4.06 3.57 3.63 3.46
Note: **
Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *Significant at 5% (p<0.05)
NS Non-Significant
50
Fig. 1: Periodic body weight (Kg) of experimental lambs
Fig. 2: Total body weight gain (kg) in different treatment groups
15
20
25
30
35
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
We
igh
t(K
g)
Period (weeks)
Body weight (inKg)
T1
T2
T3
T1, 4.53
T2, 7.8
T3, 6.84
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Treament
Tota
l bo
dy
we
igh
t ga
in (
kg)
Total body weight gain (kg)
51
Results of present study were in accordance with Haddad et al. (2005)
conducted an experiment on lambs and evaluated that lambs with 3 g/day of YC
supplementation had higher (p<0.05) ADG than non-supplement group. Kamal et al.
(2013) conducted an experiment for 120 days on kids found that SC supplementation
improves body weight gain. Alsaied et al. (2017) evaluated that feeding of active dry
yeast improved the appetite, weight gain and feed utilization of animals. Garg et al.
(2008) and Dezfoulian et al. (2012) evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation and
find that ADG were significantly higher in supplemented group. Further, Cole et al.
(1992), Chaucheyeras-Durand & Durand (2010), Erasmus et al (1992), Engle and
Spears (2000), Datta et al. (2007), Jia et al (2009), Yirga (2015) all these with their
experiments concluded that use of probiotic as feed supplement improves growth and
production performance of animals.
4.2.3 Feed Conversion Ratio
Feed Conversion Ratio of T2 and T3 groups were calculated from the per kg
body weight gain to total experimental feed consumed by animals of both treatment
groups and had been presented in Table 4.7.
The additional weight gain (kg) as compared to control group T1 were found
to be 3.27 ± 0.84 and 2.31 ± 0.6 in T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The feed conversion ratio was observed 1: 2.91 in animals of T2 group and 1:
4.11 in animals of T3 group. The FCR in animals of T2 group was observed greater
than the animals of T3 group.
Table 4.7: BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FCR
Parameter T1 (Control
group)
T2 (Probiotic
feed group)
T3 (Probiotic +
Mineral feed
group)
Initial Body weight (kg) 17.53±0.99 17.4±0.42 19.41±0.30
Final Body weight (kg) 22.6±0.98 25.2±0.66 26.25±0.55
Total weight gain per animal
(kg) 4.53±1.98 7.8±0.84 6.84±0.6
Additional weight gain as
compare to control group (kg) - 3.27±0.84 2.31±0.6
FCR of additional weight gain - 1:2.91 1:4.11
52
Table 4.4: Mean ± SE values of weekly average body weight gain (gm) of
experimental lambs.
S No. Period
in weeks
T1 (Control
group) T2 (Probiotic feed group)
T3 (Probitic +
Mineral feed group)
1 I 270 280 290
2 II 350a 820
b 830
b
3 III 510 980 970
4 IV 570 1130 880
5 V 550a 1020
b 700
b
6 VI 450 480 900
7 VII 570 870 770
8 VIII 480 820 580
9 IX 500a 850
b 530
a
10 X 280 550 390
Overall
Mean ± SE value 453 ± 36.05
a 780 ± 83.61
b 684 ± 72.42
b
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.5: Analysis of Variance of average body weight gain (gm) of
experimental lambs
Source of Variation
DF
SS
MS
F
Treatment
2
33.79
16.89
19.30**
Error
15
13.12
0.87
**=Highly significant (p<0.01)
Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each
other.
53
Table 4.6: Analysis of variance of weekly average weight gain (gm) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 1.22NS
5.34* 3.02
NS 2.90
NS 3.80
* 1.53
NS 1.23
NS 1.30
NS 3.52
* 2.67
NS
Error 15 0.01 0.08 1.12 0.16 0.08 0.24 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.04
Note: **
Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *Significant at 5% (p<0.05)
NS Non-Significant
54
Fig. 3: Periodical body length (inches) of experimental lambs
Fig. 4: Periodical body height (inches) of experimental lambs
15
20
25
30
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Bo
dy
len
gth
in in
che
s
Period(Weeks)
Periodic Body length(inches)
T1
T2
T3
15
20
25
30
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Bo
dy
he
igh
t in
che
s
Period ( weeks)
Periodic Body height(inches)
T1
T2
T3
55
The results of present study were in accordance with Kamal et al. (2013)
revealed that after 120 days of feeding, the lambs in supplemented group achieved
significantly higher FCR. Toghyani et al. (2015) evaluated that 2 per cent molasses
kefir supplemented in broilers improves FCR during growth period. Shankpal et al.
(2016) evaluated the effect of supplementing bypass fat and YC on growth
performance and FCR in weaner surti kids and concluded that inclusion of live yeast
and bypass fat at 2 per cent to kids improves growth and FCR with 6.66 percent less
feed cost. Malik and Bandla (2010) evaluated that feed efficiency was significantly
higher (p<0.01) in lambs supplemented with dose of probiotics. Hinman et al. (1998)
concluded that feeding YC in a barley and potato processing residue finishing diet in
steers improved feed efficiency by 4.5 per cent. Karim and Rawat (1996) evaluated
that lambs raised under intensive feeding with supplementation improves FCR and
carcass yield and dressing percentage. Haddad et al. (2005) and Tripathi et al. (2010)
also conducted an experiment on lambs and in result found that SC supplementation
increases FCR. Whereas Titi et al. (2008) concluded that YC supplementation does
not affect FCR and similar findings were also reported by Hadjipanayiotou (1997).
4.3 Body conformation that is body length, body height, heart girth and
abdominal girth.
To assess the growth pattern in experimental animals, growth parameters like
the body length, heart girth, body height and abdominal girth were recorded at weekly
interval to compare growth pattern in different treatment groups with different feed
supplement.
4.3.1 Body length
The periodic body lengths of lambs were found to increase in almost uniform
pattern with advancement of age. The mean body length were found to increase
significantly from 16.16 ± 0.47 inches to 19.28 ± 0.56 inches with overall mean of
total body lengths gain was 3.12 ± 0.94 inches in T1 group, from 15.6 ± 0.38 inches to
21.16 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total body lengths gain 5.56 ± 0.76 inches in
T2 group and from 17.25 ± 0.35 inches to 22 ± 0.22 inches with overall mean of total
body lengths gain 4.75 ± 0.7 inches in T3 group during feeding trial of experiment.
The increasing trends in body lengths were as shown (Table 4.8 and Fig.3) in animals
of T1, T2 and T3 groups.
56
The analysis of variance of total body lengths gain (Table 4.9) revealed highly
significant (p<0.01) effect due to treatment. The statistical analysis of periodic body
lengths (Table 4.10) revealed significant effect (p<0.05) from Ist week to VII
th weeks
than highly significant effect of body length could be attributed to the increase in
body length of lambs with advancement of age in treatment groups. On comparing the
means, higher total body lengths gain were recorded in animals supplemented with
probiotic with more live yeast concentration than the group supplemented with less
live yeast concentration plus mineral and lowest in control group that is without any
supplementation.
The trend of periodical body lengths gain was depicted (Fig. 3) suggested
uniform trends from 0 to 70 days of experiment.
The results of present study are in accordance with Kamal et al. (2013)
conducted an experiment on lambs for 120 days with 5.6x109
cells per head per day of
SC supplementation and found that height at withers and heart girth are higher with
SC supplementation. Further, Deaville and Galbraith (1992), Aguiar et al. (2007),
Santra et al. (2003) and Dabiri et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of different level of
probiotic in diet of ewes and concluded that probiotic supplementation had positive
effects on growth performance of animals. Whereas Hadjipanayoitou (1997), Titi et
al. (2008), Mikulec et al. (2010) concluded that YC supplementation does not
improve growth performance of animals.
57
Table: 4.8 Mean ± SE values of periodic body length (inches) of experimental
lambs
S. No.
Period
(Weeks)
T1 (Control group)
T2 (Probiotic
feed group)
T3 (Probiotic +
Mineral feed group)
1 0 16.16±0.47ab
15.6±0.38a 17.25±0.35
b
2 I 16.41±0.46a 16±0.36
a 17.83±0.30
b
3 II 16.71±0.46a 16.75±0.46
a 18.41±0.32
b
4 III 17.18±0.45a 17.41±0.52
a 18.91±0.32
b
5 IV 17.53±0.43a 18±0.54
a 19.16±0.42
b
6 V 17.81±0.44a 18.5±0.48
a 19.83±0.30
b
7 VI 18.06±0.44a 19.25±0.43
ab 20.41±0.32
b
8 VII 18.43±0.48a 19.66±0.38
b 20.83±0.33
b
9 V III 18.7±0.49a 20.25±0.40
b 21.16±0.24
b
10 IX 19.03±0.54a 20.78±0.42
b 21.66±0.24
b
11 X 19.28±0.56a 21.16±0.42
b 22±0.22
b
Total gain 3.12±0.94 5.56±0.76 4.75±0.7
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.9: Analysis of Variance total body length (inches) of experimental lambs
Source of
Variance
DF SS MS F-value
Treatment 2 137 68
21.91**
Error 15 610 3.12
**=Highly significant (p<0.01)
Note; a, b, c – Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each
other.
58
Table 4.10: Analysis of variance of periodic body length (inches) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
0
week
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 4.18NS
6.22* 5.288
NS 4.54
* 3.20
NS 6.02
NS 8.39
NS 8.87
* 9.95
** 9.94
** 10.61
**
Error 15 1.00 0.89 1.07 1.16 1.32 1.04 0.98 0.97 0.93 1.08 1.09
Note: **
Significant at 1% (p<0.01) *
Significant at 5% (p<0.05) NS
Non-Significant
59
Fig. 5: Periodical heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs
Fig. 6: Periodical abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs
15
20
25
30
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
He
art
girt
h in
inch
es
Period ( weeks)
Periodic Heart girth(inches)
T1
T2
T3
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
Ab
do
min
al g
irth
in in
che
s
Period (weeks)
Periodic Abdominal girth(inches)
T1
T2
T3
60
4.3.2 Body height
The body heights of lambs were found to increase in almost uniform pattern
with the advancement of age and to judge the influence of feed supplement probiotic
(SC) with different concentration and with minerals on body height, weekly changes
in body height of lambs had been presented (Table 4.11).
The mean of body heights were found to increase from 19.83 ± 0.15 inches to
23.7 ± 0.53 inches with overall mean of total body heights gain 3.88 ± 0.94 inches in
T1 group, from 19.83 ± 0.47 inches to 25 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total
body heights gain 5 ± 0.7 inches in T2 group and from 20 ± 0.35 inches to 24.66 ±
0.27 inches with overall mean of total body heights gain 4.83 ± 0.3 inches in T3 group
in feeding trial of experiment. Periodic body height depicted in Fig.4.
The analysis of variance of total heights gain (Table 4.12) revealed non-
significant effect of treatment. The statistical analysis of variance of periodic body
height (Table 4.13) revealed non-significant effect of treatment.
The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou (1997)
and Mikulec et al. (2010) concluded that supplementation of live yeast at different
level does not improve growth performance of lambs. Whereas Tripathi et al. (2011)
concluded that SC can be used as growth promoting feed additives in meat animals.
4.3.3 Heart Girth
The mean heart girth measurement in different treatment groups had been presented
(Table 4.14). The mean heart girth were found to increase from 18.46 ± 0.66 inches to
28.45 ± 0.70 inches with overall mean of total heart girth gain 9.99 ± 0.08 inches in T1
group, from 17.53 ± 0.44 inches to 29.66 ± 0.42 inches with overall mean of total
heart girth gain 12.13 ± 0.88 inches in T2 group and from 17.16 ± 0.44 inches to 29.66
± 0.21 inches with overall mean of total heart girth gain 12.5 ± 0.98 inches in T3
group. Mean ± SE values of weekly heart girth (in inches) of experimental lambs
given (Table 4.15). The trend of heart girth was shown (Fig. 5).
The analysis of variance of total heart girth gain (Table 4.15) revealed non-significant
effect of treatment in animals. The statistical analysis of variance of periodic heart
girth (Table 4.16) revealed non-significant effect of treatment.
The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou(1997),
Titi et al. (2008) and Mikulec et al. (2010).
61
Table 4.11: Mean ± SE values of periodic body height (inches) of experimental
lambs
S
No. Weeks
T1 (control
group)
T2 (Probiotic feed
group)
T3 (Probiotic+Mineral
feed group)
1 0 19.83±0.15 19.83±0.47 20±0.35
2 I 20.06±0.43 20.41±0.32 20.5±0.22
3 II 20.7±0.50 20.91±0.32 21.25±0.17
4 III 21.36±0.60 21.41±0.32 21.75±0.17
5 IV 21.8±0.61 22.05±0.38 22.16±0.16
6 V 22.1±0.61 23.33±0.42 22.58±0.15
7 VI 22.48±0.61 22.66±0.40 23.08±0.32
8 VII 22.86±0.60 23.01±0.41 23.66±0.27
9 V III 23.23±0.58 24.4±0.41 24.16±0.27
10 IX 23.5±0.57 24.78±0.38 24.41±0.23
11 X 23.7±0.53 25±0.42 24.66±0.27
Total gain 3.88±0.94 5±0.7 4.83±0.3
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.12: Analysis of variance of total body height (inches) of experimental
lambs
Source of
Variance
DF SS MS F-value
Treatment 2 17 8.57
2.66NS
Error 15 628 3.22
Note: NS
Non-Significant
62
Table 4.13: Analysis of variance of periodic body height (inches) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
0
week
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 0.05 0.46 0.59 0.25 0.19 0.50 0.85 1.46 1.90 2.47 2.43
Error 15 0.76 0.68 0.77 1.01 1.09 1.11 1.33 1.23 1.19 1.06 1.09
Note: NS
Non-Significant
63
4.3.4 Abdominal girth
The mean abdominal girth measurement were found to increase from 27.58 ±
0.28 inches to 32.26 ± 0.58 inches with overall mean of total abdominal girth gain
4.68 ± 0.56 inches in T1 group, from 26.43 ± 0.20 inches to 33.33 ± 0.35 inches with
overall mean of total abdominal girth gain 6.9± 0.3 inches in T2 group and from 26.91
± 0.20 inches to 33.66 ± 0.24 inches with overall mean of total abdominal girth gain
6.75 ± 0.08 inches in T3 group in an experiment and had been presented (Table 4.12)
The analysis of variance of total abdominal girth gain revealed non-
significant effect of treatment. The trend of periodic abdominal girth was depicted
(Fig. 6). The statistical analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (Table 4.19)
revealed non-significant effect of treatment.
The results of present study were in accordance with Hadjipanayiotou (1997),
Titi et al. (2008) and Mikulec et al. (2010) evaluated that inclusion of YC does not
improve performance of lambs. Whereas Deaville and Galbraith (1992), Santra et al.
(2003), Aguiar et al. (2007), Kamal et al. (2013) and Dabri et al. (2016) in their
experiments shows positive results of probiotic supplementation on growth
performance of animals.
4.4 Wool quality attributes
At the end of experiment, wool quality attributes were recorded to know the
effect of probiotic (SC) with different concentration and with or without minerals as
feed supplement.
4.4.1 Average staple length in cm
The average values recorded for staple length were presented (Table 4.17) and
shown as (Fig.7) and were found to be 6.43 ± 1.57, 6.6 ± 0.62 and 6.35 ± 0.53 cm for
T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The statistical analysis of data for staple length values (Table 4.18) revealed
non-significant effect of staple length due to treatment. The comparison of means
using Duncan‟s new multiple range test revealed non-significant effect on staple
length in probiotic supplemented group T2 and T3 as compare to T1 control group.
These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of probiotic and
probiotic with minerals resulted in non significant improvement in staple length.
64
Table 4.14: Mean ± SE values of periodic heart girth (inches) of experimental
lambs
S
No.
Period
(Weeks)
T1 (Control
group)
T2 (Probiotic feed
group)
T3 ( Probiotic
+Mineral
feed group)
1 0 18.46±0.66 17.53±0.44 17.16±0.44
2 I 18.66±0.67 18±0.44 17.66±0.49
3 II 19.81±0.79 19.33±0.55 19.41±0.52
4 III 20.88±0.81 20.83±0.65 20.91±0.52
5 IV 22.63±0.60 22.5±0.77 22.41±0.68
6 V 23.76±0.62 23.83±0.70 24±0.57
7 VI 25.2±0.57 25.16±0.65 25.41±0.37
8 VII 26.35±0.63 26.41±0.61 26.5±0.34
9 VIII 27.11±0.66 27.66±0.61 27.83±0.16
10 IX 27.8±0.69 28.75±0.47 28.83±0.16
11 X 28.45±0.70 29.66±0.42 29.66±0.21
Total gain 9.99±0.08 12.13±0.88 12.5±0.98
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.15: Analysis of Variance of total heart girth (inches) of experimental
lambs
Source of
Variance
DF SS MS F-value
Treatment 2 0.282 0.141
0.0079NS
Error 15 3455 17.71
Note: NS
Non-Significant
65
Table 4.16: Analysis of variance of periodic heart girth (inches) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
0
week
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 1.51 0.86 0.16 0.003 0.02 0.11 0.06 0.018 0.50 1.34 2.07
Error 15 1.78 1.80 2.42 2.74 2.70 2.42 1.79 1.79 1.68 1.46 1.42
Note: NS
Non-Significant
66
Table 4.17: Mean ± SE values of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
S. No.
Period
(Weeks)
T1 (Control
group)
T2 (Probiotic feed
group)
T3 (Probiotic+Mineral
feed group)
1 0 27.58±0.28 26.43±0.20 26.91±0.20
2 I 27.83±0.32 26.91±0.20 27.75±0.22
3 II 28.38±0.34 27.75±0.25 28.33±0.10
4 III 29.11±0.31 28.5±0.36 29±0.12
5 IV 29.81±0.40 29.41±0.41 29.75±0.21
6 V 30.23±0.40 30±0.60 30.25±0.17
7 VI 30.8±0.47 30.58±0.55 31±0.25
8 VII 31.3±0.51 31.33±0.51 31.83±0.42
9 VIII 31.56±0.52 32.16±0.51 32.41±0.30
10 IX 31.91±0.52 32.75±0.47 33±0.28
11 X 32.26±0.58 33.33±0.35 33.66±0.24
Total gain 4.68±0.56 6.9±0.3 6.75±0.08
Values bearing different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p<0.01)
Table 4.18: Analysis of Variance of total abdominal girth (inches) of
experimental lambs
Source of
Variance
DF SS MS F-value
Treatment 2 6.54 3.27
0.681NS
Error 15 936 4.80
Note: NS
Non-Significant
67
Table 4.19: Analysis of variance of periodic abdominal girth (inches) of experimental lambs
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF
0
week
Ist
week
IInd
week
IIIrd
week
IVth
week
Vth
week
VIth
week
VIIth
week
VIIIth
week
IXth
week
Xth
week
Treatment 2 6.08 3.24 1.96 1.27 0.35 0.10 0.21 0.38 0.92 1.65 3.03
Error 15 0.32 0.39 0.37 0.50 0.77 1.15 1.19 1.40 1.24 1.16 1.05
Note: NS
Non-Significant
68
The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)
concluded that staple length revealed non-significant effect of supplementary feeding.
4.4.2 Average number of crimps per centimeter
The average values recorded for crimps per cm were presented (Table 4.14)
and as shown (Fig. 7) and were 1.66 ± 0.16, 1.58 ± 0.11 and 1.56 ± 0.10 per cm for
T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively.
The statistical analysis of data for average number of crimps per cm values
(Table 4.19) revealed non-significant effect of average number of crimps per cm due
to treatment. The comparison of means revealed non-significant effect on average
number of crimps per cm in supplemented feed group T2 and T3 as compare to T1
control group. These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of
probiotic and probiotic with minerals resulted in non-significant improvement in
average number of crimps per cm.
The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)
concluded that number of crimps revealed non-significant effect of supplementary
feeding.
4.4.3 Diameter (Average fineness in micron)
The mean values of fibre diameter (average fineness in micron) were
presented (Table 4.14) and as shown (Fig. 8) and were found to be 30.43 ± 1.73, 31.0
± 0.94 and 28.13 ± 1.34 in microns for T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively.
The analysis of variance as shown (Table 4.15) revealed non-significant effect
of fibre diameter due to treatment. The comparison of means revealed non- significant
effect on fibre diameter in supplemented feed group T2 and T3 as compare to T1
control group. These findings of investigation indicated that supplementation of
probiotic and probiotic with minerals resulted in non-significant improvement in fibre
diameter.
The results of present study were in accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016)
concluded that average fineness in micron revealed non-significant effect due to
supplementary feeding.
69
4.4.4 Medullation percent
The mean values recorded for medullation per cent were presented (Table
4.20) and as shown (Fig. 8). These values were 72 ± 3.16, 78.5 ± 4.16 and 53.83 ±
4.19 per cent for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Regarding medullation percent,
significantly low values were recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group.
The statistical analysis for medullaion per cent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly
significant effect (p≤0.01) in T3 group than T1 and T2 group.
These results indicated significant increase due to probiotic with mineral
supplementation on medullation per cent. The results of present study were in
accordance with Kumawat et al. (2016) concluded that average fineness in micron
revealed non-significant effect of supplementary feeding. Similar findings were also
reported by Naderi et al. (2015) and Shinde et al. (2013).
4.4.5 Hairy percent
The mean values of hairy fibres were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown (Fig. 9).
These values were 20.76 ± 2.80, 31.33 ± 6.01 and 10.85 ± 1.67 for T1, T2 and T3
treatment groups, respectively. Regarding hairy percent significantly low values were
recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group. The statistical analysis for
hairy percent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly significant effect (p≤0.01) in T3
group then T1 and T2 group.
These results indicated significant difference due to probiotic with mineral
supplementation on hairy per cent and these results were in accordance with Kumawat
et al. (2016) and Naderi et al. (2015).
4.4.6 Hetero percent
The mean values of hetero per cent were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown
(Fig. 9). These values were 50.4 ± 1.80, 46.83 ± 3.5 and 42 ± 4.3 per cent for T1, T2
and T3 treatment groups, respectively. The analysis of variance as shown in Table
4.21 revealed non-significant effect on hetero per cent due to treatment. The
comparison of means revealed non-significant effect on hetero per cent in
supplemented group T2 and T3 as compare to T1 control group.
These finding of investigation indicated that supplementation of probiotic and
probiotic with minerals resulted in non significant improvement in hetero per cent.
Similar findings were also repoted by Kumawat et al. (2016).
70
Table 4.20: Mean ± SE values of wool parameters of experimental lambs
Treatment Staple
length(cm)
Crimps
(per cm)
Diameter
(micron)
Medullation
Per cent
Hairy
Per cent
Hetero
Per cent
Pure
Per cent
T1 (Control group) 6.43 ± 1.57 1.66 ± 0.16 30.43 ± 1.73 72 ± 3.16b 20.7 ± 2.80 50.4 ± 1.80 27.96 ±3.17
a
T2 (Probiotic feed
group) 6.6 ± 0.62 1.58 ± 0.11 31.03 ± 0.94 78.5 ± 4.16
b 31.33 ± 6.01 46.83±3.55 21.5±4.16
b
T3 (Porbiotic +
Mineral feed group) 6.35 ± 0.53 1.56 ± 0.10 28.13±1.34 53.88 ± 4.91 10.85 ±1.67
a 42 ± 4.31 47.15±4.66
Note: a, b, c-Means superscripted with different letters within a row differ significantly from each other
71
Table 4.21: Analysis of variance of wool parameter
MEAN SQUARE
Source of
variance
DF Staple length Crimp Diameter Medullation Hairy Hetero Pure
Treatment 2 0.04NS
0.16NS
1.23NS
9.48**
6.72**
1.54NS
10.85**
Error 15 2.16 0.16 11.39 102.98 93.65 69.04 98.33
Note:-**
Significant at 1% (p<0.01) NS
Non-Significant
72
4.4.7 Pure percent
The mean values of pure percent were recorded (Table 4.20) and as shown
(Fig. 9). These values were 27.96 ± 3.17, 21.5 ± 4.16 and 47.15 ± 4.66 percent for T1,
T2 and T3 treatment groups, respectively. Regarding pure percent significantly high
values were recorded in T3 group in comparison to T2 and T1 group. The statistical
analysis for pure per cent values (Table 4.21) revealed highly significant effect
(p≤0.01) in T3 group than T1 and T2 group. These results indicated significant increase
due to probiotic with mineral supplementation on pure percent.
The results of present study were in accordance with Deavillie and Galbraith
(1992) conducted a comparative study of YC on mohair fibre characteristics of
Angora goats and noticed improvement in fibre characteristics of a supplemented
group. Starks et al. (1953) evaluated that lambs receiving elemental sulphur had
significantly (p<0.01) more wool than lambs receiving a basal proportions that is
0.054 per cent sulphur. Naderi et al. (2015) investigated the effect of nutrition
supplement on skin follicle and wool growth rate in lambs and find that fibre follicle
activity and wool growth in lambs is mainly under the influence of nutrition. Further
Shinde et al. (2013) evaluated that copper and zinc supplementation in lambs
improves the quality and quantity of wool.
4.5 Comparative economics of the different treatment groups
To economize the production, it is necessary to provide balanced feed at
optimum cost. Therefore considering the proportion of individual ingredients and
their prevailing market rate, the total cost of feed supplement were calculated and as
shown (Table 4.22).
The total feed cost per animal during the experimental period were calculated
and from that feed cost per kg live body weight gain were worked out for additional
weight gain as compare to control group.
Feed cost per kg live body weight gain was higher in T2 group animals (Rs.
44.40) as compared to T3 group (Rs. 40.16).
From the results it was appeared that the feed cost in T3 group is
approximately 4.24 percent less than T2 group animals.
Net profit for additional mutton production per animal is more in T2 group
animals supplemented with more live yeast concentration compared to T3 group
animals supplemented with less live yeast concentration plus minerals, indicating that
probiotic supplementation with more live yeast concentration is more economical than
probiotic supplementation with less live yeast concentration plus minerals to obtain
optimum production in Bikaneri Chokla lambs.
73
Fig. 7: Staple length and Average number of crimps of different treatment
groups
Fig. 8: Average fineness (micron) and Medullation per cent of different
treatment groups
30.43
72
31.03
78.5
24
53.88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Avg. fineness in micron
% Medullation
T1 T2 T3
6.43
1.66
6.6
1.58
6.35
1.56
Staple length No. of crimps/cm
Staple length(cm) and No. of crimps/cm
T1 T2 T3
74
Fig. 9: Hairy, Hetero and Pure per cent of different treatment groups
Table 4.22: Comparative economics of experimental feed supplement
Parameter T1
group
T2
group
T3
group
Feed supplement intake per animal during entire
period of experiment(gm) _ 210 210
Cost of feed supplement(Rs./100gm) 59 35
Total cost of feed supplement intake per animal
(Rs.) _ 123.9 73.5
Total weight gain per animal (kg). 5.01 7.8 6.84
Additional weight gain as compare to control group. _ 2.79 1.83
Additional mutton production (kg) per animal _ 1.39 0.915
Return of additional mutton production (Rs.) per
animal. _ 417 274.5
Net profit for additional mutton production (Rs.) per
animal. _ 293.1 201
Cost per unit live gain for additional weight gain
(Rs.). _ 44.40 40.16
Prevailing market rate of mutton Rs.300 per kilo-gram and assuming 50 per cent dressing percentage.
20.76
50.4
27.9631.33
46.83
21.5
10.85
4247.15
%Hairy %Hetero %Pure
Hairy, Hetero and Pure per cent
T1 T2 T3
75
Deaville and Galbrith (1992) conducted a comparative study of protein level
and YC on growth performance and mohair fibre characteristics of British Angora
goats and concluded that high protein level diet supplemented with YC would be
economical for obtaining optimum growth. Karim and Rawat (1996) concluded that
carcass yield and dressing percentage were higher in lambs maintained under grazing
with supplementation and intensive feeding. Similar findings were also reported by
Rufino et al. (2013) and Haddad et al. (2005).
Results of this experiment suggested that supplementation of probiotic (SC)
with more live yeast concentration increases growth and production performance in
lambs. Regarding wool quality attributes, medullation and hairy per cent decreased
and pure per cent increased due to probiotic with minerals supplementation.
76
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSION
77
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The sheep rearing has multiplicity value and plays an important role in
national economy. The first goal of the livestock production is the delivery of safe
foods for human consumption. To achieve this goal probiotics are one of the
alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics are recognized to be safe to the animals, taking
into account the welfare of the animal and respect for the environment. Use of
probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health,
productivity and immunity. Probiotics supplementation improves growth performance
through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed
conversion rate. Feeding of probiotic (SC) stabilizes rumen pH, increases total
volatile fatty acids and reduces ammonia concentration. Yeast supplementation
reduces rumen acidosis and stimulates growth activity of lactic acid-utilising rumen
bacterium and also reduces the incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. Hence an
experiment was conducted on lambs to find the effect of supplementation of probiotic
(SC) alone and in combination with minerals with different live yeast concentrations.
Animals were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 6 animals in each group. In
control group (T1) animals were allowed for free grazing with basal diet and in T2
group along with grazing and basal diet probiotic (SC) supplementation with live
yeast concentration (100 billion CFU) is given as feed supplement whereas in T3
group besides grazing and basal diet animals were supplemented with probiotic (SC)
plus minerals with live yeast concentration (1.5 billion CFU) as feed supplement.
The effect of feed supplement were judged by body weight gain, certain
growth parameters like body length, body height, heart girth, abdominal girth and
wool quality parameters like staple length, number of crimps, medullation, hairy,
hetero and pure per cent. In addition to this, comparative economics was also
analysed to compare different types of feed supplement.
The mean initial body weight of lambs selected randomly in three
treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were 17.53 kg, 17.4 kg and 19.41kg, respectively.
The total weight gain 4.53 kg in T1 group, 7.8 kg in T2 group and 6.84 kg in T3 group.
Though the total gain was found to be higher in T2 group followed by T3 group
compared to control group and the effect due to treatment was highly significant
(p<0.01).
The mean values of total body weight gain were found to be highest in T2
group (7.8 ± 0.84) followed by T3 group (6.84 ± 0.6) and then T1 group (4.53 ± 1.98).
78
Though the average weight gain found higher in T2 group receiving probiotic
supplementation with more live yeast concentration in the ration than T3 group
receiving probiotic supplementation with less live yeast concentration along with
minerals in the ration and the minimum weight gain was found in the animals of T1
control group and the statistical analysis of data, shows highly significant effect
(p<0.01) in treatment groups as compared to control group.
The FCR in T2 group 1: 2.91 greater in comparison to T3 group 1: 4.11, when
additional total weight gain calculated compared to T1 group.
Total gain in body conformation i.e body height, heart girth and abdominal
girth in T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups revealed non-significant effect due to
treatment. However, analysis of variance of periodic body length revealed significant
effect (p<0.01) of treatment.
The analysis of variance of wool parameter i.e medullation, hairy and pure per
cent in T3 treatment groups supplemented with less live yeast concentration with
minerals revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect while hetero, staple length and
crimp revealed non-significant effect due to treatment in experimental period.
Economics was calculated on the basis of prevalent market prices of
individual ingredients and it was found that the feed cost per kg live body weight gain
was Rs. 44.40 in T2 group and Rs. 40.16 in T3 group it was 4.24 percent higher in T2
group than T3 group. However, net profit for additional mutton production per animal
was more in T2 group animals supplemented with more live yeast concentration as
compare with T3 group animals..
Regarding the comparative study of two different feed supplements with
different live yeast concentration that is probiotic with live yeast concentration (100
billion CFU) and probiotic with live yeast concentration (1.5 billion CFU) plus
minerals in lamb, it can be infered that supplementing probiotic with more live yeast
concentration would be beneficial rather than supplementing probiotic with less live
yeast concentration plus minerals. The effect of supplementing probiotic with more
live yeast concentration had greater influence on total body weight and feed
conversion ratio and was economical as compared to probiotic with less live yeast
concentration plus mineral supplemented group.
79
CONCLUSION
Results of following study concluded that supplementation of probiotic with
more live yeast concentration shows a statistically significant effect on growth and
production performance of lambs and is better than supplementation of probiotic
with less live yeast concentration with minerals whereas probiotic with minerals
supplementation achieve a statistically significant beneficial effect on the wool quality
parameters of lambs. Overall, the results of this experiment suggested that
supplementation of probiotic (SC) is good for growth and production performance of
lambs. More studies under different feeding conditions are necessary to clarify the
effects of different concentration of live yeast cells supplementation in the lamb diets.
80
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110001.
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ABSTRACT
(ENGLISH &
HINDI)
93
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS IN ARID
ZONE OF RAJASTHAN
Department of Livestock Production Management College of Veterinary& Animal Science,
Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Bikaner (Rajasthan) 334001
Scholar : Nupur Chandel Major Advisor: Dr. S.C.Goswami
ABSTRACT
A feeding trial was conducted in arid zone of Rajasthan to evaluate the effect
of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation with different live yeast
concentration and with or without minerals on growth and production performance of
lambs, wool quality parameters and comparative economics.
An experiment was performed on 18 Bikaneri chokla lambs of same age group
(4-5 months) and uniform conformation were randomly divided into 3 groups of six
animals in each and allotted T1, T2 and T3 group. T1 group (Control group) which was
kept on grazing with basal diet, T2 group (Grazing + basal diet with probiotic live
yeast concentration 100 billion CFU supplementation) and T3 group (Grazing + basal
diet with probiotic live yeast concentration 1.5 billion CFU plus mineral
supplementation) is given at the rate of 3g/day/animal in both the treatment groups.
The effect of probiotic and probiotic with mineral supplementation were made
by determination of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body length, body
height, heart girth, abdominal girth, wool characteristics and lastly comparative
economics of the different type of supplementation.
Highly significant effect (p<0.01) were observed on body weight, weekly
average weight gain, feed conversion ratio and body length of probiotic
supplementation with more live yeast culture concentration and of wool parameters
highly significant effect (p<0.01) on medullation, hairy and pure per cent of probiotic
with less live yeast concentration with minerals were observed. Net profit for
additional mutton production per animal is more in T2 group animals supplemented
with more live yeast culture concentration compare to T3 group animals supplemented
with less live yeast culture concentration plus minerals. The results obtained from the
comparative study of two supplementary feeding infered that probiotic
supplementation with 100 billion live yeast culture concentration is economical than
probiotic supplementation with 1.5 billion live yeast culture plus minerals.
The findings of present study in respect with all parameters included in study
indicated that incorporation of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae as feed
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supplement could be effectively use in the ration of lambs to improve growth and
production performance.
95
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