67
Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0. Indledning mm. §1. Matematisk logik. §2. Mængdelære. §3. Relationer. Afbildninger eller funktioner. §4. Kompositioner. §5. Grupper. Transformationer. Permutationer. §6. Ringe og legemer. §7. Reelle tal. Komplekse tal. Kvaternioner.

Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

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Page 1: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

Matematik 1, 1968–69Børge Jessen

Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x

§0. Indledning mm.

§1. Matematisk logik.

§2. Mængdelære.

§3. Relationer. Afbildninger eller funktioner.

§4. Kompositioner.

§5. Grupper. Transformationer. Permutationer.

§6. Ringe og legemer.

§7. Reelle tal. Komplekse tal. Kvaternioner.

Page 2: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

·Ned~ 1

4 ddt .,; t; ~- /1q,J- 1 x ~ ~1/U ~ 4M.&?~~~ ~. !tat-1'V ()~~ ~­f~~~~~~(~~~) ~-ru /Jt:Vt fx; f96t-hr ~h~ ?Ufte;z,;

?~10 ~~-1141 11 19,~-(S: g~~~~~"

lY'~ re~11)~~ x--dG '/~~ ~{)f- P3 91.1'14-l~~ ~ 't()1- 0'1 §~.~ R.o1-0?

f]. ~B~ db-~ J,~.f- d1 §f.~~ ~l)f- ~7 §ft ~~d. ~/D~~~ 5:()1- 1' §,, ~'l ~ t~tJf- ~~ §7. ~~d~f41~~ 7,()1-13

1~13 h4'-~ . 11.J 1, J'ih-Ø-t9. ~~~~' 11~,

1~1'1/d~ Ma 1, 1'/~e-€9, ~~~# J,dd,

~~~~.t~4~.

Page 3: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

J~~-7 ~~~~~k ~af Uu;~~~t2

4~ ~ ~4 ~i-~~~ ~4~e,­~~~p 1~At-~4~~~~~t ~~~d~~~/Jitif. '1~:: ~~M~~~~~'n~t cd-~ ~1-J ~~ALt. d-~~. J~lt~~,~~~~~~­~;fr.ut4~~~~~~14 ~~ ~af~d~~~~op--~d~ ~·ur:t ~~'f,~ af~~~

~~~~~~~~­fzvz_e~~~. ~~af~r~

~1M~ ~ ~ ffJt' ltt ~ ~.Je.. /rid~ ~.J at~ bw ~ ~~ ~VIl~ ~ IL{ 11-td~ ~ d.:.~~J ~ 1'k.l'ttd-~ fo, ~ ~; (}~ ~ Vt'ULd "' d ~·a{~~~;u:~~d-4.;-~~~~~~~~d~Pf ~~~~~~~&4~a.H­~~~· ~~~~ltd ~ ~ ~ ~ ~æ~.)~IJ{d-bz;t~l~ td-~~4;-~ y~~~~ ~ * !)kd ~ '1 ~ 4~~­~ ~ htæ~ ~·4; ~ '1 ~~~~/ ~ ~~~'i~ 7-~~,;du~ ~~ar~ ~tt~) ~~~~-

"' ~~~~~'*

Page 4: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

t1at-1x) 19,8-€1

~!-~we,.

r4{ U $t~ udvi~Lg af /p?U ~~ ~ ~ /'1d-1x ~ ~~ 4Mft'H4 ~ ~t ~ ~~

~ ~~: Jlnt".,.,tu, ~cct 4"c. (~dat) 11'7)

YdtY~Mf:~· (W~~~~&<t:- .. J 1fJ7.)

?~ ~: #'~ 44-~· c v~ lrtnt~) f?~()~~)

'fa:t'N·r-Æ S~: ~~e. 4d ~­(~ ~~) 19~~")

<f, r.~~: ~~w ~fA''~~ ~4~~~ ( v-aAf, lrtnt~) 1?,3,)

3,:/. ~ ~ 11/~: AlF- I~ (lp~) 19;~,)

UJ;I(" ~~: ~~~· ( ~~) 1?~J~)

'i, t" S~: 11- l~WJ~& ~~ 1 ~~~~; ( JJ~t~- Kdl; 19,5:)

Page 5: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

11a1x) 196~-'1

$et~~,

~ ~c (Å h::- ~ ~

».ut:4 c1~~ Z et~ c tr. ~ '/(!J te..

~ Æt;t ~~ lai (J'WIÅ~

?~ ~ t:t~ ~ ~$;~

~ ?~ o~

A oG

B f3

r r Ll s ~E

z t H 'l e 6 ~ l 'V

K " 1\ A 1'1 t' /\1 v :=:. f o o 7Trr p f :L t:r )

T -r­y 1)

ø 1 x x Vy ,ftw

r~~ a _j,c,,C

~ ~ ~/S y;

~~x~-~

~!>få f2-~

Page 6: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk
Page 7: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

ftd-1x> 11~S-'9

~f~ r

'f1 , t~

s f f 5

.? s s

t t

/t 'fA~

s s

t l s t ( l

p v r. 'P:::? 'f 1'~t s s s s l l s s f f s s

Yi ~~f.~~~~ æb-1~~ ~~)~~.~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ctAH:It-,; ~~.e-t. 4~ a&.,._~-fe' .fil, ~. 'Rt ~'i æ-/eAA ~ ~ f~~. få~~ 7{...,'1) ~ 1 ~ 1>~1 ru (7p)v1- o;

fJ~'f C\l (J~?)"(~~~)- 1~~~ (pA'f..)/lr

N ~A(f'l"~) "1 (tv~)vr cv pv(1vr)1 44d~~ ~ ~~ 41 t~~ ~1>"'1-'l'Y 1 1' .11 1 v -r • v1/.i;.. fo"'' p..._ ~ ~" io.-~ ~~f~~~ fd~I\·H-Af'il 7 J1Vo~VfH· 4·~ i~ eN ~'ie:to~ _,{p A~) oa ('p) V (''f) ~ 1 {p V~) rv {_,f) l\()_).

?~tud"~ .. 1tf!~ ~d~ ~ b.,~~~.;~~~.øt~ ~4 ~)~~tte..t~~~~'V4· ~~~~V~(. J ~ ~f-ert dL· ~~ t~~ kd~ c(-

~/~ 1>~/z:i.e:t ~{~ ~~h p #P ~~~~~ ~~t~~ ,;~~t:k ~~). #~~~~~~­

~~ ~ "jA,v,~.~ '/J.t~~ 4,_/trt ~~.,

Page 8: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

Nd 1 x, 111~-~9 f, ~3

,//f~~~~~~~~ /kApfJ~~~~~~)~ ~ v)~~l,4~~~w~i',~ ~f~-> ~~ 3/~ ~ ~~~~~d•1• ~lø•IJf~ 'lljt~d~ pcxJ~~~x)~ ~~~~}1~4'~~~ ~~

\1 X c f1 ; 1CX) ~ 3 K € /'1: fJCx) ~ 4f ~ dbt /tP ~ (A ~) ~ fJ{K) 4 4~ /m 44:ft )( ~ 1'1/ 1 ~ ~-~ ~Jt.,t-~4~~~ 4nA ?fx) .e.e. 4~ /rt ~ d x ~ M.; '7 ~ ~· ~~ ~'td:o~

-,{Vx~/1: ~Oc)) N 3 x. E f1 :1 1'tx) ~, (3x~/1; J;k)) ~ 'tlxeH:'!~fx), 1/Af-. 4 ~ j>U,1)~fo ~ X"7 '1,

4~~~~11~~~,/~, ~~~

Vxe M~ ~(X) -t) 'l 3'1eN:. ~fi<; 1)

~~ V~e N Vxc H: 'f(x)~) '7 Vx.€ 11 a '#GN ~ '/oOV'!}"

J)e, ~~~~firrs~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~t~~· t!r~~tå~ J-en­dM)~ d-~; ~kdu~~~~~­~~ ~.et-~ Æ~~~~~ ~~~~~t?IU~~~ø ~~ /tp~ ~ar-~~ ~./P1M;-~~, ~~~~Af~luaj~~ ~~~~~A ,/l~~d..J• ~~d~~~·~ :,...t~-

Page 9: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

11d 1xJ 116ti-{;1' f, o 'f

~ fop~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ t::lA·t­

~ ~!eM~~~~~~~

~4(f(U,~~, ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~; ~~411AA~~~~~~,t ~i~,~~~~~.~~u/ ~-/M fhA.Udd~ h:e ~~ ~~ ~­~~~~t~~~~­~~ t~,twt~ 1-d ~ ~~~ ~~~~4<1.;~~

~"{. dt4 ~ ~~ ~~' ~IH~~~~~ ~~..a.4~ ~~'JL~ ~~

Page 10: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

s :J. l AtæM-(t~· .. Æt~!AAff~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~-

1-t.ltr :f~~~ ~/!N~~~~~ ~~ {ttt/5"-1918) ~~~~~~ tt~ 1'f?'l-17~ 1Jt 4AuU ~ ~ ~ ~ )tJ, ~ ~­~4~~~~~~~ ~~~f~~~~~~~ ~~· 1?~ ~~-vil~';~ fo~­~~~~-~4~~­~;~ ~~~ .. &-x~d!e* ~af~ f1_~~ X€/'1~/1~X_; ed-X.

~~~a.f~H,~x~/'1~ M~ x~ ~ 4-u~,, a:f x <:F H t&t~ .es...-~~-· thd4 fo-r 7 (x€-/'1), "ff~ ~~~.u-~~~ ~~~~~~~~af~ ~~· -k~~~d~;~~~-t~~~~~ . '!u~~~~~t?L~~·~

~ad~ ~~~,!kv4~ IMttJ~fw~4~~~~~­~~'1 ~~~~~~~{~~J;.lj ~ l1,s;~,1}~~~~~~~)iw~­t~ ~t~ ~2.,3,$ ~ /~~~;~~x ~d~~~~tK)~~ t/.d-~~ X~

'[Py~~~~~~ ,Ø..v" ~~~~; IN~~itdtL~t~tv."s,~,~/~r~ M~~~~ tft4.·~ Ut~; z. rU ~at tdt,_ ~ ~!

Page 11: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

r&. 4 ·~at~~ t4-i,;"

~~} 4~ "f~tt;7t}~ td;

!/(u ~af-~~ fq,ti

~~}u~ '1 d4. {t;:;::;: J ~ tat i f, .u~"'(-~ ~~-aL,; (j) -{A.~ af~ ~!A-t~~

~1--

~#~~~~~~8'1 ~~ Jl-$.;8 ~ ~2,/1-.; ~~~af v?~~~af8~ ~~~~da-­~ 4~ 'B pt ~~ ,AclJ~B.::>/1;: ~,;;~~18'1 Jl=tR.~~~ ø~~ar~--~· ~a(~at~~/1.)~,:~

~~~~~b,~"fH,)~ ; r:ld /tp~ 1f( 1'1)~

IJ~ ~ ~ ~ ~d4N}:ut~ H,~ /24f-

~~~~~- ,.Jt~/'1~4.9-~­~ ~~~~,//f~~­*-~dd~~ ,{d~~~t:d~­~~~~-YU~~~ /1 ~ ·fot ~~d~ Jllfs~e l'lt4, ~~~~~af TI(H).ds~ ~dd-~atH~~td~s~;

ftv,:,de"..Jie~~ t af~~I(~ t"Uv,~1LU·a#~~~H)~~~ ~ xlttt{/11~~~~~~. 4.{ /111 4 ~ {x; l tei} .. ~T~ llu:kx-

~-~~.~~~~~~~

Page 12: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

ft1J 1x, 1'1,?-'~ R,b3

d dø.. tit to~ l~U4 ~ ~ ~frrt'­~· ~r ~~t~ 'J'''.J>l; .6vt:{d-~-du._ lJ(.,~·H-;X~}, ICu4 I== !li~~~ l x., ,K z) • ~" } ..

in~,Æ~/1~~~~~~. ~~~~~~~~a(A ~ ~~4 H, fkt~ .t~~t:~.ifo.-~~~~~~~~af tit, 1/d d~ ?(x)1 1.4~ ai" A-~~ ~~ 4~ x "f1'1,;p~ fo6<)4s~t fk~h.,

J1- ::;: f x € 1'1 1 "tx>} ~ vf. = i x l; «>L ,f,uj~~~".J~ ~~~~~i~~-­~~~~~1'1/du~~-~#

~~~~1~-~~~ cU./'1~;~ ~~ ,AnBJ~~~ ~ Jfu'B; '7 ~~ ,A.\/3 ~/f~ B.:> ~~~8tA-~ ~·~

,j/.1) 13 ~~X l XEJI- A X!: 8} lfu~= {>(J XG,/f vx.e~]

,A \ 13 =: {X' J J( G ./J- 1\ x f B} J

~~ H'.lt ~ ~~ A-4(- N t' H~~ ~~ ~~~fo;.A- ~~"1-~ "-:k~ CA. ~~~td-""{~A)=Ai "'h=Ø/} "',Ø= 1'1) ~ 4 ~/H 11idd~ ~i 11 ?~ Jt'B= 1/r,(I'VB). Jl:"w ,An8=A~A-~B ~~, ~~~d {./frJB)f>C= tfl-h(8nC)"' (!jvl)uC=

,/fvC'BvC)1 d d-~~ ~ ~ '1' ~ , ~ ~ ,Jf11B"C "'? tA-vBvCi 7Dv ~~

Page 13: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

fttd 1 x) 11 ~e -~'l ), 6 'l

~,;;.,>~~·)A-""~~~~~~~~ ~ tlf.n·p n1_~ '1 ~~ ~U .. ,.t u .IP~; ~ 1(,.,-t ~ z~~t ~ l(J"A-; ' ~~vt;~~litJ.~~ t 4(­

.fM, t~~ Ie.t. ~e...~ A-r'Yft ~~ ~~ (JftÆ-tftei}~ ~-~ Uf~t l t/ e-I] ~ ~

n{.A-;{tGI} == Ix: l Vtei: KeA:}

l) l tA,; (l~ I} == { >( 13 i GX: )(G A-~)~

fk, t; ~ ~ ~ .Ox..#t "3 el.Jr..A-1 • ~ r~ //J~~~ J"IJtA-~.I)~L· 7 tÆ., u ~ Jl. u .. "'t ~ ~.O, .A-t "' r.'! "ke- 4

~~~idø~ /f'\ n ,jt,_~ = u ( /1-\lfe)

t. er !E- :z: li \ u t-A-c = n (,;;. \ tA-r) .

tGI tE-L

~t~ {vt~ /tGX}~~~/'1~ d­~ 4.-~tA--«f 1'1,~d~>"e 4 ~~ af tA-; ~ A-~ Uf~~~~~x}4 ~ .Jf-= U (.kt f t GI} ~ .",_~ "t s~ 4-~ ~(";,~ "1t~ af~~ ~tt,~ ~p~ ~ t ~ ~!~ af·",+~

~Id~~ ~~~ Id~~,;~~~ ·~-l-evr,~~ Ø-e((J~ ~:/t:e.Uu~lf,v-~~~~~)~~ ~~ ~~ t~~;d'f~ ~~~#

Page 14: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

rr~~~~x,.,Y~z;~~-1Jdt- XxY~~~~~-, ~ ~ {x,lf)J 4vw x€ X lhj ~€ Y, ~ ~ ~~ ""~ tf ~~ tiL/ t.<ly) ~ ~~ aff!_,_y) ~K kJ Yi ~~~; ..t~~ ~ '1 ~~ ~ ~~), ~ ,Jf.~X ~ ~s Y"' 4 Ji-xB~~'i

XxY {~X>< Y~ ~J~tt,~~;~ ~~~~~~~)# ·~;v~~~~ x,~:<~~~~­

-{!K Y) x. Z ~ Xx{Y.~<Z). ~/"'Y>/1; 4e-4h! IIf~ ~ ~ ((x>'l),l:), ~~af~ ~ ~ (x~ (2/J ~)). ~t:t ~ ~!te d& ~6_ 4æJt {x)'/J ~)J ~. ~ ~ {XK Y) x<_~ X x{Yx Z) ~~ ~ ~~~#~ XxYKZ,~ 'j ~ ~4 ~~ 4dJ-/{X;'JJ~)_..~ ~ X~x::> ~€ Y) ~€zø r;,~~~ k,"t.t.,)x", ~ ~t~~ ~X·••)(X~ ~~"!-~~­~ ~~ {K_"~,_..t.)x.,.,); ~ .>1 e X,~ ...... J X'~~x.,...,

~~X: ~~.~~~~/VnJ­~ x;x<L·~x ~K~ .. ~x~~ ~/_ ~~ ~ 44 (xf)'"t.t;X>t),; ~ X1>'",)X"G~. ~IR~~ det- ?t--tttt~~ ~ ~, 'j.;.", ~~~~,3 ~R,--.:~~~­~ ~ 4&.-~~)ew~;~ ~~ ~ ~ pÆ t~~~ af~­~~ ~~~({;"1..~ ~-~·~~~t~~

Page 15: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

;r~~~~~ ,)k /VI~~~~ ~ -n. ~,,,kt~? 4 ~~-i h~ ~~ ~ ·~q ~'Ud- f 1J··') 'h} "1 ~ ~~~.~~/'t~~~ /'1..:: [x,) •• ;-) ;('1l-} J lur" ~=f- Xj ~ t =f f, 7lJ ~ ~ ~~~ø# .

'L. ~41'1 ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~IJ"f-t ~~~~~~ ~ ~w4 t~ N={t,~)~~#J,~4ul1~ ~ ftÅ ~ N= {x,Jx3 , • '-11 } =-{Ktt }'hG N).;~ Xt F iJ _ jut t =F f· ~~~~~~~~­

~~d~de~~(~U+t­~·~4/h ~~~~)~~~~ ~·~ ~~~ ~ ~~ 14'1~) (!)~~~1:1~~~d4-: ~, ~ x1 ~~ ~ ~ /'1. Ø4.1'1-(A, ~) ~

f\1\.(x.,] ~ tf!hM,, ~x.<.~d-~41{ f1"{K1 }.

f}q_, /11 ~ ~/ 4 /1\{X,)K~} "'~~, ~ ~­~~~~~~~~/1~~ ~ dd­~ l)(~JXitJ ._,. }-

(~)e~~"'-~~~~"'~~ ~~~" ~ /1={K., 1 X.t) .... ~} 07j~;A ~eA-c.·~~

1'1" 1frt ~ ~ .";,A i~~~ 1A' ~'! .. 4 ~ / 1'1 7 ~~J~. A=- i~.,J .. ··J xp.,.}i ~ p, <,., <J;" ) ~ A= [ ~~)~ .. )t#~ 3-; ~ p.., <j).~..< ..... ~ [3}~~~~~~1u~ ~~~~~~~

Page 16: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

/1tå 1x) 19ae-~r

~~"' ~ ~~ ~ 1'11 "fx,." x~%)·~·):, 1'1.._=i~J,Xzz./".J,

/f b. [~d~#~d-/r4 ,t td-~4~~­~ fo,;'"-&k~ ~4~d&.-~~ ~~~~~~d4.~~ ~ 1 "'l &.4 H-= H, v HIL u • • . <' $a., e-. fl1 = {x11,Xm ~~ >1(,'1 ,Xu 1 X!!, • ~ • } [ 4,-~ 1 flt ~4 ~~-r-~)-.!~ dAb~·~J. 7,(d 11(, $i~ ~l /d!~ Jl1 ~ ~ ~ /'1-=: .f.x.,1 ..... ,x~J ~ t(,iKJt;~~~ }., ~x, +x;~ tf; j~

('l) ~ x.,) ... ~) x,., ~ ~~.i ~IJ:p.4 ~~x;><· &.W)(%.., ~til

- YVt ~-=t. frltyA.dU a.(1d-)(fx~~~~­~ ~ 4!,. ~ ~ ~fflr;>X.a)/X1 EX',}.; "S_·E X.,t) ~ ~ 4 ~~ 'tfr~ t~ 4.(U) ~-.q,tf.A;, at ~ ,~ ~ ~>l-

y~~~~ æ 4 ~~ 7It z::{a}uj1,2,)•••}ui-1J-2JH~~}~ d), o.. ~ • Yh: rR -= /'1,1J H.~. 11 • ~·J ~ ft?l. et

~ {~/~c Z}.; -u-.o,.~-~~ ~~ F."'i t<?~.-~~

~e-/N, ~M'Z~·~~~4t lÆ~~~~~

~~ ~ ~~ æ,cn ~ ~;'-/14~.

Page 17: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

~3,~~~~~~~

~., ~X~.Y~~~~-~~ ~ ~X~t:tY~~~~æ~~­~~XxY, ~~~4~x~X ", 1 ~ y+ ~l a;t ~ ~ t ~f< f.,;e. '1~ 4i­~ (x)~)ef(. 7~~~ ~,;., ~ fot (!_)d)€ '12 ~~H-J~ )(~j'~ ~~~~4~f~4s~

/tN 1kJt y-~" tut~~ IQAtk&Y~~~

~-1 ~ Yh~X/~~~~ !å :ff.~ lt4t~ ~-'4-f~~ YxX~­~ ~~"-f~~ CrJx)~/rn ~h Cx~'I)EJ(~ ~~t411ål:ø~ x72,:t 'j 7Yr-'x~ ~~ &~ed.uX'1Y~~t1~~~

~~A;,h:(; Y~~ tH. ~~tH 4,-~~ ~ ~ ~ 'i 1'11.~ ~ ~ ?2 t~~ 1'1 ~ zef4~~

4 ~fot ~ xGft ~ x~x. ~ ~~ ~~)~~~~~X;~GHf~ x~'J ::) yR.x" ~l M 7(-1-= ;e. ~ ~ ~~~; ~~/o-t ~ttC~ x'JJe/1 ~ ~12~ A X=J=~ -=t_," Y(x.,. ~ ~ ~ .&1-~ at"~ ~ 'lU/t~ -eC ~~Ilt-~~ ~G~ X.t-'JG/1 ~ ;tY(~ 1\ 1l>< ~ ~=~· ~~ t~~; ~ ~"" ~4 x~ '/J)(~ 11 1æ.6:U~ x.,Ry"' 1R~ ~ .K~~~

Page 18: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

~~~W# 4 ~ t:'U ..t-eu,~Pt.i_ M ~~~~~)~~et.~~-, ~,i~~.) bf i~LJ..,:v-)~~~ ~1*­~~~~H·~~

{1) )\N X

[~) X rv (f ~ d N X

(3) J( N 'V 1\ ~ t\J ~ 9 )( CV< 11

~~~~~~k~~·~ ~~~~~.~: ~ !Jt.; l tGr-T] ~ d.r~ tt1~

"/Hl~~-~~ ~4(11. ~~-4~ }(Nd/~ ,X"1~ ~~~ ~~ vPt;~~~~~~~~ ~1'1~ ~4~1 ~~~~~ii1~

~~~~tut~~~~,h-t ~t~~ ~ ~ /trt ~ J<e-1'1 ~­~ Ax -= ~d G H J x N ~ } .. ~ ~ 'JU+ 4:t1 t:d- sy-~ f~ }XfG/'1} ~'1-tA..~~--:f f1., Alt~ ~~~1&~~~4~ ~~~~~iLt cv~~~~~ ~~~1'1~ ~c~~)·~~~~~t~-~~~~~~~t~ .. ~)~~4~~~~ ~~ ~ ~t:~.Atll~~~~

~tn:(,~~.: ~ ~~ ~ 4&, ~11 ~~~~,~~~!#4~/ ~~~.)·~ t~'-f.W., ~l~

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1'1~1 x l 1'1,8-'9

(1) l( t( 1(

[t) x~ ~ 1\ ~ ~ )( ==P x=~

[_3) x. ~ "' " 11 ~ ;2( ~ x ~ ~ . J~'~ ~ fA. 4-~~ i !13~ ,t~ jft.r,~

X~"1 1\ K::P'f ~ X"<(; 7 ~~;.., X~i ~hf X'<;y· ~ ~ 1 ,?K P"t 'd >x:> "(~'i#'$. ~ '1 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~IJ~~ -<. ~t wt' _,(K.-< K) ~ 4ø{ x<d" r~~ ~ ><< ~, t,..~~~ tlfJI-d; ~ ~~ ~-

M~ t~~ )()1 ~/1 ,~K'<( ~ ~""K' ~~11~~~~~~ ~·~~~~~~.t~ ~Pd~~i~~~~td ~ ~ 4~~. ø~~~ *)ti/2A/-~fo,~~~æt~~~~­~~, 6~~~~~~ (.AlJ~)Il

vf'~ x.~1}+ ~1 dx ~~~~d 1- ./f~~Xj~lib ~~~~~~ ~ hl/tf J-e~ f .; ~~~f ,A/'~ x~ 1 ~~l tdx~~1~~~h~~x t~~­~., p K~ ~ ~ ;(: ( 4, '/1, G. X:<~ '\ ~ =4 ~) ~-~ ~ 4 ~~d J~ ~·X"3 X; ~a.f 1 htijp ~ ~ '1 )(,

-t-. ~/f "(- tl ~ 4 ~J( u.-;,~ ~'kM xG.JI- "i x~~~~i v?-~ ,u_ ~ 4 ~ x ~ ~~J .t:"";, x e ok ~ x /tf!."- qt;;., ~ ~"f A. ~ .lt~8/d~· c;U Af /'1 1 ~d~ XGII.f4-t ~~fr' Ji-, ~ >< "~~~~~A-; d~-

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~ xc-/1 ~~t./~ ~~ /-rNA-1 ~;t(~· ~~~tt4,Jf~~~.A~ ~,~)~~~~~;4...~ ~~t~)~~~~~~-~~·~ ~ oJ ~~l~ «/9~~~ ~~~~~A- tl"f~~~ 4uftlt) ~ ~l~af~~.ftJ~ 4~~~~~~t~~ ~vt ~~ t~/f.

1 ~ 7R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~lofa,t tm:t-­~~; Øew~~ t:~~-~-s­~ ~~.A~U.u~~f 7~/tw~­~~~ t~~~ ~1,t.s~­dt,t !« ~~ ~) • $~Jo,~­~~~ ~ ~,l.s1Ed.aj"v~~-

~~~~ ~·~ {!IC)<)~~~44U'-~:

·~~~~~~~ ~fR_ {-l~ .a-q~,~~d~ ~-fdj k~ ~ ... ~.·~~~Jk~­cte af TR· te~ d'Ut,ft~/·~Æ4-sftp~ 'Uht-,

~a.t.

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1ft~ ~~~ 1kJfteu ~~~ v?-t !- ~· ~~­~~A.{Xt~~ Y~

I:X~Y .d/u. :x-4Y. v/tt~ x ~ afU'~ 14l~~~~ '1 ~y~ d-i;,~~~~ Pd-144~,~· ~ J(.~x~~~Y~/0<)~ lkt.~ ~ 4 x~ f .Utu" ~/:1 J(,~~­~ ~~~, ,/Ji-~) ~14~ ~

~ ;c~Jrx). l1v~~ JsX~Y·~~ ~~~~ ~ /txJ ~ r=Jtx)) ,f;d.tJ-KEX~~~­~ ~~ '1 'fG y "'-e,.. ~ ~.

71-ttf~ i .t...~~ ..t ~~"'lt.U­-:.., ~~.e..~;

J [x.1 ~ • "' )(.,."._ ) -= ~1) ' • • /C~<t~t) •

~~~~ ~"f~X~'1 ~­'!tb af td4 K.e,/1-~~ ttf ~~~ IJ4-~ at- .A-~ f ~ ~ ftv+), 4/bJ.

j{lf-)= {j&)/ ><E~}. k4~~~~~~~j{Jt)~~ ~ - ·~ lq;y ~~ ~ ~JeHsMd­~ .. ~ JCX) ~ .'htLut~ ~-~-~t~~~~ ?!'a~~~~~ Jt x-" Y ~ta! ~ ~ t (x)j(x.)) l x € x} af x x y, 1~ ~ ~Af X.><Y.vz..~~·p.e...~atX i~ t ~/."M~ -t--M ~/H~ )(.G )(J!wtu

/ (

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d 'd ·~ a!t "i € 0 /ø-t ~ {x) 'l) €' Tf. ~t .. n#U~ ~~~~~t ~t~~~~~.x~~r~~4 ~~-6t;u~~~~~r; t~~~ ft X-> V~ ~ -e&t/~

~ ~~ ~ X f!! Y) ~ /(X)=- Y: ~ ~ t~)~~ foy ~~4 t~~ /-w5~ x.,)x~€X ~ /tx,)-=1=/~)- ~ .~ ~·~, lwU~b&J~MAA,~~t~~ ~l~ ~~t2Y~~~d~~ ~ K~x. ~~"4i:~JtX~Y4 ~~;~"~~~~~H~== f(x)fu<)) /x G-X],~~~~ X h:e ~ ~)d~~~ ~-1~~~

~~~Y tJ:4 ~x;~~~ ~~~~ lz:tf ~~~-~~~ 4~ ~ 'h~J~~~(j-")-~lt

t, t~t ~:x 7 ~J: X-7 Y '1 ;: .11--> r~., ~ 1 t:d~ ~·~(~~~)af f)~~~~~~ (~~)Af1; ~ ~(x)= }Cx) /N ~ J(€ Jf, k'~ ~ ~ tj ~~ ~~~~ f~-t:t.A-~ ~~-11M JJ;r, ~J:X-)>Y~~~ ~~'ld~"/-t ~ ~~ x 4(. x) ~ ~ /tx)=?f~ er tt-Nt1Ai_~~ ~ ~ 1#Jt l~ it ~r G Y~ ~{~~ed;~~ tTN~H..d~. ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ y ~)l~ t1-r-1~­~~ /mal& 1fG8~~~x,~

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JVl41x) 191g-~t!j f,~?

~ h-l$?tVd~~ 13~! ~ ~J-l'l? ~l FrE)={xEX /Jik)€E}. ~~d~~~ ~(HM,J~ ~~ ~ 4/ ~ Ot,M /4 ~~/d ~~en<~;-~ ~~ r 1 : Y-? x ..du.utbi..Vt.~ .e,... ~)1-'h.ld ~ F 10s) 4 %Ud ~ 4f. e~ F'­fr.ut [~~ af ~ ~-1($) ~ ~~~Jtt~~fa''' ~..&ti'l4~ ~~~s~~~~­~~~/tN~af~~; ~.) J ~-1cr)-= x)~ d~ /rN ~ ~~ ~ ,/f-1 Jt 1~ r'UcvtJ) 2 .A-. ~~løv ~~~ir}~~

t4 ~~) ~~~~-1(f'KJ) ~~J:~ 4f ~ mr;'?utd~ ~1~~~)cd4~Ø~~~ ~ J-f{fr}) ~y~~~~ K ø~ ~~~~~ C\)-l4~~~ otf Xf c» X :t ~ j&") =- /&.a.) • J 7~ ~Id~~

4 fflt.t'~~~~~'"'~ ~~$et~­~ 4 ~~· 1)-,r ~!f;~ ~)~ leHt-~ uæt~ ~~~J.d-44~ .. ~a..U~~~~~ ~ ffl;t~11A-t ~! '

f-1{31(} ~J= J-?J31)n ,-1r~J J-rnTJJ~) = n ;-r~.) 1.€..,~-. ler.

1-'rtu B~)= 1-1(B,)u !-'(~) J~[Uli~) =_U }-1(73:) 1 l.t: r 11er

J-'(~\8~) ~~~r~)' J-r~).

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[J;,~~~ /Ct!f1()A~)~j{.JJ,)~>JCA2)~ j(Jftu .JJ.t) == J(ltf )v jf/12.), /{JI" \JJ2.) c:: /{.!tf)_, ~ t ~­~1..d, ~ !CJf1~> lf2.)= jt/tf)" j{.Aa.) ~ j(JI_, \A!JJ);:. /{1+1) \ J( ,jf:J.) ~ 1

W .X~~z~~ ~~ /,X~Y'1-9: y~:z ~~~ ~~~~~4(~ .. ~ 'te f: x~:< dqt~da.~~~.:> ~~~.~~ KGJ(~~ ~(}&J) ,t z:) ~4

&t 1-7 ~ø/ (x) =- ~{/(x.))#

rw~~tet~4~~~ tu4Dy~ ~ = ~ x~,~ zJ t1 ~ ~ ~ J: X-7 Y, ~! Y~ :Z"' {,: ~~ 11 JA, "#U~~~

;f"o(g-o') ~ {:!fJ'J)e/.

J1w: 4"t~() f) '7 (l(),-)6 f ~~~~X~ t tt ~ ~ ~ }N ~ x e X ~ -1"( "r /o<>))* Jt~ ~~~~~'741~~ J"o~o/• ~ f: x~ Y e1-f t' Y~ z~ ~~~~t:t

1'~~ lttM ~~t ~.v,~1 b1-,~cfs~­/-W; ~ ~~~ ~~l~J~t()l'-~­~ l~·# ~ ~ .J.~ J ..u. 1(!) f ~~J d1 ~ 4 (io J )-1 = ~-1t:l ,-1~ ~~ ~: ~ 11) f .eJt, i~) ~ f l~ { ~ /)~ ~Uf~­~ ~)IO·~ #-sf~S'~"~,~c~ ~~~~J)~ ~ t &r ~..eu,~x~-~~

4-ebr ~ ~ ·~ ~~ Ux.;~

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"~1xJ 11f6.e-tø9 J,ar

~~~~xeX4~itl~4dv: K.~-t x.~ e~~-~~~ ~X~~~­n;~ af Ux h:l ,/1- P, t~~~ ~ ,;, ~x# ~~.tt~~~/tX~Y~

;-1 () f :: id x ' l o f -1 = bl y .

~~~~~x~ r~~~d?~~~~øc9 ~ ~~ ~~ 1 vt ~y_, Pf~~..IM.~­~~~~1 YJtJX,~X~Y~­~t~ ~dt+ d~~~;J.ut~

9fe ~ ~ ~ 12.. ~ ~~ .. ?-t'~~~~)~~~~~~ "'f~­t:dr ~f,·~~)?i-) 4{~ ~ ~;l'r:4 ~­~~~d4.~,~./!4~~~ ~~ ~ ~ IIV=~~~~4#~J~ ~.~~ 4 .eht;ud~ ~ lÆ~ 41-~ ~~~ ~: 1#~# ~~~~~~~~Wr.Æ~/

~ttf'Z~~~~~~~ t~~~%~~~~ ~~,k~~~~~" ~4f~~d~4~~ ~,~11~~~~~~d a~~~ .. 11-t.~t 11-e-~ ~ · ~ = lx-.,)~> · ~ .. }1 ~x" =et. "'3 x,; ::P.~~ ~ F 1~~ f~ ~ /(x;.)-==- XL-t-1 /tN ~ l G 1/V _, ~ /<xl= X ~ X€ {1\lJ;~ ~ ~~tfrl~ ~t:(­·~ 4 f1 ~ /'1-.f.~tJ}. [la .fi..,tu ~-..A~ 4~~~~~~~aM~~_:) ~~~lå~~~t-J

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/1d 1x) 111f-~1

§1(, ~~/t,:;;~, "f/._ .•. __ •L ~- -· ._ <I'J_._._u,_,.~ .JA. '//..! .ÅJ ~- .. ~ -~ 'J ,;--~,~4/~~" vbPl~~"~"~~

~~~ lf~~~~X><Yia ~~ z~~~~~)~~~et ~ ~ ~ (x~y)ajd~x~:X ';~~~· ~~ 1EY~c.d:~~ ~GZ. 76,~q-·-'he ~~ ~ t~;,., ~-=~r)~· ~'UtÅ~ ~=--<I~-7~~~~X~Y~~-'~M1~-

~,.~ J: K~ r~ z~ 'V-u(;-~ t~ ~~r~~ k«t~) Ud ~-t ~fJ;tu. ~ ~~D/ Jt '1. "'i~~~~ af y~ .tdd fUA., ~ XE-X, 'f€ y~ /ed~ fc~1)· - vV"4! ;t; Y, ,.t~~~ M1 444i-t~~

ht.t,.LAN ~ ft 11)(11~ f1;~~~r~ t/M,~~ t~ ~11 ~ le,.t~ ~ .. ~~ ,;~/1, 1/J~~~ ~~~~~~ #'~~~;~~~~

-t-,~, n) u, 4e_ 1/'~ ~~ ~~ 4~~~­~~~~~~~ T~~.> ~~~~~~~~~

t~~H~~~~~~-411 ... ~ .,.,~> .. ,;" ~ ~~~~ ~. ø~~ ,t ~.tM, 4-t-~tf~ ~-4~~-t~~~~~~ (M)T,H-)a.••), ~pU,d;~ ~~/~~ ~ -~ 4ÅttAL ~ ~~ ft~ ,Je-

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-6~·~~e4~d~~: ~~~J~~!

1fl; ~~ rlf ~ ·4y 1-H--..~_,4 f1 ~ J~ ~~t!M ~~~~~~

~ ~ a.~f1, ~~ ~~~~~~~ IUM;f~ ~- 74: 4u .._, *""~ ~ 44. ~­t~) 1~ ~ -t,*.e.z • .c, ~ <.*~&'= 8a.~

~~ * ~ .w-u't~, u ~/t!-1 ~~ 41,e,c t: M 1~ -

(tt,t*l-) '*c -= 4-lf(øl-~~'c).

~~ti.A-~~~"'1~~~ (~*l-J It-C ~ -.*(tt/.~t-c) ~ 4*~;ff!~ ~ ~ a.,· • .. , t:t,. ~ f1 ~ ~ f..6 hH .c,_,*;~"~ a,..,.,., t"~~ lU,"-~~~..{,., ~f..tr~~~l&f ,._..., ~,.,.~)~..u.-~

7i ~ a..> l~ H ~ d~~ "'JUUt,

~;~*'~ 4 •. ,e = l-*4 ~

·~-~~ ~-:'~W...,.,4fe:6illwM~ ti/Ul~ ~ ca.1? ~H ~~, ~ ~~UrJ-~ Ih ~"' ~ ~ ~~-~'4Gv-", 44 Ar*''' A-4"

= ~f lf" • • 11 11(- 'l,~ ;> 9fÅ.N '/Iif 1• "t;.'/' H ~ t~ 1,) " •) If., -t .,..,.~ ~q"~-7~~~~··~1411~~~-

~'U ~ "'"" 4:1-~~t~ 41 d~~

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~~~)~~~1M~,t ~ ~ ~ t~~~"~·"*!~­~~

?tvU ~~~ ~~d~~~-e.; ~.d~ a...et1at~~..a-~ ~~~1JdN)~

a.~.t.:: ,e*~ = -e~

~ ~~4~~~~/~#~41.e/1 ~fJ% ~~~~~%c~ .t-,.':7~~-~4 ~~ /J a. 1tlb(.v. l-4h. .t,. Jf-4. ~t- t~ = .-#;, * e = .-t., ?- 4 *"""' ~~" ./2.. = ~* lf.z. = -t-2. ti ~ ~ a. ~-d' t~" iet:t.l-tiu e f~~. !Jd l~~ -1- .u~ ~ -&~'M;~~ ..(U~ 4- kz .t~. !k:t ~~~..fl.. ~t~~~~dd-~ 'Uf4dv /il;~. . ~t~ a,~/1 iP~~~~~4.~=~

;(,f'/1. s. /w:. ~ ~ M1 ~ ~ t~; vr~ T ~ 1f 4 ~~,t .e.....~ 1'1,41~

~d~~{;-7'1~ ~~kJ T;~~ for-. ~~ o.,B,c e 1'1 1~

, 4. * { ..t T C) = (a. 1t -? ) ·-r (a.* C)

(()..; T$)*"" C :: {_a.* C) T (~*c),

[1(.M *u·~~~ ./A~~ ~IVI-/-rrt­~~J,~~~-J ~ (/'1~TJ*I'*~.) ~~~~

~~i~~ ~~~af/'1~ 4f~ ~~~T,~J·'•;~~ ~ ~~ a-1 /- € :( ~ t:tT.frG~ 4*?~~ ·~ ..

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f

vf"~ ,;t 4 4-f~, 4 ~ ~ (a.i~) H a. T,f..} {aJ#)f--7

Q,lf-1-, # •• ) i~~ t~lt/Y7J2~~ ~ lit a:t ,Je_ t~~ a1~G:(;;~~~~~ ,[~J~ tJ.eh~ ~~d~ IJtit-~---, 1-w~~~~~I-U~~~ ~ ~ (~) 7,) -Jf~· .. ~ ). ~~~d~~ ~~":(-N t~~~~~-~~~,

-~ 1 ~~ ~~~ ?l:t~~ ~ h:l J~ ~f!.lfp~ ~~. ~ ~tU~~ ~~ ~ ·~~ ~ ~~~~M ~~.,~~~s;

~~~ ~ +/ btf tt+J ~ ~ af dt-'1~' ~~ ~AA~~HJ~;.> e(,11~s, ~~~. {hJ~~ ~), "1- a.~,B. ~ ~ af-~'7-~-.. ~ ~~~~4~~~~~­h:6~ ~ ~ ~~a+:r; ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ /r:rr ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ -~~ft~.

7~4~~-~~~.d~­trz:td ~ ~ ~ IJ+ud tr ~ o (~ ~,) ~~~~J'>r;dt~~4 t~ -~ "1· ~ ~ ~ ~ d....,. (l44ot

/il4. ~ ~ tt+~·~--ra., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~­'k.tA ~-~~~t~ .d-~~~ 03 ~ O et-=- t:r» "1 ~ ~ ~..et· ~-~ -a ~ ,t ~ }h n(-a.-) ~ (-ft,)IL., ~if.

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!1tvt 1x) 11~S-t9 Lf,tJ;-

~ .eC ~~ ~ (-a.)+,f.= -1-r(-~)~·-· ~ ~ ~ ~a. "1 ~ ~ -a -t-1- d.tu .J.-a.

Y~af.~~~~~ 4~~~ ~~~ -I!J~·1(dht

tuyw.,) ~· ~ .d~;~dl~~;t: ~ 4.,-f ~ ~dbt·'led~ ~/-tta.ø, zf ~et.···~ af~~~~ a~~ w" /i~ d~~~~~ Q..(J::: .e, "1-· ~ a~dt~~ t:L 1~.;~ ~ ~~1;~ ~ 4--'Yl ~ ~ -~·~~ ~ ~ ~~,tt~..dt~~~ ct--4--C- = -t-,;;1 ~ "f .t-~ tiL '1-~ ~· 1f. ~~7.//Å~~/~~)~~ •.

~(MJ T) *;J .... ) '1 (A,) T) fl/1~ .... ) ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t,:ø~. 14:tew.­~~~&~M; ~ ~ ~ ~ "-1-/1 ;~ ; f1 ~ ~ ~~ c,ø; H~ A~~ ~~/ur~~ ~,1-e-M~

({(a.,..,~.;= ?l~)~ r.rt&)~ ~(4.,x-8)= f[J(t:t) ~,t&)) ••• i

t#~~~~ 'f:M-,/1~4:s~ ettv., .&k~~) ~ t~ .J.;~; ~ ~ ~~~ ~afUt~ 'f-1; H-7/'1~~,t,~~ !Jet;~~ {M>'>*->·~~)~

(P,,;-1;>···) ~~~)~~;c~~ ~~~~ Cf; /'1--71'1~~~~~ ~ ~~4, ai-dL to~~ 4,'V& 111~ ~ M-~,dd~~ ~ ~,dd&t.tN·~~ dv,..~ 4~~~ ~ ~~ d4"'//L ~~~

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rd; (1'1, T,*) .... ) 171 ct1,::r)HJ··. )~~ ~­~ar~~,a~-~ ~ {1~, T" ;l, ... ) .::;-(tt, TJ*)H._), d~~~

~ ta,4 tJ-uA_ ~ ~ ~ ( f!J T_, *1 .. "'• ) 1 ~­~~~Pt~~J~J~S~ ~~ ~ ~)~~~~~ ... ~~·.~~~~~e....~­" -r 11 4 ~ --tM. ~~.:~ r: 1'1_, 11J /m ~ 4for ~4 al~e/'1 ~

'f ( 4. T~) -= {f {4 ) T 'f (.J)~ f ( 411- d-) = 'f {4 J"* f/~) J ~ • ...

~~~~~ r:.ft.-"11~~~ .f.UM, 4v~~-.) ~r 4 ~~.,

ø~ ;J~~~ tvtff~ t&-~~ vk~ ~~,~~~~~~11~ ~~~~~~~~~­hv~t~~ ~;fir-t~~~; ~~t~~/~ /:17xl1~~ ~w-w~~~~ l1 ~ ~) ~ ~­/U;~ J: X x 1'1~ f'1J ~X ~.e..~ H ~W&.j ~· 7f~Jt«~ ?~~~., ~ 1ltl ~ ~·~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~'1~~ .. 1~~~~ ~.4~~/w~~~~~~­~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ tJn:;l~­~t ~ C/'1,~) ~CM,~)~~~.~~

r: H-7ft ~~~~Jfot~~~~­~ fl../ ' € t1 ~~ tt-:( 4 9 Cf(t~-) ~ '(1.4-), ~-~ ~

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/"~_J - .P • • ~~~~~~~~~~.~~,d ~~~··.~.~~~~; ~ 4,~ ~ =;> lf/4)-; tt!J) -+ ~4~ ~ f!{t~ ~ ~~ ~ t:t,~,( =7 ttta)~f(l-1-) ~~rvt~~ ~~~~· ~ a<~·~ ?lÆ)-;. (fil)~~~~~~ Il{!~,

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§S, ~6 ~~~ ~~~;

~.tr~~~~~IJ.u~~~­~~~~~~~~k~ idt~; (J) ~~ .bt, ~~~i{_~)4. J;~ 4 ~~~, (!)~~af ~~d~#~~~~~~ .. ~~~~~~~,

7"-U ~~~ ~~~ ~-~ ~ ~'H;I/~ ~~ ~ ~

~f.i.'~(@;·)~~~~~~ ~~l~-_,~~l:e~~~~ (1)/o/~~~~ ~,b,ceG-~

(~)c= a(k); [2)4/i~ 4 ~~G @.)~.d~ k~ -eq,=- ete =a. k~ ~G@-; (3)d~~ ~G-~ ~.ert~~

a,-1 f,.t ~ l)t,~-1 = 4-'tt= .e. ) '

~~~~J~~~~: ~~~* ~~1uw .. ~4f d~~~ 7~ ~~~~-Uf~ /tJ~ *-'444. ~ ~~) ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~

~~· vr~ (b-~·) ~.u.,~J~~ ~c~ "-)~&b-~ 4{ ~~ {/,)(-=t- ~ ra.=J. ~tø>s~_, ~ ~ X-=tt'? ~ 1.::~1~ ~~ .~4-bo ~~~s~ h24;~.~~

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4~ ~ ~'t~~~~s~~,r.~;:­[~ ~x=.? k~ -~- X-=- e.x = {t.t-1a.)x-= ti 1(a.x.)~ 4-1~ 'f ~ ~tt =:~ /-tp~ 1 = -ve = ~(fit;,-1) = 0J~)ct1 == .-&41 J_, ~ ?t~~~~af~.;~Ø~t.·{_~. ~ 4f t-ttU ~ {k> •), ~ ~ 1-t'vt~t)~f.; al

(UG•) 4-~~/~~lu-~ .e e k d-f 4-v• ~ ~ tt € ?f ~ q;1 c k', ~ 4Jt~ t~·tf1J ~~~~(fA·)~

~ (1'1,·)~~~ ~.~~~~~"';r ~ ~ ~~·~/ ~- Pt ·~~fi·~ d ~1t­-t~ ~.e~ ~'1; ~~"f~~~ tt.x ~ -& ~ "flt = -€- ~ Lt,s~, p;rt#d ~ ~ l~·"' tiket/ ~ ~~ ;<;:::e,.- 1~ ~ 1=~4-1ø t~·~ t~~~~ Cf.!!( /.lt~t{ft:&~Y!:: ~ 4 4~,) 7 d (t;~·) 4 b.-~· J;.,. at-~ ctdti ~ ~: ~ a.,~~ 4 t~i .e-t.

~ t~"~ • /1,./ ~-~~- 1 -U~~ c~~ /

lt:t tiL/;- • ~ ~ &- ~~) "1 cte:t- 4.. ~ < t~ ~ ( ~. )~ i~~ ~ ..e t~~; .fct.d'

~~ AA.j ~ ltt l~;; '7 ~ 4.. ~i~-~ -&v t:L-1 [J'-~·.~') 1-tJU.t 1ft. -t ~ a, A:t t~. ~ft ~ ~ dd; ~M-(@-~·)~~~~

-~#~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ (#en, ~kw~). 7c/dVt;~

~~~~~~~~f~r-t­~ (~-f )l ~ /~s~ tf:.t ~-~ t:{+X. =::t q-~ x~ ~-cv.

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(

ftat1x, 19,3-C'l 3-;t;J

'~~~~ ~ 11 ~ ~ ~~ 1!/tt't-~/­tU,, tHf ~· @-~~af dt./4 ~~6 a#tt~M•~~f;,­~ Æf 1'1 ~ ~ ~. :J)~ (/v (J.~ ~~~t~~~­~ o ~~h+w~eu.~.,J2~i· "h.eA4~ ~ ~ -i {~a) -4 ~ ;~~ 'tl-

r

ttf~ .tdH '1 ~ t~ ~ /.:4 ~ ~.; _ ~ fr:; r;. ~ ~ ~ ~~~ f . Lth:k~~Æ 1-d~ ~lit; tU-P.,/~~~~~ if o l ~ ~foh~.] Ø-e ~~~ ~~_a~t: 4f 1'1 ~ ~ 4eMr ~ f~~~-~}Z. ~~af /111 ~~{(];o)~~ ~t~~ ~~~:~ fon-M. D~ f~~~~~~/11~ ~:J ~~t~ ~æH/~ /1-t'lJ. ~;~ -G~~~~ {~o) ~~"~'~-~t44~ ~~ ..~~~~~ f/'1~

~H~ /9 ~ ~~ 7 ~~,at-~ft~ ~ ;~~~ af&t 01 r: 1'1 _, fi., t::~..H>t~ d 11 ~ 11 ~ 4t~ewti. ' :tut { ~ o) 'd {e,, o) ~ e{v..;

~fr~~~ ~~~/'1'1/9 .. ];r~ /E@. 4 &lA t= 'ro fo f'-1~t~fon-

, <!,. ""' ~ ~ ~ 4J N,~~~ l E &#~~~e.~-~:J 4~ ~ ~~f=- cpa ~~ tr- 1~ ~­h~ et{ g i-t, .,: l 4 lt:~ ~ 4-.de- 4 e.. ~o~·~ i't~WUA+ af~~ t~~­~ p~~~~ 4 44~ ~~ ~~

~~Æf~ ~~&/1~~~~ ~~~~10a,t~~·

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~ tr~~~ {@; ~)/ ~~~~~ ~af dbw. 14.d:"4~ ~ ~ 4~~ ~ ~ fett~ ~ t~fo~~J &;dulM~ 1 ~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'fu~~~~f1L

/o-te~~~~~ ~6wWfj~­~ju&t ~;~~;&ypt~~·-' Pt~~~~~~~--

YJ~~.t~~~~~., ~11 ~ ~~ n.t,~ ~n~~ ~{/v~~ d~~~~~~ 1Hf21-~ ~ ~ ~ 11 ~--) 1-L.; 4~ ~PI 4-JA~;w-t~ ~ ~ ~ {1~~~1J)~J- J.d{!A, ~fJ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~fo-t Jl1=-?1,---J~J~-4~~~at~%~~­~ S~~ %t~ l af s.,..~ ~~f~

J ( X1 " • • x"" J = "11 •. ~ • r~ l

~ d_v,...,; k~~~ f~ 1) ••• ) )t,:~~

~~~~.t~~~~-~~ ~~ r1 = Jtx1), ···)d*'= /(J('4J~ &t~­~~~AJt~d~tMa~~~­t~->~~~;d~~~~~s~ ~~ 1;·~·)?-?.. ,;~~~~?~· ~ ~~~~·~~~~~~~~ ~æf~io~~~~fk~~­~~~'~ ~~~f_~ ae-

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n-

~

f ,.

"!~~~~~ ~

l ;

1/1, ~~.bw (;~ ~ 1 1 A 3 ~ !J- J(

~ f:; ;~ 1'1 x 11 ~Ut.t.vru; ~~A./~~~";~~~ 1/~~~,; t-~~~~

feS?v ~h~~ (1) ..... )~)/ ~~~­u ( /(1)) •• ~) /t.",_>)~ it- 44~ ~ fabJtd ~ir!~~ ~4 ~ 1;•"" .. )% -i ..4t.-~~1'7'~~ ~ d&! ~,v~ ~avu.. ~~ ~~ ~~ at d,~~ t·~~/ 't~ Af 44~ /i~.~~~!.~~~~~ 5"_~4/;~~ ~1~ ~ '1--= 1 ...t~h s~ ~ -&,t~;~ ~~~~~ ~ n=:l ~~s~ a~to ~ ~=r~:J ~-

a.-=. fi }j;~ ~af~ ,e;"~~ 4.(; ~a~=..e_~ 14/.d dt-t 4 ~~a:~~~ A!4. t~'~~ eø.e_::::: .t:!-; ..,e.ctt, ~ t:t.~.e. =a~ l~·~ 4~/~ ~

Page 38: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

f'1A"t 1 x) 1 tf ~8'-6 '1 5: {)6

~~ 4~1 ~ ~ ~~.1 ~livt, af4t.. H_­?u~ to~,;] ~~~-4~u~~~,:l ~ 1Jt,.=3 ~~s~ '1 ~ ~; r~~~-

1f.tA.,. ~

ø =r~ !iJ ø=r~~n ø=e;n ~ '" r! ; n ® = r~~ n ©=c~~ ;J

0/,~,~~h~G~

'(J) ® ® ® @ '© ø (f) 0 (]) @ @ @

® @ ® ® ® © ® ® ® (!> 0 © ® ® (5) ® ® ® (f) (J) ® ® @ ® © ® ø @

@) ©j® ® ø ® (j)

~ -un..~ ~~ ~· 4 ~~ Ct~RA; ~ ~~~~~~)~

~~ s'h- ~ ~>3 ~-i~~ ~~~tHU.Prfe ~ S:g) ~~~~ Pu:i~at-~de. ~~~ tt.Ut ~ ~ Jdutetr f?-4' ~ 4 ~ 1~, ~.i )t. ~~t~ a.dtr, .bl,. sø-t-~ ~-~~ ~ tnp3~

Page 39: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

/'1J-1 x> 19t'd-'7 5: ti7

forf. ~ ": ~~ ~ ~~t:44a+t4-~ 4f~~.~~t-.t~~~~~;~~ ... trn ,;, ~ :1 ~ 4e,dnYf~ ~ t; 4fJ;t.ur..,~ ~ 11-ut u Stf~ ~ ~·~~ ~ ~~skq­tt!/1" ;1 idæ tJI..d ~t~ 7 4 t~ 6tj ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ -1, ~~)lfl);-

f,11lf- 1 1 = JT Y~-~ = 1. 1 <t <a~ 11. 1 '/la - il~ l

7lt; t~~~~~ .bv~:; 1-1'1.-f~ft-t~--('n-1)"1} ~.~aL.tslst.F/=1 ~ S4~t ==-1, ~~s+J ~ ~~~­~~l~~ ~~.)d~~ 1dtt.4-1 e/14-~ ~ ~ ~.,~ ~~ d.d"j (Jjtf~ æ~~.a-~~~~-~ ~ ~ _.J)-_><~· ~~s~ ftt~ t~-

.... • P. x ih Al_ 411' ,_ J -~A • ... • .1..---l/1, j ~t T:/~~,IJ~~ trl ..

V;: ~~ 4tk~ Itp) s,t~J == (_-1) 4

tn-- - ~~ 1)~t_~~ ~/;-cd T/f);; ~~!ie=~~-~ k ~~ ~ut fu-t-t~ -1Jat.k~ ~ ~ t~&IU TC_f-), ~ ~ ~~· ~.ft~~ t~t~ It/)~~ ~~ !~[k,);:: t.)]t -i.ut~~~t ~ "}dæ.ti.L; ~ ~ 1/lbt ...t ~ ~ t~­/4, cv! 4 ~t~ ~~d sir,~~ 1Lrt ~ ~/rH f- /-t~ Ttf)~d~~~

\. ~~~~~~~ti-f~/ .~~~~~~~~,.

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/'141x) 19,9-b'l 5:()1

~~~-~ht~~~~~-~ fo-rt~~ f) ~ttttt-" J~ ;-1~~ -4-

~~~JA,~,

1/-'hft ~ .. f~~ /ø-rsf~ ~-~~v.# ~~~f,u:Z~ .

t~ [ ~ J. • ~ ·J) J i.J ........

~ ~ ~ StfJ~;i~~sf~,dd ~ pu: ~ ~, 1/;t ~~~ t(t)==-1:; tCj)= t)~ H~)== !t. }o-ta.!4 -le+ l>J· ~ ~~~+~~,;.~,t~ a.f t"1 i· ~t~hÅ~~-1~~ ~~~~~aA~rtl Jh;~~~ titv" f~ h:t dLf' M~ a/. ~+,t_) ~~-~­'hf~ /r-4- sep;&-..t. [J] '1 { ~] ~ ~=j = -t~ l.:~~~ 4$1'J~{j) ~l{) t~~~---:: #r-ed æ... 4f'Jk [i] ~ ~ ~=i ~ ~-~ ' ~ ~~1J t>tj ~~Ma14~~ t:if to 4tP~ .e..., ~ 1. ~ 4 suf-. t = -t. ~ hv ,t s~ ~lfd.t (i) -=- ~ti_,) t~~ .. t~ fre~AM~~ ~ ~ ;;~.

~~~~~s~~-~~ ~~tU'~4-t~~~' "t~~~ s,~ ~~p1~

l = t,o f!} ..__ ,. 6 o t1 /

~ t"~·" ... :J t,~ t~~~~. [Zt- t-~~­t~ ~~~<~t~ ~Hut­t~~~ ~tp~~.e~~~

Page 42: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

~ ~ 1-f.dt~, f, eAtt4. ~ .e; t a iJ ~ t~ ~v-t/ .. ~l~ t~~·~.]

~w. 1/zfo~~~l~~n, ~ s;, ..f.lz, ~~ .w.~ . /1~~ da- ~fÅ"ttt /:rr 5;)1-1 {~~?J);~ /d~~~~ /GS~. J(vu

/c"f-) .... ?1.) 4 11 =[J~> ::: J7;..:,) ..e.... ~ t ~-1' ~ !' -kA-MA-st~ 1/Ut ~....-".~ .q t~~ 1/JJ__"..~.f;~ t'=[~ ~- · '"] ~ s~_, 4 r~ ~~·~ar.:t-,--.. i t,...... .. . ~ ~ <4 t-e:u ~ ~~~~+IVr- t= [j~:::~] i, s'l'l r,(~ ~4e) ;a; f.. ~tM /(~)=WL<'rt.~

td~ -ri t~ft"JI~ t={!~:::]~ S.,_ 'l' A~ te f~ ~4A4' ~~d to /C"-v)= 'J'L,'* g~ ~ ~~ ~ tøf~ti~jtJf~4DøHCi,)

~ t.,~ li ..... J t, .en,; t~~i~- ~~ 4Jf ~

f = t() t1 o ~ "., f:) ~. o JY'~ l= f;()" .•• t,) ~~t~! =f-1)~ t{; 4-IA, rdht:

#a)t ~-~~! -4 ~ 1HJ( 4~~-1æi'~ a{ f~411~J ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~4~~ 1114~~~~

~~t~~:"fu-11; ~·~~~~.~­,;~~af~' o/,'IJ.S& ~~ ~~ ~~~~ J t- i 1 == 1. ~~~ 4- .; sf't. ";a.-tt ~- 1 4tt~ ~~ _ ~·t-,;~4-

1~ ~ ~~~4 ~A~~-4ad~ af -t~~lfit;~,.dvw ~ ~~ .,; ~ ~~-af~M

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-l

JJ~, ~d.i/l;·~t~d~.,d-~ t '-L.": t=[' i •ø• J~~ AAJ'~ ~~~ f t .. ~. r--

~,U, 1/:t ~44-a.td~ J= i-r,f<, ~~~~.~~;j cd

t1 ~ tfl, '~ ~~ 4~ ~f~ . D

~u k~~ s~ ~~~--!!:.1-~ ~­f?:vf;t~ ~ Q.,t~;sct t~! q} ~ *:;. ~, it:ut !1 )~~~)~N 11tvu-lld4~c !ufe, ~­

~~/~!Ad 1 ~~~~~1~~~~ rta.~ ~~~ 1° f1 ) , • ·) tjiJ IN ~ ~­~~~a-rt~,!~~~­f~, ~ ~ 1~ ~~) ft:_.t ~ 1-1-4.. ~_;; -&1, ,-1ø 1" ~)~J:, 4 ~~!s)~ k~ ~ ~ = 'j 0 fs, n A1~ ~t~ . .".~ ~du~,;; S:~~ ~~ ,t 5,.., Jl";, vt ~ 'f}U.t) J- !.3- G .!J." Jwd-/r; "HA' 3 • f e Jf.._ ) cd- .e-e Jf.._, 7 a.t fe .A'>~- ~'I'Vf" !i= A-w

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1'1~ fx> 196~-(,9 S: 1~

~~~v9~~~ad~~~ ~~~~

1J1·~ ~~~~~.1'1~ ~d­~~~ 1.,•••Jn;4l~~f1~ ~~ t1~~-·)~}. f}~~'JW!t:o~4 fort~~~ ~~tH.~~~~~~ # 4d~ ~,d €.# ~~ ~ ~ .dl!.tv" ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~t:dt~ '1 d~ ~-d ~ ~d ~~1{,;~/ ~[;~~~J~ ~Pr .eA<-~ _; /'1 ~ ~ ~ 4-f,~af.~ n-!~~~~11 ~~.7~ef ~ ~~ ~~~~~{~o)~~~~­cf.b t1 ,.: ~ ~ ~ ~~,;~ ~ 4~~ ~4~~~~~

/1_/Vdu.. J;y l)t.~t ~w~~ p~daf~ .e1~ .. --.) ?1. J ~ ~ 1>-e'f'l?d .:, sft ~~~~ ~~~~~

= [l, i~.. " . " l~._, ip - • ... J . c - , ~ ~ J (.2. t3 ,. • • t. /J t" il • ..

lw-;:rr ~ ~~ pt4:·srp(& ~.d~~.~ -" ~~d~dd/~t-Æ~~~~ .4u, t();~,~-~ ~t:ld ~~~ ~-­ttfn't;• ~ ~~,ea,t:t.t-~ p-t!-~~~-~ {::-1)'~'-f;~bt,;~~ ~~4.ett~p ~~~~il 1~~~~.for­~~~~

c = (.t, .. . - t~) . ~~}de ~~~~.for-

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~~af i,,·u; t~) 4j}V11 S* {t1 ... t1):.: (t';_ .... tp t,)= . '·• c:. ( lto l" , .. ., ,;,_,); 'f~ c-1 = (f; '· · 4 ). ~ t'h4-

4-e4 ~~)(hf; ~:ø·~ (t •••• 14;,) ~{t~"," j~)..)~ {ti., .. #' .. ) t,}~ [j"} ..... ),·,_} .f!A, dt:t~,) ~~

~~ ~~ fe-S'~~,~ wt~ ~)-~~b ~~~)~14~~~~ 4~æ-t~ af:__~~ ~dL,~~ ~af: t1, ... ·;J-n.}~~~~..!: [Y'~ J;~~dt~~~~~l~ ~~.]~~~~~ (-1) 57 4 s 4 ~~af~~~~ ~ ~ ~·t4.4 1~~ ~~/t~ ~/trr~~

! -:::.. [·1 ~ 3 'l ~- ' 7 J = [ 1 't J 2. ' r ?J ;,13 f'~ 7 'tJ 1 &2.~7

~"~~ J=(1~3)o(2c;).

~~~~4~af18-~-f:a.ttd-7 ~- t-u~~ 1~eo- ~~ ~­~~~-~(}1M... t~~~~ (Jf.-t. e~){.~) c,~). !fa-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ fa 185"'1 { ~ ~~~)* 1/'.ut~ ~t~~~ hi~­~~~'kw-~ {4~ ~,,d~~­'"'~) ,; ~ .yU {trrst~ ~ ~~et; ~,~: j~~C~·).u.M~~ ~~~~~)~~~~­~a/~~t~,~~{f;e) for~~ t:;-. ~alt t~ dd4 ~ ~

Page 46: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

d~~ g"d~Pf-{5-/~~~ x 1-7 ax? x e G-;~ .h:~ ~~ ~: {5-~§.-. f!"~ et~ ~; ~ € G; t:Uit~ ~ ~ ~­~ r: c;..~ r .. ~~ ~u~a;t"~ t~) cvt rr@-)vVt. -d~~ ø)d(rtC)Jo) M, ~ · af c r,")) ~ .4/& r) ~~ ~ ~ ~~ af g. ~ r(f:)) 4 ~,Uo-

~-ot'flWVV- 1:.. ~ r~~na u }n_. n~ n-~

[123~$"] [1t3'J!t) (123t,S"(J-"' '2..3 1 '" o 3 6-it 1.2 / 2.~" 1 "3$"' ~

.& • 'Jl-.v;t lo~ fo-. }p~ !'~tdiofA.U- .t s: : [ 1 t 3 ~ s-] [ 1 t 3 it s]

'S" ~;- " 3 :l 1 o-a 2. 3 't s " ~

1: Yie.J~ ~ødl.d 4 1'~a.tiD ~ ~ S") ~ ~· ttdå~af fl~···;?t]a(~b.Aøi~~.

i· ~~4~~i s:,. S. 1/M, J tp~t:dto~

A =l~;~ t J, t~ ~f~~~ t J) 13=r~~ ~ tJ, "'~g~~~J "-~~~~-~ ~1d ~·af~dtt;~

[ 1 J. 3 it 5" J ~ [ 1 2. 3 ~ t") !2..3 'l 5"1 q J 'f 1 S2.

AD1A4-- 4~æA;~ "f t~~l;p~; .

Z 1/.M,J~~a.-t~ tS)f,~~ 1/ljt ~a~~ 4 t~~tfi,~ "f lo~

r1 ~ ..... J i: 2 11 •• " ~. (e, 1 • • • .J i) ,)

J: O~:t; ~ ~~ '1 ~i~ Id-t:~

Page 47: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

f'kvt 1 x> 19,tt-6? 5:, ?s-, _ _ ..J- ..J- 1.. "l. • [;r/: H") [Æ t~ -•) 5_ fD7', ~ "6 f,'~fi,th~~ l ; ; u ~ .e l Il-- 4 t ~

~~~, i.t. ~l J d~ fE S."_ 4 [~~~ ~ 'f ~~da-~~ ?ti;~

l= [i., J.1 l • ~ ] o , ,. • o [ lp (1' ••• J.> 'f ~ , . . t; '-l' .. • •

~t~~~~~~M~~~d r;"_,ju} ~ ~t1rljllr} ~;!M~/ ?tk ~v e[1~·-·;'f'} ~ -tt=f=:1T~ ~ ~ tit a:t kd~ ~d&iaf-~~~ ~~,;s"·"

*10. ~~d~ T4~~etfS~~tt­~ 4 ~ ~ tn-1 t~f,urUftt;~l .1!4 ef.d· ~ ~a~~~~~~s~~ 4~~td~ af ~~~f- T:

A1 1'11 ,. ~ [ 1 1 $ ~ ft t 7 S ) !_-c)~ p~di.IJ~ 2. 't 7 3 8 S" 1~. "'

c 1 3 ~) o (, 2 " s)~ (7 1 3 s-) o (2 "' s) : S8 4~ 4dUA4-

~æ.t~ af·~,jert~t:J4-i~~d4~ ~ ~ f1i)···J g}~~~,

1.k H'Vt.d lu&~ ~ ~d~ [ 1 2 3 'l s- ' 7 8 J ~ ' 2. ~ J 3 s- 7 7

de4~~t~t~~i~~d~ ~ ~ 4~~at~ af ~) fot ~ ~ ltt-4~ dd~ ~ /1),.~·;8}4~~~

~ ~"d~ t-ie ~dWw t' s~~ ~ 4æd 4~æt~ ~ 3-~ 4f /m­~ (1 2 -');~ 3~,~~.

J.i. (j~ ~~·~t~ fo; ~ eti~­~.~~~~t-

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lf1'~ it ~ ~?>t ~~~ t ,e.w,. ~ ~.d.?t.q,­t~ cuAu, ~ ..114 ~t f S ~t1tt~~ l-ri~~ ~ ~.A-U! 1 ;;j 15.) ~ ~)'Å fo?tw 1, ~~ ~ ~ ~ 4 '1 ~ t2 'if 1-:- tk.Ø( ,; ..trt.t t~~ fott~ ~ ~ ~.tf;(.&.~;~· s&(· .. ~ ~ fti d_d· 4~~ ~11.4 fe;~jet,t;; ~~u:l' ~~.~de~ ~~~~~4~~ ~~ ~~ ;;~ 1~)~1~~~-1LÅ ft ~ ~#? Pt: d 4.- pi j.~ J ~ si~ af~-"~~-/}U!_ ~~·~J ~ ~ ·~ tw/4

[ 1 Å 3 't s b ? 8 : 11) 1 l 12.. '. J 1 'l t.>] ,;t; t- c.. d -L r- 1 ~· t. l 1t .L ~ ~ c-

~~.~~a;t~Q

1 t ; J t j- {; 7 g

' ~~ 1f ~~

13 /f 1S" ~

;:;~~ 1

--·---· ..

' ?

$ lit

" 13

3 2.

8

IS

12.

1

9 a ? c

lo -e.. f- 1 11

\ " ~ {,) d

~ ~ m n. (7

l

d l

Æ

~

~

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§b, ~-4-:AJ~-0<~~ bf·~ 1/.Ut.f?A4, ~ fo-r:s~ ~ ~ !1

o;:,~~ ft; ~l~+?";~~ /rp~ Id;~ ; (_1) ~,~ + 4 .eu, ~~t4-tti.P~~..p~·~; {_2)~~~ • .u~-811~/{J) ~~~ucti4t;y-J~ ~~~ h:t tJ..htt ~4-Uw 4

tl.dfo~~dt#~~ d~!

f;w rr:+u; ( !'1; -1-J.) :(4 ~ ~ 1'1 cy~~ ~ i(;~~+ !J_ .• ) du ~h~~: (!ct),k:~~~ ~~c(S/'1~~

(t:t-t?)-tc = tt+(~-tc) frit k~~ ~~1-G/1 ~ a-t,C== ~-ttf.;;

(1.?)4/-t~ d ~o-)~~~ kr:~ tt.rrr=~ k~ a€1'1i

~a)d~Æ~ et€-l1~d~~ -a. &:_ .J! "'A J. . .~., et. + (-a ... ) = er-., )~~ )

(~)~~ ~ct.;l-1 ctf/1~ (tiJ.)c ~ et,{ #-c);

(3) /o-r ~l~~ a,/.; c. r:/'1~ tt(lr-rc) -= ~-+~c ~ (a-rt )c-=- t2C +~c,

~'h-~~~a!~~~--~~~­~~ct~~~--~~~~~~~ ~~t~ «.;t~~-~~~~-~~·­~«~~~~~~~~

J~.-~ (f1;f)•) ,;j~~ ~~11~ ~~~~hl~~) -t~~~ ~.vt cte-1'1 ~

L

-!

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o-a .:: a.o- =.. er.

'/)"'~d~ -8-E/1~ J.~. -$=tr1 ~41't~ t -to-= 1}, ~~ ( -&.1-cr) ~-=l-a-; f1 ~ 4a. -t-~:=. t-a,; ~ er&~..=- o-.; o; ~ cr+J- = -t1 aa-s~ ~ {o--t-&)=- alf)~~ arr-r4 =J;~ a o-=-~ 1t~ at 4~~· r.,~~~·4f

fau~ .v,_ tr. fJeM, ---t ~~ <Ul~ 4-/u., .i~~~ ~~~~~a.th~ ~ 4 ~a$ ~.hl. fr.;~~~a~­~~ ..t4· fr; 4.~ ~d ~~~; /1. vY~ ~? ~~ 1J.Ut Ild: 4J~.J d czi.=F~ ~~+o-~J.:frrr; ~~~~ ~: 4U?t j1Å.~ d ~ 1'1'-tt:r} ~4t~ ~ ~·~~ 'JUNt/,

tt ~t,æl;t ~~~,e vd ~";tA~-~~ ~ ~ -d-~- 1 ~t,.;~ /t:l-~ /'1=irr}.et-~~~~-7~~~.e.t-d·~d~~ ~ =t= o- 7 ~ ~ t."JU -red~ ~~ 1/~.d:~~~.l~~~ et-~~~ .et t~~~~ ~M~~~~~

1!-'.e~b&t~ ~.e..~ M :t to-})~~ -et-d~~~~~~o-~ 4~4Z~~;

1Utf,~ ~ ~~~~ 4-4~:

1t ~ (1'1,+~·)4 ~'?iwt~d4~/t?~ tet~·~~=

Page 51: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

11~ 1 x> 1'16'1-G1 t:, o r;

(jt:lJ) ~ /i'h~Jle4 d ~ e t-10 ~ del~ fer~ ~==ae=~ for~· a-Gt1:

(f-?)~~ a.E f1\ttr} ~d-re~jqrttlvt· "'~- • .L -1 ..h_ ,/. e A~ . .J. -1 -f ~ cc., " ~ 44 ;:;'et tt- ;:-e.

7d~~ ~" ~~æi=o-~ ti =t= o- /,~ ~ =- ct-1 er -= o-,~ 7 "-{ tt1- = a- ? -1- ::1= o­/1;? tt = a-,t-1 ~ o-;

~ (1"1,+~#) 4~~,1 ~ff~d~~ ~~~~~(H~-r)~~.&­~ Cl .. ddtr~~~ ~ (11,+~ø)~d-~ .ez,

(1'1\frr}~·)~~; ~~ ~ ~pM/ut-~~,

!'h~ ~d"~~ ~a.IW ~ft4~­~~~~~~~d~~~-

1M ~f~~,.,~~~~~+?· ~ ({).)R, tE. ~ ~) æ~~~ d:-~:;~~ [~-z/~G-Z} ~4j.et<d~ ~~~.et~. 7~fo.,~~~~4-~ ~ ~.zA.; ~~~cd~~­fe-af~~ LJ.-d't~- # ~ ~~~~ ~~'1/i~j-t:N~~· ~ . l

14~/tn~~~~~~­~~~~/~~~~­~ ~ ~ ~11Md-rd-~ ~-

&,~~~~~~ ~ {~~~~aJs~~J..et'c;) 1~_,;; ~~ ~ ~ ~/~~'11-f~-4 ~~~"t~ ezf;d ~)'4~~ ~ ~ ~IA1/1A~.~·~W..; 11;~ ~~ P;1 h2 ~ ~

Page 52: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

/Vld1 x, 1'1,8-'7 &~o 'f

~t~~J-~~ (:-tL)~ == -cd/-/ a(-~)=- -a,e.

(~~h~ (-a.)(-~)==-t:L(-.t.)=-(-4):: ~). ik..v/-f~ ~·~~;d ~+(-a)/--::: (tt-t (-a))~ =-u-&= o-;; ~~·al-> at- Oet -t ~(-,f;)== CL ( ..fr t (---t)) -=- et. a- -= o-:

ir C 11)+J") ~ ~~ '1 ~ Je ~~~al l'1;d!~~ ef/vM~ ~~~~-~-~·~~e:t.d ~ td- fa~..t, ~ (k,+)-)6 ~~~d; d {~+J·) bt-~ ~ / ~ dJ ~ ~ o-e~ ?. .. t:/..tA-fov ~ 4-E Kr~ -et.€~; -G~-14:~~ ~ ~~ ~ (!1J-t~~~)O! f".(H,-tJ')d:~.Jnt~ ~ (K;+~·)1K-Vr.LJ~~~~~~.e~Jt HJ~fort~ a.,e;~'-{a-}?~ a..- 1 ~~- 1&~­~~ (~+~~)~La d~oj{/1~+;·) ..

~:r--&1::~ Zuti-~~~~~t~ ~·· ? (1'1)+J·)~ ~/)en;~ <g:~~­~af~~ /: 1__,./'1" 'J ~"~~ "Æfb ~~/dvv~ ~ -+-O'tJ•;; ;~v;;~~-~4 ~=>~E 'F/·~ XE:14~

(J+ g) (x) == j(x) -t '(X); (J~ )(x) =- Jtx) '{x).,

~4t.t4, (~-r~·)~·~~lf ~ ~./1/t.~-14~ rr (~~/~fov~ X€!-~~o-).. ~ ~ X61 Vt" ~~ t 1--7' /cl<.)~~ ~~ af (J:+;") 'ft1- (11)-tJ·)~ ~-t ~kt~af -td~; 4 ~~t1~l tøo~~~ ~ ~~ .:uæ~;, ~~.u....~~~.t'3'!: ~.~~ ~tf~~M) vit~~~:~

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l '

~!&t N~1tr]P7J ~~~~&t~uro~ !l;~ 4~ ~=Fcr;M ~ to~.e-4:­~ '(~X t-&)~~;d~ti"~fbff/> ~~~~

j _s q. Pv K= ~ . 'i(~) = r q_. ~a-r x= :z:. · Cx) -l o- fo; x 7 g tre; d l tr fov x. ::t= A.

~4 :f=-~0'")"1~·~1Cf-=O". ~ (J;-r.-)~~,k.LA~~~t

~~ ~ /VJ 1 ~ ~ 1~~~~­~~~~~/1. w~ ~l d- ~-4 ~~; ~/11h ~-

f~# ~ ~,at ~~~d~,; da t~tri.dte tdf~~

~11~d~~~~~~~~~

~~~7~ 14:t-~~(ti;+;,•J() ~~~~~~~~~ii:J6:d ~~~)~~lett~

a~l- ==)> a-t-e ~ ~-te fot~ c

a, ~ l- ~ ae ~ ,C..c jtN ~· c ?er.

i?"~ d~~ t~ ~1M# d~~~ ~·~~~utt~al~~z~

f2-z.f~~z}~~ ~(J)~ 7R. ~~ y~~~~d~'et:ftrd~

1!1:Y~-~~ c=:t.>a'""; ~~~~~<er-.~~ UJ d~ ~..e;", pth,"J,;;rt, ~ -4.. ~.~ tJt ~~ ~~~i~~af~ ~/~~~~-1-W"~at~ ~~~)d,b~­~t:Lf t;~~~~~~~~-

Page 54: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

f\td1x>1968-'~ ~Ob

M"~~ 4 ~·at d juu'h:;t ~d~~ 4~~ ~frp~~,d~~~~yrt~ ~~~· '!~~~cd~ H=Fto}1 HtA

0 d ~hdt ~ ~ ~ ~'tW1. { ~ .e= .ee) .. / ~ ~ ~ ~~ /41/ ~Q. ~ tl. 4 ~~'tWf..~1tJ;~u

tr ~ 4~P'"; ~~-Q.. .{.,M~ 4· ~-!k~· ~ ~ t~~~ fo-t ~ 4'2øf."e.r;t

~~~~~~~~~-4~~~

/)d ~t 4dd ~ 4 ~t (f cd~~ ~~~ ~J~a:t{f;+J·.)~) ~d~-~~N

~/o:t~vr;~~4./~ ~ ~ 13-~fal.td _,;;~~~;a~~ lz,;.w. fU>'t "1 f4teM- (d. JrM~, J?.fk~/b. Jt:J­~) .. ~~-~~~~,b~ti~-1(,_ { ~ ~Stfd~bj, ~v/Y~)~

r [

i

t::

Page 55: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

§'7, f<elM tJ~ ~fa/e ~~~

tj~ ~taL. 'ldd-v-t ~tid-··~ IJf1M. h.

~1M~ ~JVWz, V::

f)e_ ~taf~ ~-- (7RJ-J-P•J~) ~ d~4q~-!:_ ~ /?~ ~; ~~ flhHtJ-f.Ad ~~­-~~ 111<~-et-!J~;~~ ~-.~~;11 ~~~--TI: ~d-kjtm~oo

.~.v~~~ 'M~~~/~ 4 !.æf"lt~: ··~ {T/(~i-~-~)~1) 1 {1/('~-ti/Je,'~~~)4~~t~

~~- ~rti ~) ~~ ~"1 ~~ JA~~~~ (l!(j+-~'.~) fJ,t (!IC~+'~.'~i ~ afda__~ ..e.t.. ~ # .

fil ---~--d c . d~ .L ('1DI 1 ' l) !tilt t 't ~'~) ~ ~ ~ ~ An.trL'J 4 II'U.;'T), J ~l 7-V~J t;~.)~/

~ ~4~·~)~~jtd-/w..ød ~~T/f~-U.t~~-O!CI~

~~4~~-taJ ~~~~~-~ ~(;at,~~~~~~~-

14e ~~ .. tAiv ~~~ ~~ ~ t{d-~~~~~~1&4~­~d~w~", 7~~~~~~ i~~J ~ ~~ /rprs.:t 4 ~r-t.) ~ 4.t ~) 7 t firdstd~ ~ ~-Iu-UL~ d (/R,-t,·)~) "t~~~~~ ~d ~.";t

~~~;

~-~~4d-~~~s~t: af~·~-~~~ !tF-~~~~;

Page 56: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk
Page 57: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

-- ---.:;.. r·

tld fx.; 196g-6'f %03

~~t;~ (xt~~~) "'(~)d1L) ~ v<.x~-J(/)2-tl12-(/1)2..) m~ ~ f,At ~ vt(;t~ ,v~~ ~;~ri:~­~ 'JU:tt~ ~~ :11 !k ~ 6-d 4 l!trti~14Æ~ ~;t:li?t4Add4~~~. ~~· t~ ~ ~~~af@, r~tl &Jk_ ~ 4tWI~~~ hu ~~~ ~ ~) t:U- tid"~ 4-U JJ ~~·~ ~ ~ ~~~-Vfu~,

11A.~1tti~ ~ 4.4.~ ~~~ ~-~~~~~~~--(e­~~~~4~uø~~-ft4'"~ ~. , "-! ~ ~~~ ~~th/tt;;td ~~~?1~ t~~ t:Vr-U~J '1· ~~i~ P;~~se~~~~~~­~ ~ ~~ .. 1-llt~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~-~d4M~~'*f~~~­~/ dtb ~ 4 ~ ~ ~"144-~ h:&~~~a~~t~, vY'~~,~ 4d-1tL·~)~d-~ ~~~.~~'1~~~­~ ~~ ~?" ~ ~ vU 1')'1! ~ ~ d d{d; ~()~nu~ ,; ~~~'f.~

~'

7 ~ IJ1-f.L.Øt dA..~ fa.t ~ # ~~ ~~)~~e~~~ fattt~ ~~ ~ ~pe ~

Page 58: Matematik 1, 1968–69web.math.ku.dk/noter/filer/indentryk/jessen69.mat1_x.pdf · Matematik 1, 1968–69 Børge Jessen Forelæsningsnoter til Mat 1x §0.Indledning mm. §1.Matematisk

:ftrwv-;u~"~ ~ ~~ af !Æ af- 4f;;t trrj_Øf:

[tt,l] ~ {x/tt~x~-&} ~!}~

[ tt,.& [ = {K l a ~ x< t }} ~ itJd~ ]Æ1t] .::. {X/ tt<X ~ -#-} ]Cl1t[ =-{XI!i.<K<I} t;;~t~;

~4~~Q.<.f.-~c;,~~~~ ~t-~f~~ for twt~. 44~ f/b~ ~ d~ ~ ~ ~~~ t:tf .f!et-~,tl ~et~i~~~~~-6~* iu,t~~~)~~~~ ... <U 4f ~ t-d~. ~ 1!-.::t Æ~ -f~.u-. "{ t'>!-1~< ~~~~~~~af il afd4~~d:·

J-~,4]= {;<fx~t~--} ~} ~~ J - 00 l a; [ ::. [ x l )( < lfi } t~.~Y.e--

[a.~-rco[-=- {x J J(~4-] ~. J ~f'H-~. ]ct 1 -t ()ø [ ~ {x l x>a.} 4-f!e,...

~Cl/v"~~~·~.~~ ~ ~~ ~· k4 i/t;d.u~~J-oo1 -too[;; t'~Vf~i ,t~ ": ~ ~ la;~ 'i-~ ~ 4 ~~ ~ ~ ;~~# lN--eu~-~fi1J;e4~~~~~~ d .A-~ J-()O,a]i ~,}/-(Ve,~~~~-fd et- ~,d A- c [a) t ~c.

~~f~~ ~-fAA,~tf~ x~r~=() ~~~ a~~c!R ff'YU'4s~~ x~ -ict ±rlt~IJ..-1 ~f~ 1&?}-1-<o h:d ~4 ~ -<.-t-/3'1F1; ~ ot,J67R, ~..; 15-~-

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t~~~~ d-~ ~ ~ ~~,[Jtte.-t.t

tt:U J ~ i "r~· af /~- ~ 17-~Mtd ~et::~.- 4/­~~ t~ t ~~"feew, 1.,._ ~4/i:tUt-u-i~.~ ~ 1 t~ /m~ fat ~~fp~~di' e~~~~ (1797/ r.; ~t~ (t h t)~~ ~1:~r:-~ ~ ar Vt% R-~t~ c1tJ7) ~ 4/rt~ ~·~ ~ [ fn~~~~~~~~~ h) t~~;-~ c:r:~ ~~~4~~~?-~,

[~fu1Vt l(/~ (17'1f"-/~1~) ~ ~ ~~tf''h- a~~-~~ l ~ ~tut J,;.rt~~ 1'k4~ ~t-~ ~td' ~ 0~~~ ~~~i~~~ ]~~~~~~~!1/~~'l< ~ ~ ~ ke-; ~#~ føJt.1-u-~et.~~ J

~~ ~~ i~Uif?~dt-~u~~ /Rta{-~~1~~~~~

(Xf}'J) +(~1J}L) = (X,+X; > 1J1-tr_,.) /

(><1)x;.)'- Cr11'r!L)= (x1r1-x..~.~J.)x1~;. r-12.~1) ..

[~dtj-t~~ ~~~~for~iz:t)~~~ ~ ~ "1 ~~~ 'U4t~ x"tx/4 V-T~ d' -t-~ R ør~ ~de:t t4 ~ ~1r~v-1~J

tJ4; ~ fipt-d ?tf-r!.~~) d 1/?i.~ ~ ~/:tJ, ?Uf/t,~ 4 ~~ ~~

Ød 4-~A ~~et- (TR!-t) ~ ~ ~ ~IL vY~ 4 (OICJ) ~ dd~aiU-~ /il d~ (x1;~) a (-x1>-x.t)~ M~~~ ~~d~~~~.a~~.~~

l

~ ~4~M..,;.~ ~ '

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1'1ae1x, 1961-69

[( x~)x.2 )(y1J;t.:z)] {z,) ~.2) = (xllf1 -X;_J2.)xl~'). t~ )'1 )(Z,;~)

== (f~cr1-~ v J z1 -[x., Y t -r~ r,]:;; fx; y1-x.2 ~2J z.z. +r~ ;z +X;.3't] z:,)

(x1)x2.)[{tor2)(zox.2il = 0)x2)(r,Zy-'/.2.~) ~~~" +Y.t~J =: ( x1 [.f, ~-~z~J -~[~L; -t-J$ z,] ) x,IJt~ r~z,] -t~ [y,-z,-Jt,;;J)

4f~~. ~.e_A,~~~~Icd­~·jd-t:~~ .i4 dAÅf~~h ~ ~ 1:1 a.hlil~-~. ~~~ia-7Rt.~dt~~-4tt~~~~dtr~~

7ctbt (!,o)~cd~~~1J<.d~~­~; dv71~G, ~:J~ 1/t t:d"~~.;cdde .. z. lid -4;-~4 ~ tt1>~L) =f=-(tJ,~) }i~ d ~~fJ~ atbt d~ (X1;X~); ,U,.~ J (tl0te~)(K11 ~)=(jtJ).J

t{. 11 .. s. t:t1x" - tt.:t K~ = 1 4.2 X.1 -t et1 x2. -= tJ;

,/w {et1~~~)+{o,a)~~ ~~ ~ 4t.-4st-ut;e: ~

~·~~~iU~~·14 ~ af ~ fl =f(l(,o) /xe:Ae] ttf ~~ ~· {t:~

f{ 1o) + {~~o) -= (x t-J) o)~ (x,tJ)· (J';~) = (X f> o). ~

~~,d~ R .t4 ~ ~ ~~·he~-'h.e.J ~ J afl-tt~ x M (x., o)~~ .htJ~ ~­~ 4f (IR,+,•) -;.;.o {k+,·)1 -t.tlueu d{i,+,·)-k.,t4 a~~~~~~~~~ ~-%~ ~ 1. ~d (0,1);~~

~ ~t~ (-t1o) =--{t; o);~~ /øv d~~ -de-

~ Cx1,~)

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0oxt)-= (K">~)+ 1 (X;.., O) ..

Jev,; ~- {x,;x3.)= ('j.0 tJ)-ri(j'2(0)) 4~ ~-:tt)~:~e;~'J.~ 1dd" ?A;~~~~~Ivvv~~:

JJ(!A,,f;~ -d~ct.t:U ~(C_,-rJ•)1 4~ ,trk~·­~ ~ ~~ {!R) 'ti,)~~ ~ ta-4 ~ 4.~~~::~ d~· t~ ~~=-1_,~a;t~~6(

~~~~~~~et/~ ~ = ':<1 -r i z4 .) ~t-> ..<L G 7/(.

;;,_~~~~~~~~(~h-t) ~4~~~ ~ (C/-ti·)jPJct.a-~~-4~~ C!R~-t~;J~ 'k~~~CC~i-) 7 (f'~+"~·") 4~~~t:vvt 4~ ~~~~~ tf4 .. ~ CCI+,·)t:tf~~~-~~~~ "'~~t-~~;~~~ ~ td.. %b~/ /o-t ~ ~ =/=0; ~ :111~­'li~i r.ft.. for~~ ~=0.) ~ ~~~kt!ll'wø ~ ~~~~b,.~ t~~ 4Aed

4~CI.i-~~dd~~~~~-~~ /k~ fLt ~ 1 ~~~Uf P~n~­~ A/- z.::::~-rt~ (d~t~~d4 t~,~~ ~ t~11.1vr..~)~~~ ~:(~/~z;~ ~~1:-r:d x=-~-t~~etd~ l4.-t ht ~~ ~~ ~~F'&~~h~ ~~æ 'ft4 ~ ~) ~ ~ ~4-~4flR~~~Mt~~ ~~~~­~ W x==-~-rz~ "1 tu-=14-rtWi_ ~

- ~ -~ 'z. -r;;;- -= 2:.. ..,.. w,; ~w- = ~. /Q".

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~~ x,___,. F ~ ctibs:. ~ ~~ æ(ft!:t4~. ~ CCJ-+J" J~~~ ~~.,; (/1()-l)·)~fl~~ ~~~;~-

4 ~ ,t~t:tJ/tu~~) fr~ ~~ ~ (C;+J-) t6 ~~)~h~~~at··~~,v~, 4du; ~ ~ ~~ af!U~ '7~ ~ ,___, ~~ 1kv /l~ ~ ~. Jiu G f 4~ 4t!~-~~/ ~ ~ (Cftt))z.-= 'f(t1J= rrf-1)= -~~ :1~ ~M~d~)4L~~ L~-i~~ ~ t:t)lwu~·,u-1,~~~~ re~)-= z ~ Cf{l)= -t. 1·cld fip~~~ p; /oY ~ 'K==-~ -t t Zz ~ d 'f(:Z) -= '?~)'t' f:P{C) tf{~) =:.

7., r r~;. 7 d d Cf ~ ~ t~ a.fkl~, 7 ttU:t ~~/t~~~·~ z=zt-rtJ~~-2) ~ rC-r.)= ptz,)-rtpltJrt:;J= ~-t~; 4-l~f-4~ ~~x:

~d~~~i;d :z-=~-tC4~-ui :'{~=== {Z:.,+t~)(i;1-~~2)·= :z./-r~~- Øvt~~ ~ /;-~ Ji:/~J"Z-z =rl~/--+~2. ~~~~~~ -~af x, ~~df,H ~+o -4; =,:r~-_. :;~~~;~4~7'4~~­

~~~/ ~ 7/(2 ~ ~ tC ~Ø-t~ tå~~ ~~ ~= X1 -rt~2 ~~ ";~ (~>~). ~ ~ ~ ~/tAl~ ~~bt!t~/ ~ ~-~~ ~-~~~n;~t~~~; ft~ tal ~~~~et~~.;;~.?~ ~~4!i.l~~~n~ ~~t-r:t 4~.;~~~~-~~~~~~~ ~~~~.~~~~4~t-d

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4~ ltt ~hk,~~ ~4~/at-c&./l.- ffl ~4 ~it:d X~·w-i~

J~-tw--/ ~ lz/-t-/ttrf., z ~~ ~ ~!~ ~

~~?U~~~~)~~~ ~~ }':Z./etn@+ tl~/~~9 = /~J {~e+tske) ..

~~e ~.e.t-.~1~~ ~x=o ~8~ ~lrt:,t ~ ?;,. X=f=() el/v fJ ~ ~ ~ iTr.; 4t ~~S .. !w-W ~-VI.d"~4~~~1k4 !J+tJO:l7i) ~eF, ~'i~~d~kt <: ~ ~.~\; ~ ~ ~:.: ~~~ /rN ~a~~~~ ~1=0/l~~~~ %~t~·~ [-n:-J 7t [; ø{d-~ ~~ 1 ~ ;4'1~· (~~~ ~ ~t:t4l~­'rd'~;U,t~~ ~~i~ [4111[ .. )

%r ~ ::f=IJ ~ 6dtd- fir=- &IJ -t ts~e ~~~:z., ~ ~Jtl.i:l/4 ~~ ~~~~ V=~~/lz.J~1J, trd, l.t·tt4 4 ~ "; ~~~ ~~­~ ~~~~'11h ~ ~ 141Å~ ~ ~

z ~ l ~1 (~$-r ts~rg) ..~ w- =/tu-l (~(f+ t.sU:. tf )Jl

f.t~~~ 'Zw- = J<z.IJ~q/ [ ~e~tp-s~~s~tp + t(&>~S~<f>+Sil.&tm.p)]

= /<//W/ [ ~(9+f) +l s14(8+tr)] ..

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~~~~ fJct ~~~~le:­~ af dl.~ icd ~dd·~ ai'sMrp-> ~FUt 4 ~ ~ ~~ ~ 4~ Jl?'>2-fo/ th:eld~ ~~d~- ~~~~(!Pli)~ q;f~ ~ff~ Pr ~='1" ~ ~~~~ ~­ti~~~ ~l?h'-fdw ~~ ~~ ~-t~ ~~tnt~~~for ~ "; ~; fkt ~ ~ 'kVr4 (~ ~ 1878)$, d 4 'U.d~ ~ rr-ed4 f~ { 1t = u 4 ~ i4.L (>J. =-!J "1 ~~~ (>t='l) ~ /lvtu ~ "-1~~­~/VVt: .r~~~~~ }:H t~~ 4f ~­t~~~~~~af~

Xa + x1 l i X2 j -+ x., ~ .) x;, )'x.,., K2) ~ f3 !k..~ ~ f-re_ 1/ t~'JUVU ~// ~~~-~<. ~t~~~ h.hw ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~)x"j~)-11· /Mdl~ "f w-~,;~~ ?UL~~~~~ ~·~,; 4,1J"S. ~

rx,+x"t+~J +~~; +- c ro -ry.,t-r:~.:f +fJ~) = c~_,.~) -r (x,+~) ;, + ( ~ -t-r~.)J +r "1 + ~$) 1.. •

~ ~~dtf~hR/U. ~J4A~ ~ ~

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211

~"'}dt,~) ~ ~ ( idd-~ ~ -z;U fo-rt~,~c:-' d~~IR~~&u~ 0!~~Jd~1-J.,';. ~h 4 }4u-satb ~"-. •. u:~~ t~ fov 0/;'lr. ~ 44t, tJt:t ~ fitu .et c~~~d ~d

~t~ it=- 12.= -Æ2 = -1 e

t, ;

4> -1 l . -~ ~J

~ • l

• )

l< --f

--t

~ •

-J • t

-f

~~ ~ ,t = -lfi lt -=- i = - l-Æ tf = ~ = -ji.

k s~ h:~, d~~ ~ttf-1ii ~~ ~-> ~

(Ko +X1l-t-X:;.j +Xz4)·(~-t r., -t+ f~.i-t!Jf<) = ~t~ i t ~j-t?f:) ~ :<:o -:: ~ ~ - )(1 ~1 - XL j l. - .xj ~8

~1 = ~ V1 +x, ~tJ -t~~s -xal2..

:S = ~ )'1. -X, V3 -+X! ~o+ I<.J't1 2'~ = ~rl + x1'U~ -~11 +~ro .

~ ~~ ld"._"t~ ~ ,_ ~ e.s­~t~~~ ~dd ~ ~~;ut~~~ ~ ~ 1N.d t~~ af ck ~ -bd~ tt,; t~'H/t ~ l/(~ t;~"/[;;~ ~ fo,o-ts~

(~) xt)x~) '<3) +(1"'~1,;~)~3)~{X,tYo,X1+:Jnx2.t-1f~>~+rs) (Xo, J(, >X2J X3) • (1jfJ>d1'J~ll>~& )= {>zo>Z,>~'~-3)/ ~ z.,,~,z.2,~ 4dt#~1k.:l~~rylf.~ et {!R~J+) IJI)~ ~ ~~~-/Y~' ~ {fJ1 tJ,b~o)? *!4.å ~ ~ 1t1 ~ (~,xflx2;X.S) ~ (-~)-x1J-~)-x3)~ ~~~~d~­f~~~~~~d~ ~td~~dUtr-l~~ ~ ~ tUU.v~~ ,A.thtt 4 (W~+)"')~~.~

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l :. ( o, fl ()l o) i =; ( ø,tJ, f, (J)

~:::; (",6,tJ,1),

•t •a ;2 ) (, =J -= "1e.- = .:-(l,() ,l) l o

~~ rtdA ~~-== ,t=-~~ Jt; = i =- -.ti< - . i; := ~ ~ -;t::;

tJ/dA ~ /tN ~ ~ (><a,X1;X,~,x3) 0øJXf; X~ JX3)

= (Xt~ 1 D,IJ,O)+(X11 01 b,_{))G + (x~1 ~,1J,O)/ +(~)fltOtb) ~. ~ ~ (4lK-1;K:lJX3 ) ==- (!fo>Ot(),t;) f (f!11 1J1D;O) t' + ( 12.1b1l) e O)/ T (1~ l!J1 (Jt O) ~) ~ 4/.hl Xc '=#tJ; x, -~1) K.2 ::::.1~ >kJ= fr.r ~

~~~.~:

~~..d~ ~~~(/K.)+,·~~ t~ d~ (1R.~-h·):1-dL~~~~ ~ ~ ~ Mu/Jt at& ~af lf<;t;.

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1'1u 1 x) 1'1~8-6,? z 1.3

f7-e~ t~~~~ 7 dv" ~~~ ~ f~v·æ:.~ ~~ ~Yulu .ttt·~ KG/l( ~~""f~~~~-~~~

X-=- Ko -t X1 t -t X2..j -t Xj /e_; ~ )X'11~) ~ E /l( i

~..u!~~a4~A4~~ t/æ ~~ ~ (7/(~-J-)·); 4~~ ~4-~~~~~~~~­~~~~

JJer·~ f4L~ ~ ~ d~Pv~ ~ ~t -rx2-j +~~ ~~ af:~ x= \-t X.1 Z -t }{zj + Ksfl. J~ x=~- X11.1-~~-x1~ ~ ~ .J .__HA A•L ,_ _,· 1A . • ~ r ~f", , )/- ~ - i 1 l. 2. ~ ~ M X. v~~ )(X::.~ +-xt "1-K.z+~ ø

;)d ~ø~-~ ~ ~ /.(/v: ~ =J~~Xt~rX:z.'l.+-x3'4 fc.at­~~~~ -1-~~)(~

{j~· .1~ ~,d4~,4vt~.d~­~ 4{ /!(J~~-~~ 4/LL lt~ ~~) ~t~t~~~~~~) /w ~ 4 l} 2 1!2. ~ /J

(;"'- = rf =- ~ -= 'i~ == -1..) o:;;~~~x~~.~~~ ~-~

>< "=' x~ t x1 b + ~ j + x.,~ ) ~) x1 J ,(.~J ~ 6 ~ 4a~atb-d-~~~

1_, Yl~ ~ J~ s~ ; /K ~ 4~ x~-1.