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Mastering Standardized TestsStudent Edition

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except aspermitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication maybe reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a databaseretrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-867083-7

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071 09 08 07 06 05 04

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ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 2: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 3: Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table. . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 4: States of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 5: Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Chapter 6: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Chapter 8: Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Chapter 9: Carbon Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 10: Motion and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Chapter 11: Force and Newton’s Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Chapter 13: Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 14: Work and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Chapter 15: Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Chapter 16: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Chapter 17: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Chapter 19: Light, Mirrors, and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 20: Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Chapter 21: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 22: Electronics and Computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

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Introduction

What is in this book? Welcome to the Student Edition of Mastering Standardized Tests for Glencoe Introduction to Physical Science.

There are three distinct sections in this workbook:

• Introduction: Methods

This introduction provides you with methods to tackle test questions. Using themethods in this introduction, you will learn how to use the process of elimination,how to identify important information in the tests’ graphs, charts, and tables, as wellas other skills that can help you succeed on tests. Carefully study the methods in thisintroduction before you begin the test questions in this workbook.

This workbook was written to accompany your textbook. For every chapter in yourtextbook, there are two types of tests in this workbook.

• Chapter Test: Content Mastery

For every chapter in Introduction to Physical Science, this workbook contains a ChapterTest. Each Chapter Test is made up of multiple-choice questions designed to assessyour knowledge and understanding of the material in the corresponding chapter ofthe textbook.

• Standardized Test Practice: Test Preparation

For every chapter in Introduction to Physical Science, this workbook contains acorresponding Standardized Test Practice. The questions in this section are designedto prepare you for national science tests such as the TerraNova, the Iowa Tests of BasicSkills (ITBS), and the Stanford Achievement Test, Ninth Edition (SAT-9). The format ofthe questions found in these practice tests is very similar to the format of thequestions found in the actual national science tests.

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4 • Introduction Glencoe Introduction to Physical Science

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Task RegimenA unique four-part Task Regimen and helpful Test-Taking Tips designed tomaximize the benefits of using this workbook are presented in this section. Each of thefour tasks is designed to help you identify challenges and improve your performance.

Each task has an assignment for you to do on your own at home and one to do inclass. Often the homework and the in-class activities will be coordinated, so it isimportant that you concentrate on both equally.

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Glencoe Introduction to Physical Science Introduction • 5

TASK

TASK 1

TASK 2

TASK 3

TASK 4

At-Home Assignment

Using an answer key from the teacher,locate and review any questions youmissed. Place a question mark besideany question you cannot figure out andbring it to class for discussion.

For each question you missed, find thepages in the textbook that cover thematerial and explain what specific information was needed to answer thequestion correctly. If you cannot find anyhelpful information in the textbook,write out three questions about the testquestion that you did not understand.

For every incorrect question, go througheach answer choice and explain why it iscorrect or incorrect. Include any tips orhints you noticed that helped you eliminate choices. Place a question markbeside any question you cannot figureout and bring it to class for discussion.

Your teacher will provide you with a listof questions to work on. For each question, make observations and writedown all of the information given in the test in the form of a graphic, a passage, or otherwise. Write the information directly onto the test.

In-Class Assignment

The teacher administers thetest in a realistic test-takingenvironment.

Work in a group to discussany confusing questions andcontent areas. Then workthrough the confusing questions together.

Your teacher will lead a discussion for each question.Share your ideas and observations with the class.Keep notes of the discussionto help your review.

Work in a group to discusseach question. Make sure to note the location in the textbook where helpful information was found.


Test-Taking Tips

Test-Taking Tips for :

1. Be sure to get plenty of sleep the week before the test. A healthy amount of sleep is8–9 hours every night.

2. The night before the test, try to do something relaxing but stimulating, such asplaying a board game, exercising, or reading an enjoyable book. Cramming the nightbefore the test often can hamper your memory and make you tired.

3. The morning of the test, eat a healthy breakfast with fresh foods that are high inprotein and carbohydrates.

4. The morning of the test, clear your mind of any outside distractions so that you willbe better able to focus on the test. If breaks are given during the test, use that time torelax and clear your mind.

Test-Taking Tips for :

1. Listen to and read all directions.

2. Be sure you understand the question before reading the answer choices. Then, makesure to read and consider every answer choice.

3. Remember to carefully consider all the information presented in the test’s graphics.

4. If the test is timed, be sure to pace yourself.

5. Always choose an answer. By eliminating as many incorrect choices as possible, youwill have a good chance at guessing correctly and obtaining more points.

During the Test

Before the Test

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6 • Introduction Glencoe Introduction to Physical Science


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1. Which of these questions would mostlikely be answered by this experimentalsetup?

a. How does room temperature affectwater?

b. Which sponge is the most absorbent?

c. How fast will the water evaporate?

d. Which sponge cleans the best?

2. In an experiment designed to determine if a specific brand of cat food is causingcats to meow excessively, it would be bestto _______.

f. keep feeding cats with the specificbrand of cat food and record theresults

g. mix together the specific brand of catfood with another brand of food andfeed to cats

h. let some of the cats drink water withthe specific brand of food

j. feed some cats with the specific brandof cat food and other cats with anotherbrand

3. All of these are examples of ways in which models can help scientistsEXCEPT _______.

a. communicating observations and ideas

b. saving time, money, equipment, andlives

c. predicting exactly what will happen

d. predicting possible outcomes

4. This sign was found at the entrance of achemistry laboratory. It is an importantsign because _______.

f. goggles help chemists see better

g. chemicals can seriously damage eyesand skin

h. accidents rarely happen in laboratories

j. chemists will be fined if they do notobey the rules

WARNING:Goggles and Aprons Must

Be Worn at All Times

1/2 liter 1/2 liter 1/2 liter

Sponge A Sponge B Sponge C

The Nature of Science 7

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 1 The Nature of Science

DIRECTIONSRead each question and choose the best answer. Then fill in the correct answer on your answerdocument.

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5. Trina wanted to find out which of herrubber balls can bounce the highest. Shetook the first ball and dropped it onto thecement sidewalk. She then dropped thesecond ball from the same height onto thegrass. She recorded how high each ballbounced. Her experiment could beimproved by _______.

a. measuring the time it takes for eachball to reach its maximum height

b. bouncing both balls on one of thesurfaces

c. dropping the second ball from ahigher height

d. bouncing the ball on the grass twotimes

6. All of these are branches of science EXCEPT _______.

f. life

g. earth

h. physical

j. abstract

7. A protein bar claims on its packaging thatit is all natural. Which of these sourcesmight be the most helpful in determiningwhether this claim is entirely true?

a. Television advertisements

b. The taste of the bar

c. The list of ingredients

d. The manager of a grocery store

8. Scientists now believe that life may haveexisted on Mars at one time. This is anexample of _______.

f. a scientific law

g. a scientific certainty

h. a scientific theory

j. a scientific question

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

8 The Nature of Science

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science


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A guess about the probable outcome ofan experiment is called a

A hypothesis

B control

C variable

D constant

Which of the following is not a benefit ofscientifically obtained evidence?

F Repeatability

G Believability

H Ability to evaluate relative merit

J Permanence

Which of these is a limitation of usingmodels in science?

A Delaying the outcome of anexperiment

B Hindering experimenters from testingtheir hypotheses

C Basing models on an incomplete orinaccurate observation

D Inhibiting the ability of scientists tocommunicate with each other

Experimental results are comparedagainst the results of controls. Controlsimprove an experiment by

F ensuring that the experiment testsonly one variable

G allowing for the experiment to test asmany variables as possible

H making sure everything in theexperiment remains constant

J guaranteeing that the experimentaloutcome verifies the hypothesis

In an experiment, a model can help ascientist

A create a hypothesis

B make the experimental setup matchreality as closely as possible

C test a situation that is otherwise toocomplex to observe

D draw a conclusion from experimentalresults

Which of these is a potential problem inscience?

F Bias

G Repeatability

H Observation

J Communication

6

5

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2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

The Nature of Science 9

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science


Which statement provides the bestdescription of a theory?

A A theory is the most logicalexplanation of scientific observations.

B A theory is a factual and absolutedepiction of reality.

C Theories are easily disproven.

D A theory is a never-changing model ofthe universe and everything in it.

Which of these is not an importantlaboratory consideration?

F Safety

G Accuracy

H Certainty

J Precision

87

10 The Nature of Science

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

Directions: Read Number 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

There are three branches of science: life, Earth, and physical. Explain the similarities anddifferences among these three branches of science.

9


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1. Josephine and Enrico both measured thewidth of a table using their hands.Josephine determined that the width of thetable was six hands. Enrico determinedthat it was five hands. Both of these arevalid measurements, but neither isaccurate. If they would like to use theirhands, how can they best determine theactual width of the table?

a. Use only one of their hands

b. Measure each student’s hand with aruler

c. Use only the fingers on their hands

d. Measure both student’s hands with aruler and use the total

2. Which of these is the main reason why theInternational System of Units was createdin 1960?

f. To make more precise measurements

g. To avoid confusion between differentcountries’ standards of measurement

h. To make a measurement system that iseasier to use than the English system

j. To help make more accuratemeasurements

3. Mr. Levitz poured orange juice into acontainer. About how much orange juice isin the container?

a. 260 hectoliters

b. 260 kiloliters

c. 260 liters

d. 260 milliliters

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Measurement 11

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 2 Measurement



4. Which standard of measurement wouldyou use to best determine the length of theline?

f. Kilometers

g. Meters

h. Centimeters

j. Micrometers

5. All of these units are examples of the International System of Units EXCEPT _______.

a. meters

b. kilograms

c. Kelvin

d. pounds

6. Which kind of graph would be the mostappropriate to visually compare thenumber of tickets that each grouppurchased for the concert?

f. Bar graph

g. Line graph

h. Pie chart

j. Range graph

Adult Males

AdultFemales

StudentFemales

Student Males

SeniorCitizens

Tickets Soldfor Friday’s Concert

Group

250

200

300

150

100

Total Number of Tickets Sold = 1,000

Number of Tickets Sold

A B

12 Measurement

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 2 Measurement


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An astronaut who weighs 667 newtonson Earth weighs 253 newtons on Mars.Why does the astronaut have differentweights on different planets?

A Gravity is greater on Earth than onMars.

B Mass is greater on Earth than onMars.

C Temperature is lesser on Earth than onMars.

D An Earth-made scale does not workproperly on Mars.

Which of the following is not an SI unit?

F joule

G gram

H degrees Celsius

J newton

An architect measured the volume of anewly built bathroom cabinet. Thevolume the architect recorded was mostlikely measured in

A cubic liters

B cubic centimeters

C cubic micrometers

D cubic watts

A measurement is a scientificobservation stated in

F letters

G words

H numbers

J estimates

Which statement best describesprecision?

A how close measurements are to eachother

B how close measurements are to theactual value

C slow measurements

D measurements with the correctnumber of significant figures

5

4

3

2

1

Measurement 13



Chapter 2 Measurement


This chart shows information about lightbulbs. Use the information in the chart toanswer Numbers 6–8 below.

Which of the following is a goodestimate of the average lifespan of thetested light bulbs?

F 20 hours

G 30 hours

H 40 hours

J 50 hours

Which of the following illustrationswould best display this data?

A bar graph

B pie graph

C drawing

D photograph

Which of the following correctly roundsthe result of light bulb R to the nearestones place?

F 33 hours

G 37 hours

H 38 hours

J 40 hours

8

7

6

Determining Light Bulb Lifespan

Light Bulb

Q

R

S

T

Light Bulb Lifespan (hours)

33.5

37.7

41.3

39.2

14 Measurement

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 2 Measurement

Directions: Read Number 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in complete sentences.

“Precision” and “accuracy” are terms used to describe measurement. Define each term.9



Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 15

Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table

3. The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.According to this definition, which of the elements in the table has the highest mass number?

a. Hydrogen

b. Carbon

c. Oxygen

d. Uranium

Element

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Uranium

Number ofProtons

1

6

8

92

Number ofNeutrons

0

6

8

142

Elements

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1. According to the chemical formula in thebox above, all of the following chemicalelements can be found in a molecule ofsulfuric acid EXCEPT _______.

a. carbon

b. hydrogen

c. oxygen

d. sulfur

2. According to the information above, whichof the elements has an atomic number thatis equal to its atomic mass?

f. Hydrogen

g. Helium

h. Lithium

j. Beryllium

Characteristics of Some Elements

Element

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

AtomicNumber

1

2

3

4

AtomicMass

1

4

7

9

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid



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4. Which of the compounds listed above has the smallest molecular mass?

f. NaCl

g. LiF

h. NaBr

j. KI

Molecular Masses ofSome Compounds

Compound

NaCl

LiF

NaBr

KI

Molecular Mass(atomic mass units)

58.8

25.9

102.9

166.0

16 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table


5. This chart would most likely be used in anexperiment designed to answer which ofthe following questions?

a. Does an element’s density increasewhen its temperature is increased?

b. Which substances will float on water?

c. Does an element’s density increase asits atomic mass increases?

d. Are solids more dense than liquids?

6. Which of the following is a property of a nonmetal?

f. It has a hard and shiny surface.

g. It can be bent into different shapes.

h. It is a poor conductor of electricity.

j. It is a good conductor of heat.

Atomic Mass Density



Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 17


Chapter 3 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic TableC

opyr

ight

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ompa

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,In

c.

Which statement provides the bestdescription of a homogeneous mixture?

F A homogeneous mixture is a mixturethat is made very slowly.

G A homogeneous mixture alwayscontains a liquid and a solid.

H A homogeneous mixture is made bycombining many protons.

J A homogeneous mixture is a mixturethat is the same throughout.

Which of the following would be the bestfor conducting electricity?

A copper

B oxygen

C wood

D paper

Sometimes two elements combine tomake a new substance with its ownspecial properties. This new substance isan example of

F a homogeneous mixture

G a heterogeneous mixture

H an atom

J a compound

Which of the following is not an exampleof matter?

A water

B sunlight

C air

D wood

5

4

3

2

Most atoms contain one or more positively charged particles in their nuclei. These positivelycharged particles are called

A neutrons

B electrons

C protons

D compounds

1

Element

Sodium

Aluminum

Boron

Chlorine

Number ofProtons

11

13

5

17

Number ofElectrons

11

13

5

17

Number ofNeutrons

12

14

6

18

MassNumber

11

13

5

17

AtomicNumber

23

27

11

35


Which of these statements is correct?

F All isotopes of hydrogen have one proton in the nucleus.

G All isotopes of hydrogen have one neutron in the nucleus.

H Isotopes of hydrogen have different numbers of electrons in them.

J There are the same number of protons and neutrons in every isotope of hydrogen.

6

N N NP P P

Isotopes of Hydrogen


18 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table


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All substances have chemical formulas that tell about what is inside them. The chemicalformula for water is H2O. What do the numbers and letters in the chemical formula for watertell you about water?

7


Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 4 States of Matter


1. What is probably being measured in this experiment?

a. Surface tension

b. Density

c. Vaporization

d. Viscosity

WaterJuice

KetchupSyrup

2. Based on the behavior of matter, which ofthese would take the shape of the containerit was placed in?

f. Amorphous solid

g. Crystalline solid

h. Liquid

j. Hydrogen atom

3. Which of these facts best explains why abaseball maintains its shape?

a. Its melting point is close to roomtemperature.

b. Its particles are packed tightly.

c. Gases have loosely packed particles.

d. Solids can never change shape.

States of Matter 19

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Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 4 States of Matter

20 States of Matter

Name: Date: Class:

4. Which is the order of the change in the state of water starting as a solid and then undergoing theprocess of vaporization?

f. W, Y, X, Z

g. Z, Y, X, W

h. X, W, Y, Z

j. X, W, Z, Y

X Y ZW

5. This picture shows a type of insect called awater strider. The water strider is able tomove on the water due to _______.

a. thermal energy

b. condensation

c. surface tension

d. melting

6. Sometimes factories dump hot water intonearby streams and rivers. This dumping of hot water could affect the ecosystem by _______.

f. increasing the amount of pollution

g. increasing the temperature of thewater

h. decreasing the amount of pollution

j. decreasing the amount of water


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Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:


Julie is learning about the states ofmatter by going through her home andidentifying different states of matter. Sheshould identify her shampoo as a

A vapor

B gas

C liquid

D solid

Which of these is measured with athermometer?

F specific heat

G condensation

H vaporization

J temperature

Condensation happens when a gaschanges into a liquid. Which of these isan example of condensation?

A water vapor turning to rain

B water vapor turning to snow

C a pond melting in the spring

D a pond freezing in the winter

A piece of chocolate is left in a hot car.What process causes it to become soft?

F condensation

G vaporization

H freezing

J melting

An object will float in liquids that aremore dense than it is. Ice floats on waterbecause it

A cools the water

B freezes the water

C is less dense than the water

D is more dense than the water

5

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2

1

Name: Date: Class:

States of Matter 21




Name: Date: Class:

22 States of Matter

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Directions: Read Numbers 6–7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Darren and his father drove to the pool on a hot summer day. By the time they finishedswimming and returned to the car, it had become very hot. However, some parts were hotterthan others. Explain why this happened.

Describe an example of surface tension. Explain how surface tension can exert force onobjects.

7

6


Chapter 5 Matter—Properties and ChangesName: Date: Class:

Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer for each of the following questions.

1. Information about states of matter wouldmost likely be found under which headingin a table of contents?

a. Chemical Reactions

b. Physical Properties

c. Salts

d. Mass and Weight

2. What is the pH reading on this pH meter?

f. 7.2

g. 3.7

h. 4.9

j. 5.6

3. Which of these is LEAST likely to occurwhen ice melts?

a. The material changes its shape.

b. The material changes its acidity.

c. The material changes its density.

d. The material changes its state ofmatter.

4. Joey and Latisha thought that browniesmight be more dense than cakes. Which ofthe following would be the BEST test ofthis hypothesis?

f. Eat samples of brownies and cakes

g. Compare the volumes of different-sizeslices of brownie and cake

h. Compare the masses of same-sizeslices of brownie and cake

j. Find out how many of their friendsprefer brownies to cake

5. Which of these is LEAST likely to beproduced as a result of a chemical reactionbetween an acid and a base?

a. Water

b. Salt

c. Heat

d. A physical change

5 6 7 8 94321

pH Meter

Matter—Properties and Changes 23

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Chapter Test Chapter 5 Matter—Properties and Changes

24 Matter—Properties and Changes

Name: Date: Class:

6. A chef did an experiment to determine which of four brands of tomato paste was most acidic.She tasted each brand, noted her impressions of its acidity, and recorded her results. Which stepwould have improved her experiment?

f. Comparing her results against two other brands of tomato paste

g. Asking her chef friends which brand they thought was most acidic

h. Using a pH indicator strip to determine a pH value for each brand

j. Repeating the experiment the following week

7. The data above were collected during an experiment to find the pH level of familiar foods.Which graph would best represent these data?

a. c.

b. d.

1086420

coffeetomato bakingsoda

milkMaterial

pH

Lev

el

1086420

tomatobaking soda

milk coffee

Material

pH

Lev

el

1086420

tomatobaking soda

milk coffee

Material

pH

Lev

el

1086420

tomatobaking soda

milk coffee

Material

pH

Lev

el

pH LevelMaterial

Baking Soda

Milk

Coffee

Tomato

pH Level

8.5

6.9

5.0

4.1


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Chemicals can be classified based ontheir pH levels. Chemicals with a pH ofless than 7 are called

A acids

B bases

C neutrals

D salts

Two compounds are mixed together andthe result is a sharp hiss and a cloud ofvapor. What causes this event?

F Density

G Electricity

H Chemical reaction

J Physical substance

Which of the following is not a chemicalchange?

A Metals rusting

B Ice melting

C Food digesting

D Wood rotting

Which of the following is necessary forsafely studying acids and bases?

F Beaker

G Notebook

H Goggles

J Bunsen burner

Dr. Cage tells her students thattechnology is advancing the productionof plastics so that plastics will continueto become lighter in weight. To whatphysical property is Dr. Cage referring?

A Volume

B Density

C State of matter

D Length

Which of the following is not a propertyof acids?

F Corrode metals

G Kill bacteria

H Feel slippery

J Taste sour

6

5

4

3

2

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Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 5 Matter—Properties and Changes

Name: Date: Class:

Matter—Properties and Changes 25


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Standardized Test Practice Chapter 5 Matter—Properties and ChangesName: Date: Class:

A scientist mixes chemicals together in alab. The scientist could use scientifictools and procedures to reveal

A the products of the reaction

B the cost of the chemicals

C the safest way to proceed with theexperiment

D the interval of time to wait beforerepeating the experiment

Which of the following may be classifiedas a chemical change?

F a sandwich being cut into pieces

G water being boiled until it producessteam

H acids and bases combining to formwater and salts

J a piece of paper being torn in half

87

26 Matter—Properties and Changes


Acids and bases have different physical and chemical properties. Explain the differentphysical and chemical properties of acids and bases.

There are two different kinds of scientific changes: physical changes and chemical changes.Describe the signs and characteristics that distinguish one from the other.

10

9


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DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

Chapter 6 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

1. Which statement best describes thestructure of an atom?

a. An atom consists of a neutral centersurrounded by a cloud of positiveparticles.

b. An atom consists of a positive centersurrounded by a cloud of negativeparticles.

c. An atom consists of a negative centersurrounded by a cloud of negativeparticles.

d. An atom consists of a positive centersurrounded by a cloud of neutralparticles.

2. The picture shows a sodium atom and itsvarious energy levels filled with theappropriate number of electrons.According to this picture, which energylevel has electrons available for bonding?

f. Nucleus

g. Level 1

h. Level 2

j. Level 3

3. Under which heading in a table of contents would information about elementswith eight electrons in their outer level be found?

a. Alkali Metals

b. Halogens

c. Noble Gasses

d. Isotopes

4. All of the following are ways in whichatoms can form bonds with other atomsEXCEPT .

f. losing electrons

g. sharing electrons

h. sharing neutrons

j. gaining electrons

5. An ionic bond forms between a metal anda nonmetal. According to this information,which of the following pairs of elementscould form an ionic bond?

a. two atoms of hydrogen

b. an atom of carbon and an atom of oxygen

c. an atom of magnesium and an atom of oxygen

d. an atom of lithium and an atom of calcium

Na

Sodium Atom

Nucleus

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds 27


6. The number of bonding electrons an element has determines the chemical properties of thatelement. According to this information, which of the following is most likely to have properties similar to boron?

f. h.

g. j.SeGa

RbCa

Bonding Electrons Available for Some Elements

Element

Calcium

Boron

Oxygen

Potassium

Number of BondingElectrons

2

3

6

1

28 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 6 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

7. Which of the following is a major characteristic of the halogen family?

a. elements with seven electrons in their outer level

b. elements with eight electrons in their outer level

c. elements with nine electrons in their outer level

d. elements with eleven electrons in their outer level


The illustration above shows a way ofrepresenting

A the number of electrons carbon has

B the number of bonding electronscarbon has

C the number of protons carbon has

D the number of neutrons carbon has

Covalent bonds occur betweennonmetals that share electrons. Which of the following is not an example ofcovalent bonding?

F two bonded chlorine atoms

G an atom of carbon bonded to oxygen

H an atom of magnesium bonded tosulfur

J an atom of carbon bonded tohydrogen

Chet discovers a new element and wantsto know where to place it in the periodictable. He notes that the element has thesame number of bonding electrons asneon, a noble gas. He also sees it is thesame color as bromine, a halogen.He should identify the substance as

A a metal

B a solid

C a halogen

D a noble gas

Which of the following is a truestatement regarding bond formation?

F Each atom becomes more stable afterbonding.

G Only one atom becomes more stableafter bonding.

H Each atom loses an energy level afterbonding.

J Only one atom loses an energy levelafter bonding.

4

3

2

1

C

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds 29



Chapter 6 Atomic Structure and Chemical BondsC

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A compound is a substance that containstwo or more elements. According to thisdefinition, which of these formulasrepresents a compound?

A Li

B Br2

C NaCl

D 3O2

Electrons surrounding an atom generallyare represented as a fuzzy cloud ofparticles. Why do scientists representelectrons in this way?

F The electrons are moving too fast todraw.

G It is not possible to know the exactposition of any given electron.

H Scientists do not know if electronsactually surround an atom.

J The electrons are not actually particlesbut are really gas molecules.

65

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The periodic table is arranged in a very precise way. The arrangement of the elements intovertical columns, or groups, allows us to predict certain physical and chemical properties ofthose elements. Give examples of two different groups within the periodic table, and describesome properties common to the elements in those groups.

7

30 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

STP PS SE-648-MSS05 4/1/04 3:29 PM Page 30 impos06 301:goscanc:Standardized Test Practice - PS:layouts:

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1. According to this information, whichchemical has more than two atoms ofoxygen?

a. hydrogen peroxide

b. carbon dioxide

c. ozone

d. vinegar

2. Information about chemical reactions thatrelease energy most likely would be foundunder which category in a textbook?

f. endothermic

g. exothermic

h. electrolysis

j. activation energy

3. All chemical equations follow the law ofconservation of mass. Which numbershould be used in place of the questionmark to balance this equation?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 0

d. 4

4. Jeff was trying to determine if hisexperiment had undergone a physical orchemical change. Which observation couldmean that it was NOT a chemical change?

f. Something was burning.

g. Gas and bubbles were created.

h. The temperature changed.

j. The colors of the reactants mixed.

5. In general, catalysts affect reactions mostby .

a. decreasing the reactants

b. increasing the products

c. increasing the reaction rate

d. decreasing the reaction rate

Zn + Ag2S ZnS + ?AgFormulas of Some Common Chemicals

Common Name

Hydrogen Peroxide

Carbon Dioxide

Ozone

Vinegar

Chemical Formula

H2O2

CO2

O3

CH3CO2H

Chemical Reactions 31

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 7 Chemical Reactions



6. Which molecule would be described in aglossary as a catalyst in the bodies ofliving things?

f. reactant

g. product

h. inhibitor

j. enzyme

7. Which of these belongs with the groupabove?

a. Particle size

b. Mass

c. Reactant

d. Rust

CHEMICALEQUATION

ENERGY PRODUCTS

32 Chemical Reactions

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions

8. A scientist has observed the effects of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction. Which of thefollowing graphs most likely best represents the effects of the catalyst on the rate of reaction?

f. h.

g. j.

Time

Rea

ctio

n

Time

Rea

ctio

n

Time

Rea

ctio

n

Time

Rea

ctio

n


Which of the following would not beconsidered a chemical reaction?

A a metal rusts

B a magazine is torn

C food is digested

D firewood is burned

Which of these would you expect to havean effect on the rate of a chemicalreaction?

F the shape of the container

G the time of day

H a change in temperature

J the type of equipment used

The larger the surface area of reactants,the faster a reaction takes place. Whichof these reactants burns the fastest?

A large thick log

B several long branches

C old tree stump

D many small thin twigs

Which of the following would result in adecreased rate in a chemical reaction?

F addition of an inhibitor

G addition of a catalyst

H increase in the temperature ofthe reactants

J increase in the concentration ofthe reactants

Theresa was observing a chemicalreaction and concluded it wasexothermic. What observation probablyled Theresa to this conclusion?

A The final products were colder thanthe reactants.

B The final products were warmer thanthe reactants.

C The chemical reaction had occurredquickly.

D The chemical reaction had occurredslowly.

5

4

3

2

1

Chemical Reactions 33

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 7 Chemical Reactions


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34 Chemical Reactions

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions


All foods contain bacteria that can be potentially harmful if too much of it grows in the food.Warmer temperatures increase the rate at which bacteria grow. What are some ways oflimiting the growth of bacteria in our food?

Most reactions need a certain amount of energy to begin. Design an experiment to comparevarious reactions in our daily lives to determine which need the most energy to begin.

7

6


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1. According to the diagram, which statement best describes what happens to ionic compoundswhen they are dissolved?

a. They are pulled apart by water molecules.

b. They get larger in size.

c. They move faster.

d. They become a new compound.

Salt dissolvedin water

Salt in waterbefore dissolving

OH H

H HO

Na–Cl

H

HO

OH H

Na–Cl

H HO

H

HO

Na

OHH

Na OH H

Na

HH

ONaCl

O

HH

Cl

Na–Cl

Na–C

lOH H

H HO

Na–Cl

H

HO

OH H

Na–Cl

Na–Cl

Na–C

l Cl

OH

H

Cl

H HO

H

HO

Na

OHH

Na OH H

Na

HH

ONaCl

O

HH

ClCl

OH

H

Cl

Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 35

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 8 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility


2. Erikka wanted to find out if more sugardissolves in hot water or in cold water. Sheput one spoonful of sugar in the hot waterand six spoonfuls of sugar in the cold water.She stirred both containers to see how muchsugar dissolved. Her experiment could beimproved by .

f. using salt instead of sugar

g. using just cold water

h. using the same amount of sugar in bothcontainers

j. using a larger amount of hot water thancold water

3. These pictures show different substancesbeing tested for pH. Which of the followinglists the substances from most acidic tomost basic?

a. Q, S, R,T

b. T, S, R, Q

c. Q, R, S, T

d. T, R, S, Q

Q R S T

orangejuice

ovencleaner

rain-water ammonia

3.5

8.5

5.0 10.0


4. Carlos sets a warm saltwater solution on the table to cool. One hour later, he returns to findsome white crystals forming at the bottom of the glass. The crystals most likely .

f. fell into the glass from the ceiling

g. crystallized out of the cooling solution

h. are pieces of ice appearing as the water cools

j. will be something other than salt crystals

36 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 8 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility

5. The chart shows the amount of different compounds that can be dissolved in 100 g of water at25°C. Which of these graphs best represents these data?

a. c.

b. d.

Solubility of Some Compounds

Compound

So

lub

ility

1201101009080706050403020100

Alu

min

umS

ulfa

teC

hrom

ium

triox

ide

Nic

kel

brom

ide

Pota

ssiu

m

hydr

ogen

su

lfate

Sod

ium

carb

onat

e


Compound

So

lub

ility

1201101009080706050403020100

Alu

min

umS

ulfa

teC

hrom

ium

triox

ide

Nic

kel

brom

ide

Pota

ssiu

m

hydr

ogen

su

lfate

Sod

ium

carb

onat

e


Compound

So

lub

ility

1201101009080706050403020100

Alu

min

umS

ulfa

teC

hrom

ium

triox

ide

Nic

kel

brom

ide

Pota

ssiu

m

hydr

ogen

su

lfate

Sod

ium

carb

onat

e


Compound

So

lub

ility

1201101009080706050403020100

Alu

min

umS

ulfa

teC

hrom

ium

triox

ide

Nic

kel

brom

ide

Pota

ssiu

m

hydr

ogen

su

lfate

Sod

ium

carb

onat

e

Compound

Aluminum sulfate

Chromium trioxide

Nickel bromide

Potassium hydrogen sulfate

Sodium carbonate

Solubility at 25°C(g/100g water)

31

62

113

36

7



Which sentence best describes asaturated solution?

A A saturated solution is a solution thatfills a container to the top.

B A saturated solution is a solution thatcontains as much solute as it can.

C A saturated solution contains 100 g ofsolute in 100 g of solvent.

D A saturated solution is a solution ofsolids dissolved in liquids.

A scientist wants to make a veryconcentrated sugar water solution. Sheheats the water before adding the sugarbecause

F sugar is less soluble in warm waterthan in cold water

G then the sugar will dissolve moreslowly

H sugar only dissolves in boiling water

J sugar is more soluble in warm waterthan in cold water

Some solutions are sour tasting, conductelectricity, and can corrode and burn skinand tissue. These are characteristics of

A acidic solutions

B basic solutions

C precipitates

D soluble solutions

Some compounds react with acids andbases to produce different colors. Thesecompounds are called

F hydronium ions

G precipitates

H indicators

J stalagmites

4

3

2

1

Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 37

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 8 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility


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38 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility


Marcia drops some salt in water and stirs until the salt dissolves. She drops some oil in waterand stirs, but the oil does not dissolve. Explain why water can dissolve some substances suchas sugar but can’t dissolve oil. Use the phrase “like dissolves like” in your explanation.

7

Which of the reasons below wouldexplain why a particular solute wouldnot dissolve in a particular solvent?

A The solute is polar and the solvent ispolar.

B The solute is polar and the solvent isnonpolar.

C The solvent is warm and the solute iscold.

D The solute is a solid and the solvent isa liquid.

Which of these explains how stalactitesform in some caves?

F solids crystallizing out of a solution

G erosion by rainwater

H evaporation of groundwater due tothe Sun

J growth of a fungus

65


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1. A hydrocarbon always contains which ofthe following substances?

a. carbon and hydrogen

b. water and acid

c. ammonia and protein

d. oxygen and nitrogen

2. An organic acid is a compound thatcontains .

f. ionic bonds

g. only hydrogen and carbon

h. water

j. a carboxyl group

3. A hydrocarbon with two carbon atoms and4 hydrogen atoms contains what type ofbond between the carbon atoms?

a. single

b. double

c. triple

d. ionic

4. Which of the following statements is trueabout saturated hydrocarbons?

f. They contain both ionic and covalentbonds.

g. They contain only ionic bonds.

h. They contain only single bonds.

j. They contain metallic bonds.

H- C -H

-

-

H

H

C -H

-

-

H

H

-

-

H

HCH- C

-

-

H

H

Saturated Unsaturated

C = CH

HH

H

H-C=C-H

- -

Organicacids

CH2COOH

C4H7COOH

C2H5COOH

Carbon Chemistry 39

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 9 Carbon Chemistry



5. Under which heading in a table of contentswould information about starches befound?

a. Cholesterol

b. Proteins

c. Lipids

d. Carbohydrates

6. Which of the following elements usuallyforms four covalent bonds?

f. oxygen

g. carbon

h. nitrogen

j. hydrogen

7. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of unsaturated hydrocarbons?

a. hydrocarbons that contain all singlebonds between carbon atoms

b. hydrocarbons that contain at least onedouble or triple bond betweenhydrogen atoms

c. hydrocarbons that contain all singlebonds between hydrogen atoms

d. hydrocarbons that contain at least onedouble or triple bond between carbonatoms

8. Which of the following statements aboutcholesterol is true?

f. It is used by the body to build cellmembranes.

g. It provides the body with high-energy,long-lasting fuel.

h. It is found in many sweet foods, suchas honey.

j. It is found in plant oils.

9. The picture shows the structural formulafor methane. Which of the following is thechemical formula for methane?

a. C5H12

b. C3H8

c. CH4

d. C2H6

H- C -H

-

-

H

H

40 Carbon Chemistry

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry


Which of the following is not a type ofcarbohydrate?

A sugar

B lipid

C starch

D cellulose

Proteins are complex moleculesconsisting of groups of simplermolecules. The simpler molecules thatmake up proteins are called

F lipids

G starches

H amino acids

J carbohydrates

When a person takes in more food thanhe or she needs, the person’s body storesthe energy from the food. The energy isstored as

A water

B protein

C blood

D fat

Which of the compounds listed below isan alcohol?

F CH3COOH

G C2H5OH

H C3H7NH2

J C4H9Cl

4

3

2

1

Carbon Chemistry 41

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 9 Carbon Chemistry


Which of the molecules listed above are isomers?

A C2H5OH and CH3OCH3

B C2H5OH and CH3COOH

C CH3OCH3 and CH3COOH

D CH3COOH and C2H6

5

C2H6 C2H5OH CH3COOH CH3OCH3

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Before a long-distance race, many runners dramatically increase their intake ofcarbohydrates. What might be the reason they do this?

Explain the similarities and differences between saturated and un saturated fats.7

6

42 Carbon Chemistry

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry




Chapter 10 Motion and Momentum

1. Jason walks from Point A to Point B. Thenhe walks to Point C and finally back toPoint A. According to this information,which of the following represents Jason’sdisplacement?

a. 12 meters

b. 9 meters

c. 0 meters

d. 7 meters

2. A car accelerates from 10 meters persecond to 20 meters per second in 5seconds. Which of the following representsthe car’s acceleration?

f. 2 m/s2

g. 20 m/s2

h. 10 m/s2

j. 0.2 m/s2

3. Which statement best describes thedifference between speed and velocity?

a. Speed is distance divided by time, andvelocity is total distance.

b. Speed is how fast an object is moving,and velocity includes speed anddirection.

c. Velocity is how fast an object ismoving, and speed includes speed anddirection.

d. Speed and velocity are in units ofmeters per second.

4. According to this information, whichrunner had a speed of 15 m/s?

f. David

g. Henry

h. Jolene

j. Pooja

Name

David

Jolene

Pooja

Henry

Distance

200 meters

100 meters

300 meters

100 meters

Time

20 seconds

10 seconds

20 seconds

20 seconds

Bay School Runners

A

BC5 meters

3 meters4

met

ers

Motion and Momentum 43

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5. According to this information, whichobject has the greatest momentum?

a. runner

b. car

c. football player

d. truck

6. A blue billiard ball is approaching anorange billiard ball. If all other factors areequal, the collision would be calledinelastic if .

f. the balls bounce off one another

g. the balls move at different speeds

h. the blue ball rolls off in one direction,and the orange ball rolls off in anotherdirection

j. the balls stick together and roll off asone

7. An object with a mass of 1 kg moving at aspeed of 2 m/s has a head-on collision withanother object with a mass of 1 kg movingat a speed of 2 m/s. What is the totalmomentum before the collision?

a. 0

b. 2 kg • m/s2

c. 4 kg • m/s2

d. 6 kg • m/s2

8. Which of the following is the LEASTimportant consideration when calculatingvelocity?

f. mass

g. direction

h. distance

j. time

9. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of a collision?

a. One object hits another, and they bothlose momentum as a result.

b. One object hits another, and they bothgain momentum as a result.

c. One object hits another, butmomentum is conserved.

d. One object hits another, and only oneobject conserves momentum.

10. Which of these quantities does NOTinvolve direction?

f. velocity

g. speed

h. acceleration

j. momentum

Object

Runner

CarFootballplayer

Truck

Mass

70 kg

1500 kg

100 kg

2500 kg

Velocity

4.0 m/s north

20 m/s south

8.5 m/s west

2 m/s east

44 Motion and Momentum

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 10 Motion and Momentum



DIRECTIONS Read each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 10 Motion and Momentum

Name: Date: Class:

Two space satellites collide and stick together. Which of these statements is true?

A Their total momentum is the same.

B Their combined velocity is zero.

C Their combined mass is zero.

D Their combined mass is less than before.

1

Directions: This graph shows Emilios’s velocity as he walked to school. Use the information inthe graph to answer Numbers 2–3 below.

876543210 1 2 3 4 5Time (minutes)

Vel

oci

ty (

m/s

)

The time interval on the graph whenEmilio was not accelerating is

F from 0 minutes to 2 minutes

G from 2 minutes to 3 minutes

H from 4 minutes to 5 minutes

J from 1 minute to 5 minutes

During the time interval between 4 and5 minutes, Emilio slowed down. Thistype of acceleration is called

A positive

B reverse

C negative

D forward

32

Motion and Momentum 45

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 10 Motion and Momentum

Which of these represents the formulafor calculating momentum?

F distance traveled/time

G final speed initial speed/time

H mass � velocity

J mass � time

Malcolm’s teacher tells him that whentwo billiard balls collide, their totalmomentum doesn’t change. Which lawsupports his teacher’s statement?

A the law of conservation of collision

B the law of conservation of mass

C the law of conservation of velocity

D the law of conservation of momentum

54


Two different types of collisions exist in nature, elastic and inelastic. Give an example ofeach, and explain the similarities and differences between the two.

6

46 Motion and Momentum




Chapter 11 Force and Newton’s Laws

1. The picture above shows four identical toycars at the tops of four different ramps.When all of the toy cars are pushed downthe ramps with the same force, which toycar will travel the farthest from the bottomof its ramp?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

2. All of these pictures show unbalancedforces EXCEPT _____.

f.

g.

h.

j.

3. This picture shows a girl holding a ball.According to this picture, what is exertinga force on the ball?

a. only rolling friction

b. only magnetism

c. the girl and gravity

d. only gravity

4. Which of these seesaws is most likely totip to the left?

f.

g.

h.

j.

AA A

BOOKEIGHTH EDITION

A B DC

Force and Newton’s Laws 47

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5. Acceleration occurs whenever an objectspeeds up, slows down, or changes thedirection in which it is moving. Accordingto this definition, all of these are examplesof acceleration EXCEPT .

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. According to the chart, an airplane in flightis acted on by .

f. static friction

g. sliding friction

h. rolling friction

j. air resistance

7. What is the purpose of using a parachutewhen skydiving?

a. To create an upward force of airresistance and slow down

b. To reduce the friction force and speedup

c. To go faster than terminal velocity

d. To balance out the forces and stop theskydiver from moving

8. Friction is the force that occurs when amoving object rubs against another surface,slowing it down. According to thisdefinition, in which picture will the ballhave the most friction acting on it?

f.

g.

h.

j.

Type

the force that slows down anobject moving through the air

Air resistance

the force that pushesback on a rolling object

Rolling friction

the force that slowsdown a sliding object

Sliding friction

Description

Static frictionthe force that prevents an object

from moving when it is first pushed

MAIL

P

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Chapter TestName: Date: Class:


48 Force and Newton’s Laws




Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 11 Force and Newton’s Laws

Name: Date: Class:

A group of students is studying the way balls move down ramps. You can see their experimentright here! Use the information in the pictures and the table to answer Numbers 1–2 below.

Ball

Ball A

Ball B

Ball C

Ball D

Trial 1

130 cm

90 cm

120 cm

150 cm

Trial 2

135 cm

89 cm

129 cm

148 cm

Trial 3

132 cm

95 cm

127 cm

159 cm

A B DC

Which ball traveled farthest once it gotto the bottom of the ramp?

A

B

C

D

Suppose the heights of the ramps areraised, and the balls roll down the rampsand roll along the floor. The increase inthe heights of the ramps will most likelymake

F the balls roll farther from the bottomof the ramp

G the balls stop at the bottom of theramp

H the balls stop sooner after they get offthe ramp

J the baseball go the farthest

21

Force and Newton’s Laws 49

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When a person pushes on a wall, whydoesn’t the wall fall over?

A The wall cannot exert a force onanything.

B The wall is pushing back with thesame force.

C The wall is pulling on the person.

D The forces are not balanced enough.

Jamal, a professional bicycle racer, isexplaining to a group of students howtechnology has made it easier to cyclefaster. He states that bicycles can bemade of much lighter materials now, sothey need

F more force to push them forward

G less force to push them forward

H more friction to keep them fromrolling

J more gravity to increase their speed

43


Marcia is a skydiver who jumps out of a plane. She falls very quickly for a couple of seconds.Then she opens her parachute and her speed decreases to a slower, steady rate until shereaches the ground. Explain what a force is and what forces were acting on Marcia during herjump.

Newton’s Third Law says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Jasonis thinking about this as he walks home from school. What action-reaction forces are actingto make Jason’s feet move forward as he walks?

6

5

50 Force and Newton’s Laws



1. Meg wants to know how much pressurefive books will exert on a shelf. In order tofind the answer, she needs to know .

a. the height of the books and the lengthof the shelf

b. the weight and height of the books

c. the area and volume of the shelf

d. the weight of the books and the areaof contact with the shelf

2. Based on these pictures, a reasonablehypothesis would be that .

f. two items exert more pressure thanone item

g. changing the area of contact affectsthe pressure exerted

h. changing the pressure exerted affectsthe force of contact

j. nails are harder than hammers

3. In these two pictures, where is the waterpressure the greatest?

a. the bottom of beaker A

b. the bottom of beaker B

c. the pressure is equal

d. the top of beaker A

4. At which point is there the LEAST amountof air pressure?

f. Q

g. R

h. S

j. T

R

ST

Q

10 oz

8 oz

6 oz

4 oz

2 oz

10 oz8 oz6 oz4 oz2 oz

A B

Forces and Fluids 51

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 12 Forces and Fluids


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5. According to Archimedes’ principle, a boatfloats because .

a. there is less air pressure above waterthan below it

b. the weight of the water the boatdisplaces is equal to the buoyant forceon the boat

c. the weight of the water the boatdisplaces is greater than the buoyantforce on the boat

d. the weight of the water the boatdisplaces is less than the buoyantforce on the boat

6. Sam threw an object into his backyardpool. The object will float if it .

f. has a greater density than the fluid inwhich it is placed

g. has a greater volume than the fluid inwhich it is placed

h. has a lesser density than the fluid inwhich it is placed

j. has a lesser volume than the fluid inwhich it is placed

7. In a hydraulic system, a small piston putspressure on fluid, which transmits thepressure to a larger piston, causing thelarger piston to move. If the force equalsthe pressure multiplied by the area,increasing the area of the larger piston will .

a. increase the force pushing up on thispiston

b. balance the two pistons

c. decrease the force pushing up on thispiston

d. shatter the smaller piston

8. Bernoulli’s principle states that when thespeed of a fluid increases, the pressureexerted by that fluid decreases. Which ofthe following illustrates this principle?

f.

g.

h.

j.

34

56

78

929

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 301

23

45

67St

orm

Rai

n

Change Fair VeryD

ry

Barometer

52 Forces and Fluids

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 12 Forces and Fluids


Which of the following units is used tomeasure pressure?

A pascal

B kilogram

C liter

D pound

If the speed of the wind were constant,which of these aircrafts would have themost lift?

F

G

H

J

Carley is decorating her fish tank. Shewants some of the decorative objects tosink to the bottom of the tank. Whichobjects would sink to the bottom?

A objects that have a greater weight thanthe fish in the tank

B objects that have a lesser density thanthe water in the tank

C objects that have a greater weight thanthe buoyant force

D objects that have a lesser volume thanthe water in the tank

Stan and his mother are at the seaport.Stan asks his mother why the heavy steelboats do not sink. Which of thefollowing would be the best explanationthat Stan’s mother could give?

F The density of the water is greaterthan the density of the steel.

G The volume of the steel boat is largeenough so that it stays afloat.

H The boats have lightweight enginesthat allow them to stay afloat.

J The mass of the steel is much greaterthan the volume of the water.

4

3

2

1

Forces and Fluids 53

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 12 Forces and Fluids


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54 Forces and Fluids

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 12 Forces and Fluids


Look at the pictures above. Explain why the chimney attached to either house may or maynot draw out enough smoke. In your answer, you should mention one of the scientificprinciples you learned about in this chapter.

7

Which of the following explains why theroof of a house may blow off during astorm with heavy winds?

A Archimedes’ principle

B Bernoulli’s principle

C Pascal’s principle

D Curie effect

How could you decrease the pressureexerted on the bottom of a glass ofwater?

F by pouring more water into the glass

G by putting the glass on a large surfacearea

H by putting the glass on a small surfacearea

J by drinking some of the water

65


Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources

1. The diagram shows the energy changes ina _______.

a. coal power plant

b. nuclear power plant

c. hydroelectric power plant

d. solar power plant

2. The picture shows examples ofnonrenewable energy resources. Which ofthese is the major characteristic ofnonrenewable energy resources?

f. They will eventually run out.

g. They are inexhaustible.

h. They are made by humans.

j. They are used only in cars.

3. What is the energy transformationoccurring in this picture?

a. Chemical energy potentialenergy

b. Light energy electrical energy

c. Electrical energy light energy

d. Wind energy electrical energy

4. In general, hydroelectric dams disrupt the life of aquatic animals the most by _______.

f. producing energy by harnessing thepower of water

g. sending damaging electrical currentsinto waterways

h. having fish travel around dams byusing fish ladders

j. hindering aquatic life from travelingto spawning areas

Premium

OIL

Natural Gas

Nonrenewable EnergyResources

Coal

PotentialEnergy

ofWater

KineticEnergy

ofWater

KineticEnergy

ofTurbine

ElectricalEnergyout of

Generator


Energy and Energy Resources 55

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5. Which photovoltaic device is probablycreating the most usable energy?

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. Which organism is acting most like aphotovoltaic cell in a solar heating panel?

f.

g.

h.

j.

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources

56 Energy and Energy Resources



Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources

Name: Date: Class:

Which is the best definition of kineticenergy?

A Kinetic energy is stored energy.

B Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

C All forms of energy are kinetic energy.

D Only living things can have kineticenergy.

There is energy stored inside themolecules of food that we eat. Thisenergy is classified as

F chemical energy

G eating energy

H kinetic energy

J nuclear energy

Which of the following is not arenewable energy source?

A solar energy

B wind energy

C geothermal energy

D fossil fuels

Which of the following would be used tomeasure the average kinetic energy ofthe particles in an object?

F

G

H

J

320

2120

4

3

2

1


Energy and Energy Resources 57

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 13 Energy and Energy Resources

Which of the balls described belowwould have the most kinetic energy?

A a bowling ball standing still on thefloor

B a basketball resting on a chair

C a golf ball flying through the air

D a tennis ball rolling to a stop on theground

Although people once thoughthydroelectric power did no harm to theenvironment, it is now known thatbuilding dams for hydroelectric powerplants

F increases global warming

G interferes with the habitats of fish

H causes the hole in the ozone layer

J causes acid rain

65

58 Energy and Energy Resources


Hank puts a battery in his radio and listens to music all afternoon. At the end of the daythere is no more energy in the battery. Use the law of conservation of energy to explain whathappened to the battery’s energy. Include any energy transformations in your answer.

7




Chapter 14 Work and Simple Machines

Work and Simple Machines 59

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1. Work is only done when the force exertedon an object is in the same direction as theobject’s motion. According to thisdefinition, which of these illustrates workbeing done?

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. All of these are simple machinesEXCEPT .

f.

g.

h.

j.


3. What is one way in which simple machinesmake work easier?

a. improving the quality of axles used incars

b. eliminating the need for workers toapply any force when completingtasks

c. decreasing the amount of forcenecessary to complete a task

d. creating the need for more workers

4. The table above shows the relationshipbetween a machine’s efficiency and theeffects of friction. A reasonable hypothesisbased on these data is that if the amount offriction applied increases, then .

f. the machine’s efficiency will increase

g. the machine will become completelyinefficient

h. the work completed by the machinewill increase

j. the machine’s efficiency will decrease

5. What is the purpose of increasing thelength and thinness of a wedge?

a. to decrease the distance over which aforce needs to be applied

b. to make the wedge lighter and easierto carry

c. to increase the mechanical advantage

d. to help the wedge to stay clean andwell-lubricated

6. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about inclinedplanes be found?

f. Form and Function of a Hockey Stick

g. Egyptian Ramps

h. Expert Use of Sailing Pulleys

j. The Force of a Softball Pitch

Trial

1

2

3

4

none

low

medium

high

100

85

70

55

Amount ofFriction Applied

Efficiency ofMachine (%)

Friction/Machine EfficiencyRelationship

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 14 Work and Simple Machines

60 Work and Simple Machines




Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 14 Work and Simple Machines

Name: Date: Class:

One way to evaluate the effectiveness ofa simple machine is by computing theratio of output force to input force. Thisratio is called the

A mechanical advantage

B machine proportion

C motive force

D utility fraction

Which of the following is not animportant consideration whencalculating work?

F Motion

G Distance

H Efficiency

J Force

The measure of work done in a specificamount of time is known as

A force

B power

C energy

D time

Which of these would most likely make ascrew easier to use?

F Increasing the length of its thread

G Decreasing the length of its thread

H Increasing its width

J Decreasing its width

Which statement is accurate?

A Simple machines make work easier todo, even though the amount of workactually done is the same.

B Simple machines make work easier todo by decreasing the amount of workdone.

C Simple machines make work harder todo by increasing the amount of workdone.

D Simple machines do not affect theperceived difficulty level of work.

5

A

B

4

3

2

1

Work and Simple Machines 61

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Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 14 Work and Simple Machines

A scientist measured the amount of workdone by a series of simple machines. Thework the scientist recorded was mostlikely measured in

F joules

G centimeters

H seconds

J kilograms As Keshia picks the cat up from the floor,her arms

A act as a type of inclined plane

B apply a force perpendicular to thedirection of lift

C do work against gravity

D exert power on the cat

7

6


A student is studying a wheel and axle. The student finds that the radius of the wheel is 14centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2 centimeters. Using this information, find themechanical advantage of the wheel and axle. Show your work.

A construction worker is using a pulley system to move large, heavy objects. The constructionworker does 200 Joules of work, and the pulley system has a work output of 170 Joules. Usingthis information, find the efficiency of the pulley system. Show your work.

9

8

62 Work and Simple Machines




Chapter 15 Thermal Energy

1. When you walk across a cold floor withbare feet, your feet become cold. Which ofthese is the most likely cause of your feetbecoming cold?

a. Thermal energy always moves fromwarmer to cooler objects.

b. Thermal energy always moves fromcooler to warmer objects.

c. The floor absorbs fast-movingelectrons from your feet.

d. Your feet absorb colder moleculesfrom the floor.

2. Which process is taking place in all threepictures?

f. radiation

g. convection

h. conduction

j. forced convection

3. Which of these causes the temperature of aheated pot of water to increase?

a. an increase in the potential energy ofwater molecules

b. an increase in the kinetic energy ofwater molecules

c. extra electrons absorbed by the watermolecules

d. metal atoms from the pot absorbed bythe water molecules

4. All of the following are types oftemperature scales EXCEPT .

f. Fahrenheit

g. kelvin

h. Celsius

j. mercurial

5. Plateau A on the graph represents the pointwhen the water is changing from a solid toa liquid. According to the graph, what typeof phase change is occurring at Plateau B?

a. condensation

b. fusion

c. vaporization

d. sublimation

Plateau A

Ice

Steam

Water

Plateau B

Tem

per

atu

re

Phase

OnOff

Thermal Energy 63

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6. Most engines will have all of theseproperties EXCEPT the ability to .

f. convert thermal energy intomechanical energy

g. convert chemical energy into thermalenergy

h. transfer excess energy to a cooler area

j. use energy to perform work

7. In new houses, heating systems are oftenbuilt right into the structure of the houseitself. Which of the following is the bestplace for a heating system in a house?

a. the floor, because heat rises

b. the ceiling, because heat falls

c. the walls, because the more surfacecovered, the more heat given off

d. the doors, because the best place toadd heat is where the heat gets lost

8. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of radiation?

f. thermal energy that is transferred bydirect contact

g. thermal energy that is transferred byelectromagnetic waves

h. thermal energy that is transferred bythe movement of heated particles

j. thermal energy that is transferred bythe movement of forced particles

9. Marissa and her science partner areworking in their school’s science lab.Marissa’s partner shows her a thermometerthat was heated to 100ºC. Marissa knowsthat this thermometer most likely just readthe temperature of .

a. a glass of milk

b. a bowl of still water

c. a pot of boiling water

d. a melting ice cube

10. Under which heading in a table of contentswould information about viscosity mostlikely be found?

f. Why Water Expands When It IsFrozen

g. The Properties of Coolants

h. Conversions Between the CelsiusScale and the Kelvin Scale

j. Why Molasses Flows Slowly andWater Flows Quickly

11. The efficiency of a machine is calculatedusing .

a. the ratio of work in to work out

b. the ratio of work out to work in

c. the product of work out and work in

d. the difference between work out andwork in

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 15 Thermal Energy

64 Thermal Energy




Chapter 15 Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy 65

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Which of the following is not a truestatement about the liquid?

A The liquid takes the shape of itscontainer.

B The water molecules can move pastone another.

C If poured into a larger beaker, thevolume of the liquid would increase.

D The water molecules have enoughkinetic energy to overcome someattractive forces.

Which of these makes certain materialsgood thermal conductors?

F valence electrons

G protons

H thermal convection

J neutrons

There are several different types of heattransfer. The type of heat transfer thatuses electromagnetic waves to increasethermal energy is called

A convection

B radiation

C conduction

D thermal magnetics

Which statement provides the bestdescription of the specific heat of asubstance?

F Specific heat is the amount of heatneeded to cool a substance to aspecific, low temperature.

G Specific heat is the temperature atwhich the substance condenses.

H Specific heat is the amount ofmolecules needed to raise thetemperature.

J Specific heat is the amount of heatneeded to raise the temperature of1 kg of a substance 1°C.

4

3

2

1

Liquid


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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 15 Thermal Energy

In which of the following would youexpect to find the most kinetic energy?

A a cup of milk

B helium inside a balloon

C a block of ice

D water inside a balloon

Snowflakes melt on your tongue because

F heat from your tongue condenses thewater molecules

G faster-moving water molecules in thesnow collide with slower-movingmolecules on your tongue

H faster-moving molecules in the snowon your tongue collide with theslower-moving water molecules in thesnow

J heat from your tongue sublimes thewater molecules

65


Describe how you would demonstrate the different phases water experiences as it goes from asolid to a gas. Make sure you tell what is happening to the molecules at each stage as moreand more thermal energy is applied.

7

66 Thermal Energy


Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 16 Waves

1. According to this information, whichsound has a loudness greater than 100decibels?

a. Whisper

b. Jet airplane

c. Rock concert

d. Vacuum cleaner

2. Carmen is watching a fireworks displaywith her parents. She notices that she seesthe flashes of light before she hears theexplosion. This happens because _______.

f. the light from the fireworks travelsfaster than the sound from theexplosion

g. the sound from the explosion travelsfaster than the light from the fireworks

h. Carmen sees better than she hears

j. the fireworks are moving away fromCarmen

3. Which of these processes enables the boyto see over the wall?

a. Diffraction

b. Interference

c. Reflection

d. Refraction

4. According to the chart, which mediumcannot transmit sound?

f. Stone

g. Water

h. Air

j. Vacuum

Medium Speed of Sound(m/s)

Speed of Light(108 m/s)

VacuumAir

WaterStone 5971

14863350

1.612.253.03.0

SoundWhisper

Typical classroomConversation

Vacuum cleanerRock concertJet airplane

Loudness (decibels)20356580100140

Loudness of Some Sounds


Waves 67

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5. Which sound would have the highestpitch?

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. According to this information, which typeof electromagnetic energy is used todiagnose broken bones?

f. Gamma rays

g. X rays

h. Infrared waves

j. Radio waves

7. Which of these graphs best illustrates thesedata?

a.

b.

c.

d.Very Loud

Loud

Soft

Very Soft

10%10%

30%50%

Very Loud

Loud

Soft

Very Soft

40%

20%

15%

25%

Very Loud

Loud

Soft

Very Soft

40%

20%

15%25%

Very Loud

Loud

Soft

Very Soft

5%

20%

60%

15%

Loudness

Very Soft(0-20 decibels)

Soft(20-60 decibels)

Loud(60-100 decibels)

Very Loud(100-150 decibels)

Time % of Time

5%

20%

60%

15%

Decibel Levels in Center City

(min)

1

12

4

3

RadioWaves Infrared

Ultra-violet

Visible Light

X RaysGamma

Rays

880 Hz

440 Hz

220 Hz

110 Hz

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 16 Waves

68 Waves



Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:Chapter 16 Waves

Name: Date: Class:

Which of these properties of sound ismeasured in meters per second?

A frequency

B loudness

C speed

D wavelength

Which of the following is not a propertyof mechanical waves?

F moves around corners

G uses matter to transfer energy

H moves in the form of waves

J does not require matter to carryenergy

Police can detect speeding motorists witha radar gun. What property of wavesenables them to do this?

A Waves bend when they strike anobject.

B Waves bounce off when they strike anobject.

C Waves bend around barriers.

D Two waves combine, travel together,and form a new wave.

Which of the following is not an exampleof diffraction?

F light bending between two pencils

G water waves bending around a boat

H light bouncing off a mirror

J water waves bending around a pier

Frequency is the number of wavelenghtsthat pass a point in one second. Astudent was asked to measure thefrequency of a wave. The frequency sherecorded was most likely measured in

A meters

B Hertz

C feet

D grams

A person sees his or her face in a mirror.This is an example of

F diffraction

G refraction

H reflection

J interference

6

5

4

3

Radar Gun

POLICE

POLICE

2

1


Waves 69

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Waves have three properties: amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Describe each property.

Transverse waves and compressional waves are both types of mechanical waves. Explain thesimilarities and differences between these two types of mechanical waves.

8

7

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 16 Waves

70 Waves

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Chapter 17 Sound

1. What is the frequency of the sound asshown on this meter?

a. 4,300 Hertz

b. 5,300 Hertz

c. 6,400 Hertz

d. 6,700 Hertz

2. Loud music at a concert can affect humanhealth by .

f. decreasing the number of hair cells inthe cochlea

g. increasing the sensitivity of themiddle ear

h. increasing people’s ability to hearhigh-pitched sounds

j. decreasing the size of the ear canal

3. Which of the following objects functionsmost like the human outer ear?

a.

b.

c.

d.

4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

Hz

Sound 71

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4. The pitch and the loudness of a sound arerelated to the wavelength and amplitude ofthe sound wave. Which of these soundwaves will complete this chart?

f.

g.

h.

j.

5. The picture shows four boxes filled withdifferent materials. The same sound isgoing to be passed through each box.When the speed of the sound is measured,which box will the sound travel throughthe fastest?

a. air

b. water

c. oil

d. cement

6. In the pictured human ear, sound wavestravel through fluid and move tiny hairs at .

f. Q

g. R

h. S

j. T

Q

R

S

T

Q R S T

Air Water Oil Cement

High Pitch Low Pitch

Loud

Soft ??

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 17 Sound

72 Sound




Chapter 17 Sound

When a sound wave reflects off a hardsurface, it is called

A a frequency

B an echo

C the Doppler effect

D a beat

High-frequency sound waves calledultrasound waves are used by doctors forcertain medical procedures. Ultrasoundequipment can be used

F to treat some kinds of cancer

G to play music during an operation

H to cure pneumonia

J to examine a developing fetus

A police car siren sounds higher in pitchas it approaches and lower in pitch as itmoves away. What is the name of thisphenomenon?

A Doppler effect

B overtones

C resonance

D echolocation

When the wavelength of a sound isincreased, its

F frequency will increase

G pitch will become higher

H frequency will decrease

J amplitude will increase

Although the trumpet is not a woodwindinstrument, it is common for people tothink it is a woodwind because it is

A blown into

B made of metal

C not a string instrument

D played in an orchestra

Which of the following is not a part ofthe ear?

F cochlea

G sinus cavity

H hammer

J eardrum

6

5

4

3

2

1

Sound 73

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The human ear has three parts—the outer, middle, and inner ear. Explain the role of eachsection of the ear in the process of hearing sounds.

Describe an experiment that shows how the speed of sound is affected by temperature.8

7

Chapter 17 Sound

74 Sound




Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Waves

1. The waves in Table A are different fromthe waves in Table B because only thewaves in Table A transfer energy by .

a. passing wavelengths

b. traveling through Earth’s crust

c. vibrating electric charges

d. making particles of matter move

2. Electromagnetic waves have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT .

f. wavelength

g. amplitude

h. frequency

j. matter

3. Electromagnetic waves consist of anelectric field and a magnetic field. Whichof these produces electromagnetic waves?

a.

b.

c.

d.

WEIO RADIO AM

Radio Station

Magnets

X-ray waves

Radio waves

Light waves

Table A

Water waves

Sound waves

Earthquake waves

Table B

Electromagnetic Waves 75

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Waves

76 Electromagnetic Waves

5. In general, X rays benefit humans most by .

a. cooking and heating food quickly

b. transmitting information over cellularand portable phones

c. damaging internal organs fromprolonged exposure

d. helping doctors diagnose medicalproblems

6. Radio signals are communicated on carrierwaves. What is the frequency reading forthis radio station?

f. 90.5 Megahertz

g. 95.6 Megahertz

h. 96.0 Megahertz

j. 97.6 Megahertz

88 92 96 100 104 108 FM

MHz

4. What is the order of the stages, from first to last, of sending information by electromagneticwaves?

f. R, T, Q, S

g. Q, R, S, T

h. Q, S, T, R

j. S, Q, R, T

Q R S T




Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Waves

What is the main difference betweenmechanical waves and electromagneticwaves?

A Mechanical waves are produced bycharged particles, and electromagneticwaves transfer energy through matter.

B Electromagnetic waves transfer energy,but mechanical waves do not.

C Mechanical waves transfer energythrough matter, and electromagneticwaves are produced by vibratingcharges.

D Mechanical waves transfer energy, butelectromagnetic waves do not.

Some animals, such as bats and dolphins,use sound waves to hunt for food. Whichof the following inventions works in asimilar way?

F radar

G telephone

H microwave

J radio

Infrared detectors can detect hiddenthings that give off heat. Which of thefollowing would be a good use for aninfrared detector?

A finding algae in a freshwater stream

B sending smoke signals tocommunicate with other people

C determining the temperature of apreheated oven

D finding people who are buried by anavalanche

Look at the picture of the cordlesstelephone. Which part of the phonetransmits radio signals that allow peopleto hear the person they are speaking to?

F part 1

G part 2

H part 3

J part 4

4

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 90# *

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 90# *

1

23

4

3

2

1

Electromagnetic Waves 77

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Waves

Ultraviolet waves from the Sun areknown to cause damage to living cells.What protects living things on Earthfrom these potentially dangerous waves?

A carbon dioxide

B the ozone layer

C chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

D infrared waves

Which of the following electromagneticwaves has the highest frequency?

F gamma waves

G visible light

H infrared waves

J radio waves

65


Look at the pictures above. Which of the waves carries the most energy? How do you know? 7

78 Electromagnetic Waves




Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

1. What causes a stop sign to appear red?

a. It absorbs red light.

b. It reflects red light.

c. It transmits red light.

d. It reflects all colors except red.

2. Many people wear eyeglasses or contactlenses. These devices help people seebetter by .

f. bending light rays before they enterthe eye so they converge on the retina

g. filtering light rays before they enterthe eye so they do not damage theretina

h. increasing the brightness of light raysbefore they enter the eye so they canbe seen more easily

j. changing the frequency of light raysbefore they enter the eye so they canbe focused more easily

3. According to the graph, the speed of lightin a vacuum is nearly twice as fast as thespeed of light in .

a. air

b. diamond

c. glass

d. water

4. A translucent material is one that allowslight to pass through but diffuses it so thatobjects on the other side cannot bedistinguished. According to this definition,which of these is translucent?

f. cardboard

g. wax paper

h. glass

j. wood

Vacu

um

Wat

erGla

ssDia

mon

d

Air

Speed of Light

m/s

X 1

08

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Light, Mirrors, and Lenses 79

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

5. A color television has red, green, and blueelectron “guns.” When mixed correctly,they can produce any color on the screen.What colors should be mixed to producethe color yellow?

a. red and green

b. red and blue

c. blue and green

d. red, green, and blue

6. The diagram shows a reflecting telescopesimilar to the one used by Sir IsaacNewton. This structure can be used tostudy distant stars and galaxies because .

f. it gathers light with a large convex lens,then magnifies the image with a smallconvex lens

g. it gathers light with a large concavelens, then magnifies the image with asmall convex lens

h. it gathers light with a large convexmirror, then magnifies the image with asmall convex lens

j. it gathers light with a large concavemirror, then magnifies the image with asmall convex lens

7. A nearsighted person has difficulty seeingobjects at a distance, but has no troubleseeing objects nearby. Which of theselenses would help correct this problem?

a.

b.

c.

d. mirr

or

Light

Eyepiece

Eyepiece

Green Red

Blue

White

80 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses




Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

Performers often use makeup mirrorswhen they apply costume makeup. Themakeup mirror magnifies the image sothat people can see small areas of theirfaces more closely. Which of thefollowing mirrors would most likelyproduce such a magnified image?

A a concave mirror

B a convex mirror

C a plane mirror

D a converging mirror

A prism separates sunlight into thecolors of the spectrum by

F absorbing certain wavelengths andtransmitting others

G reflecting each wavelength in adifferent direction

H reflecting each wavelength a differentamount

J refracting each wavelength a differentamount

Lenses are used in cameras, projectors,telescopes, microscopes, and eyeglassesto bend light rays. The bending of lightis called

A reflection

B refraction

C absorption

D dispersion

The medical profession recently hasmade remarkable progress in the field oflaser surgery. One example is the use oflasers to

F power operating rooms

G clone sheep

H reshape the cornea

J sterilize surgical instruments

4

3

2

redorangeyellowgreenblueindigoviolet

PrismSunlight Spectrum Screen

1

Light, Mirrors, and Lenses 81

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

A student uses a magnifying glass toexamine salt crystals. The magnifyingglass is able to enlarge the image becauseit contains a

A concave mirror

B convex mirror

C concave lens

D convex lens

A van has a sign above its windshieldwith the letters “IMIM.” A persondriving a car just ahead of the van seesthe sign in her rear-view mirror. How dothe letters appear to the driver of the car?

F WIWI

G IWIW

H MIMI

J IMIM

6

5


Materials can be opaque, translucent, and transparent. Describe the way that light interactswith each of these materials.

7

82 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses




Chapter 20 Electricity

1. If you want to demonstrate that likecharges repel, it would be best to .

a. place two positively charged objectsnear each other

b. place two neutral objects near eachother

c. place one positive and one negativeobject near each other

d. place one negative and one neutralobject near each other

2. The table above compares the conductivityof several materials. Which of thesematerials should you use to preventelectrons from flowing easily?

f. germanium

g. wood

h. silver

j. copper

3. This equation shows Ohm’s law, whichsays current is equal to voltage divided byresistance. In what units is electricalcurrent measured?

a. tesla

b. joules

c. ohms

d. amperes

4. If lightning strikes this house, the lightningrod on top will prevent damage because .

f. an electrical charge is not able tomove through the rod

g. the rod is an insulator and cannotreceive an electrical charge

h. the excess electrical charge will beconducted into the ground

j. the rod will convert the excesselectrical charge into air

I = V/R

Conductors

silver

copper

aluminum

Semiconductors

silicon

germanium

Insulators

wood

glass

rubber

Electricity 83

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5. Which of the following factors would havethe LEAST effect on a battery’s ability topower a portable radio?

a. the voltage of the battery

b. the battery’s ability to separatecharges

c. the resistance inside the battery

d. the shape of the battery

6. These boxes show two ways of connectinga circuit. The series circuit differs from theparallel circuit because the lights in theseries circuit all experience .

f. the same current

g. the same voltage

h. different current

j. alternating current

7. According to Ohm’s Law, if the voltage ina battery is increased, what will happen tothe current produced by the battery?

a. It will increase.

b. It will decrease.

c. It will stay the same.

d. It is impossible to determine.

8. Which of these describes charge?

f. the power of a body to create energythrough movement

g. a measure of the weight of a body

h. the ability of a body to influence othercharges around it

j. the amount of matter in a body

9. How can the electron flow in a wire beincreased?

a. changing the color of the wire

b. decreasing the length and increasingthe width of the wire

c. increasing the length and decreasingthe width of the wire

d. changing the direction of the wire

Series

Bulb Battery

Parallel

Circuit

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 20 Electricity

84 Electricity




Chapter 20 Electricity

Darnell wants to know what charge apiece of cloth has. He notes that when itis near a positively charged object, itattracts the object. The cloth also repels anegatively charged object. He shouldclassify the charge of the cloth as

A negative

B neutral

C positive

D uncharged

These boxes illustrate two different waysof setting up a circuit. Which of thefollowing describes the best way to wirethese elements in a home?

F The parallel circuit is best because thecurrent is branched.

G The series circuit is best because thecurrent is unbranched.

H The parallel circuit is best becauseeach element reduces the current.

J The series circuit is best because eachelement increases the current.

Which of these describes voltage?

A a measure of an electron’s amperes

B the power delivered by an appliance

C a measure of electrical potentialenergy

D the amount of resistance present in acircuit

Some materials do not conductelectricity as well as others. Materialsthat do not allow free movement ofelectrons are called

F conductors

G insulators

H electroscopes

J inducers

In the table shown above, the appliancethat draws the most current is the

A microwave

B blender

C coffee maker

D toaster

5

Power Requirements forHousehold Appliances

Appliance

Coffee maker

Blender

Toaster

Microwave

Power (in watts)

1,625

800

950

625

4

3

2

Series Parallel

1

Electricity 85

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 20 Electricity

Electric charges that are not touchingcan still exert an influence on oneanother. What explains thisphenomenon?

F static charge

G electric field

H induced charge

J electric current

In a circuit that includes bulbs, the bulbs

A reduce the current

B replenish the current

C keep the current flowing at a constantrate

D cool the circuit

76


Describe an experiment that compares and contrasts series and parallel circuits.

Using a piece of fur and a glass rod, describe how you might provide a charge to the rod. Usethe word “electron” in your answer.

9

8

86 Electricity



DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer for each of the following questions.

Chapter 21 Magnetism

1. Kenya wanted to observe the properties oftwo magnets. She placed the ends of themagnets next to one another and watchedwhat happened. Which observation wouldshe most likely NOT make while workingwith the magnets?

a. The north end of one magnet wouldrepel the south end of the othermagnet.

b. The north end of one magnet wouldattract the south end of the othermagnet.

c. The south end of one magnet wouldrepel the south end of the othermagnet.

d. The north end of one magnet wouldrepel the north end of the othermagnet.

2. Which of these causes a magnetic field tobe produced around a current-carryingwire?

f. the magnetic domains moving in thewire

g. the metal atoms in the wire

h. the kinetic aurora moving in the wire

j. the electrons moving in the wire

3. Bacteria that use Earth’s magnetic field tonavigate are called magnetostatic bacteria.Which of these is the most likely reasonwhy magnetostatic bacteria can use Earth’smagnetic field to navigate?

a. The bacteria have an internalelectromagnet.

b. The bacteria contain magnetite.

c. The bacteria have their ownmagnetosphere.

d. The bacteria use a transformer tointerpret magnetic fields.

4. According to the diagram, which statementbest describes why the nickel is magneticand the carbon is not?

f. The protons in the carbon have theirmagnetic fields aligned.

g. The protons in the nickel have theirmagnetic fields aligned.

h. The electrons in the nickel have theirmagnetic fields aligned.

j. The electrons in the carbon have theirmagnetic fields aligned.

Ni Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni Ni Ni

Magnetic Nonmagnetic

C CCC

CC

C C

C

C

C C

C

C

C

C

Magnetism 87

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5. What is the purpose of using a generator?

a. to turn motion into electricity

b. to turn electrical energy into kineticenergy

c. to turn motion into magnetism

d. to generate a magnetosphere

6. The picture shows how homes get electricpower from the power plant. The voltagefrom the power plant is too high to bedirectly delivered to the house. When thevoltage reaches the second set of powerlines, what device changes the voltage to120 or 240 volts?

f. electromagnet

g. transformer

h. motor

j. voltmeter

7. Auroras are caused by .

a. charged particles from the Sun thatare deflected by the magnetosphere

b. a magnetic field from the Sun that isdeflected by charged particles inEarth’s magnetosphere

c. charged particles in Earth’satmosphere that collide with chargedparticles from the Sun

d. charged particles trapped in themagnetosphere that collide withEarth’s atmosphere

8. Mickua wants to demonstrate that northends of two magnets repel each other. Inorder to demonstrate this, it would be bestfor Mickua to .

f. place the north ends of the twomagnets near each other

g. place the north end of one magnetnear the south end of another

h. place the north end of one magnetnear an unmagnetized object

j. place the north ends of each magnet inan electric field

9. Which of the following is a description ofthe magnetosphere?

a. an electric field around Earth thatextends into space

b. electric currents from space that haveincreased the magnetic field of Earth’siron core

c. a magnetic field around Earth that isstrong enough to magnetize Earth’siron core

d. a magnetic field around Earth that iscreated by Earth’s iron core and that extends into space

120–240Volts24,000

Volts

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 21 Magnetism

88 Magnetism




Chapter 21 Magnetism

Which of the reasons below explains howmagnets can attract or repel objectswithout touching?

A The gravitational force surroundingeach magnet acts at a distance.

B The magnetic field surrounding eachmagnet acts at a distance.

C The magnets share electrons and act ata distance.

D The magnets generate static electricity.

Earth generates its own magnetic field.This field is called the

F electromagnet

G electromotive force

H magnetosphere

J biosphere

Which of these statements is false?

A The north and south poles of themagnet will attract each other.

B If the magnet is broken in half, it willnot have north and south poles.

C The south poles of the magnet willrepel each other.

D If the magnet is broken in half, it willstill have north and south poles.

When the current to a wire is shut off,the magnetic field around the wire willprobably

F disappear around a part of the wire

G continue to exert a force

H disappear completely

J attract iron filings

Which of the following would helphikers find their way in the woods?

A ammeter

B transformer

C generator

D compass

In the United States, a type of current isused that varies from positive to negative60 times per second. This type of currentis called

F direct current

G alternating current

H variable current

J simulating current

6

5

4

3

NORTH SOUTH

NORTH SOUTH

2

1

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 21 Magnetism

A current-carrying wire produces amagnetic field. When this wire iswrapped around an iron core, themagnetic field produced is different thanthe magnetic field produced by the wirealone because it

A is stronger than the magnetic fieldproduced by the wire alone

B is weaker than the magnetic fieldproduced by the wire alone

C cancels out the magnetic fieldproduced by the iron core

D cancels out the magnetic fieldproduced by the wire alone

Giovanni sprinkled iron filings around amagnet. Which of the following didGiovanni most likely see?

F the iron filings lining up against themagnetic field lines

G the iron filings lining up with themagnetic field lines

H the iron filings accumulating atop themagnet

J the iron filings randomly fallingaround the magnet

87


Explain the basic principle of a generator.9

90 Magnetism


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1. How many digits are there in the binarynumber system?

a. ten

b. 26

c. two

d. 1,024

2. Which of the following best describes theprocess of digitization?

f. An alternating current is convertedinto a direct current.

g. An analog signal is sampled andconverted into a series of numbers.

h. Vacuum tubes are replaced bytransistors and diodes.

j. Impurity atoms are added to asemiconductor.

3. Which of the following is an electriccurrent that changes with time and can beused to carry information?

a. Integrated circuit

b. p-type semiconductor

c. diode

d. electronic signal

4. Which of the following best describes adiode?

f. a semiconductor device that allowscurrent to flow in two directions

g. a semiconductor device that allowscurrent to flow in only one direction

h. an analog device that uses an analogsignal to transmit information

j. an n-type semiconductor containingarsenic atoms

Electronics and Computers 91

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 22 Electronics and Computers


5. Which of these best describes the group above?

a. circuit

b. hard drive

c. microprocessor

d. solid-state components

DIODES TRANSISTORS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS


6. According to the information in the table above, how many combinations are possible with sixbinary digits?

f. 36

g. 40

h. 48

j. 64

Possible Combinations of Binary Digits

Number of binary digits

Number of possiblecombinations

4

8

16

32

?

2

3

4

5

6

92 Electronics and Computers

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 22 Electronics and Computers

7. Why does the floppy disk carry thiswarning?

a. A magnetic field will melt the disk.

b. A magnetic field could alter therecorded information.

c. A magnetic field will allow a floppydisk to store more information.

d. A magnetic field could result in a fire.

8. According to the chart, the best choice forstoring a class essay so it can be movedfrom one computer to another is _______.

f. RAM

g. ROM

h. a hard disk

j. a floppy disk

Component

RAM

ROM

Hard disk

Floppy disk

Description

Short-termmemory

Long-termmemory

Immovable,rewritable memory

Transportable,rewritable memory

Do not place near amagnetic field


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Adding atoms of a certain element causea semiconductor to contain extraelectrons. A semiconductor with extraelectrons is a _______.

A diode

B transistor

C n-type semiconductor

D p-type semiconductor

Which of the following best describes acomputer’s microprocessor?

F A disk coated with magnetic particlesthat stores data.

G A set of instructions that tells thecomputer how to do a job.

H A semiconductor device that allowscurrent to flow only in one direction.

J An integrated circuit that controls theflow of information in a computer.

The picture above shows an example of

A a floppy disk

B a superconductor

C a digital signal

D an analog signal

One way a transistor can be used in anelectric circuit is _______.

F as an electronic switch

G to change n-type semiconductors top-type semiconductors

H to convert a direct current to analternating current

J as an analog signal

A binary digit can be represented bywhich of the following?

A a transistor switch

B the orientation of magnetic domainsin magnetic materials

C the presence of absence of pits on aflat surface

D all of the above

5

4

3

12:40PM

2

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94 Electronics and Computers

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 22 Electronics and Computers


Why do computers use the binary number system to store information electronically?8

A song is converted to a digital signal bysampling. Computer system A samplesthe song 2,000 times per second andcomputer system B samples 4,000 timesper second. This means that _______.

F the amount of informationrepresenting the song is larger oncomputer A than on computer B

G the amount of informationrepresenting the song is smaller oncomputer A than on computer B

H the amount of informationrepresenting the song depends only onthe length of the song

J None of the above

When a computer is first turned on,some of the instructions needed for thecomputer to start up are stored in read-only memory (ROM) because _______.

A information in ROM is erased whenthe computer is turned off

B information in ROM is not erasedwhen the computer is turned off

C binary digits can be be stored only in acomputer’s ROM

D ROM is like the short-term memoryof a human being

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