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Milk biochemical changes in mastitis
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The survey on milk biochemical changes in subclinical mastitis
Mastitis A disease complex resulting from
any condition that induces inflammation of the mammary gland
Bruising of the udder Introduction of a foreign chemical into the
mammary gland Invasion of the mammary gland by
pathogenic/environmental microorganisms
What causes mastitis ?
Bacteria ( ~ 70%) Yeasts and molds ( ~ 2%) Unknown ( ~ 28%)
physical trauma weather extremes
Where do these organisms come from ?
Infected udder Environment
bedding soil water manure
Replacement animals
Economic Loses Due to Mastitis$2.8 billion/year
Expenditures Death/Premature
Culling of Cows Treatment and Vet
Expenses Discarded Milk Unobtained Milk
Production
% of Total
14 8 8
70 100
What are the health concerns of mastitis ?
Animal health Loss of functional quarter Lowered milk production Death of cow
Human health Poor quality milk antibiotic residues in milk
Mastitis Terminology
Clinical – Presence of clinical signs Signs of infection Udder shows signs of inflammation
(Rewdness, swollen, tender, hard, etc.) Milk is abnormal
• Flecks, gargot (clots), off color, bloody
• Goal <2% per month
Subclinical No evidence of abnormality except milk
positive on special tests.• CMT, SCC, Sterile milk culture, etc.
Mastitis Terminology
Acute Rapid and severe onset High temperature Serious condition
Chronic Persistent subclinical form
How severe can mastitis be ? Subclinical Mastitis
~ 90 -95% of all mastitis cases
Udder appears normal
Milk appears normal
Elevated SCC (score 3-5)
Lowered milk output (~ 10%)
Longer duration
Clinical Mastitis ~ 5 - 10% of all mastitis cases Inflamed udder Clumps and clots in milk Acute type
major type of clinical mastitis bad milk loss of appetite depression prompt attention needed
Chronic type bad milk cow appears healthy
Mastitis in a Herd
Clinical
Subclinical
Process of infectionOrganisms invade the udder through
teat canal
Migrate up the teat canal and colonize the
secretory cells
Colonized organisms produce toxic substances
harmful to the milk producing cells
The cow’s immune system send white blood cells (Somatic cells) to fight the organisms
recovery clinical subclinical
Materials and Methods
Animals were selected from 4 Holstein dairy herds located in Shiraz.
Cows were in the third lactation and fed the same as each other
CMT used as a screening test for subclinical mastitis
Milk were sampled from 30 cows with subclinical mastitis as well as from 30 healthy controls
CMT
CMTScore Description
SCCcells/ml
MastitisDiagnosis
- (Negative) Mixture remains liquid with no evidence of thickening or formation of a precipitate.
< 200,000 No mastitis
T (Trace) Slight thickening that tends to disappear with continued movement of the paddle.
150,000 to 500,000
Suspicious
1 (Weak) Distinct thickening, but no tendency toward gel formation. Thickening may disappear after prolonged rotation of the paddle.
400,000 to 1,500,000
Suspicious
2 (Distinct) Mixture thickens immediately. With continued rotation of paddle, liquid moves towards the center, leaving the bottom of the outer edge of the cup exposed.
800,000 to 5,000,000
Mastitis
3 (Strong) A distinct gel forms which tends to adhere to the bottom of the paddle and during swirling a distinct mass forms.
Over 5,000,000
Mastitis
Records of 3 months production of each cows were used for calculating Milk Yield
Moisture was determined by oven dehydration pH was determined using a Metrohm pH-
meter Protein was measured by Kjeldahl method Fat was determined by Gerber method Lactose was determined by HPLC Na and K contents were measured by flame
photometry Ca and P contents were measured by atomic
absorption spectophotometry Cl content was measured by
spectrophotometer (using Pars Azmun kit) Vitamin C and E were measured by HPLC Catalase activity was determined by
monitoring H2O2 loss (measuring the absorbance at 240 nm during the initial 30 s)
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed by Paired sample’s T test (SPSS software, version 16)
Results and Discussion
Factor Cow
Milk yield,kg/90
d
Water (%) pH Protein (%) Fat (%)
Healthy 4128 ± 118 86.81 ± 0.06 6.63 ± 0.03 3.28 ± 0.15 4.55 ± 0.74 Subclinial mastitis
3589 ± 134 87.67 ± 0.07 6.75 ± 0.04 4.25 ± 0.67 3.21 ± 0.48
Factor Cow
Lactose (%) Na (mg/dl) K (mg/dl) P(mg/dl) Ca (mg/dl)
Healthy 4.93 ± 0.16 46.53 ± 7.67 156.39 ± 11.71 29.49 ± 1.06 119.52 ± 2.66 Subclinial mastitis
4.38 ± 0.22 78.46 ± 8.14 118.72 ± 9.36 23.64 ± 0.87 97.84 ± 1.91
Factor Cow
Cl (mg/dl) Vit C (mg/L) Vit E (µg/L) Catalase (U/ml)
Healthy 100.56 ± 3.49 19.14 ± 1.23 946.37 ± 10.56 1.95 ± 0.08 Subclinial mastitis
183.74 ± 5.77 18.43 ± 0.93 904.18 ± 21.04 3.53 ± 0.21
Changes in Mammary Tissue with Mastitis