Materials & b.c

8/6/2019 Materials & b.c.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-bc 1/52

9. BRICK MASONRY9. BRICK MASONRY



Brick Masonry



3

Various Buildings Various Buildings



99..11 BRICK BRICK MASONRYMASONRY -- OVER VIEWOVER VIEW

9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPME NTS IN9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPME NTS IN

MASONRYMASONRY

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR 9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR

9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY

9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS

9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK 9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK

MASONRYMASONRY

9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTUR ES9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTUR ES



9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL

DEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRY

It is the simplest of all the building techniques It is the simplest of all the building techniques -- Mason stack s pieces of material Mason stack s pieces of material

(brick s, stones, concr ete block s, etc.) over the top of one another to make walls,(brick s, stones, concr ete block s, etc.) over the top of one another to make walls,

with mud or mor tar as binding material in between themwith mud or mor tar as binding material in between them

9.2.1 History9.2.1 History

Began as low walls of stones or caked mudBegan as low walls of stones or caked mud

SunSun--dried brick s dried brick s -- With the availa bility of fir e became burnt brick sWith the availa bility of fir e became burnt brick s

Invention of k ilns made mass production of brick s easyInvention of k ilns made mass production of brick s easy

Limestone turned into lime mor tar r e placed mud as mor tar Limestone turned into lime mor tar r e placed mud as mor tar

In Mesopotamia, palaces and temples wer e built of stone and sunIn Mesopotamia, palaces and temples wer e built of stone and sun--dried brick s in dried brick s in

4000 B.C.4000 B.C.

The Egy ptians er ected their temples and pyramids of stones by 3000 B.C.The Egy ptians er ected their temples and pyramids of stones by 3000 B.C. By 300 B.C., Gr eek s perf ected their temples of limestone and mar bleBy 300 B.C., Gr eek s perf ected their temples of limestone and mar ble

R omans made the first largeR omans made the first large--scale use of masonr y ar ches and roof vaults in their scale use of masonr y ar ches and roof vaults in their

basilica, baths and aqueducts basilica, baths and aqueducts



Medieval and Islamic civilizations perf ected masonr y vaulting to a highMedieval and Islamic civilizations perf ected masonr y vaulting to a high

degr ee of developmentdegr ee of development -- Islamic craf tsmen built palaces, mar kets, and Islamic craf tsmen built palaces, mar kets, and

mosques of brick s and of ten faced them with brightly glazed tilesmosques of brick s and of ten faced them with brightly glazed tiles Europeans built for tr esses and cathedrals using pointed vaults and flying Europeans built for tr esses and cathedrals using pointed vaults and flying

buttr esses buttr esses

In America and Asia other cultur es wer e building with stonesIn America and Asia other cultur es wer e building with stones

During industrial r evolution, machines wer e developed to quarr y and cutDuring industrial r evolution, machines wer e developed to quarr y and cut

stones, mould brick s, and speed the transpor tation of these materials to sitestones, mould brick s, and speed the transpor tation of these materials to siteof buildingof building

Por tland cement came into wide use and this ena bled the construction of Por tland cement came into wide use and this ena bled the construction of

masonr y building of gr eater str ength and dura bilitymasonr y building of gr eater str ength and dura bility


DEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRY (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



Late in 19th centur y tall buildings wer e built, of steel and r einfor ced Late in 19th centur y tall buildings wer e built, of steel and r einfor ced

concr ete ( por ed into simple forms), economicallyconcr ete ( por ed into simple forms), economically

Development of hollow concr ete forms in 19th centur y aver ted theDevelopment of hollow concr ete forms in 19th centur y aver ted the

extinction of masonr y as a building material extinction of masonr y as a building material -- Cavity wall, developed byCavity wall, developed bythe British during the earlier par t of the 19th centur y also contri buted to the British during the earlier par t of the 19th centur y also contri buted to

the survival of masonr y as a building materialthe survival of masonr y as a building material

This facilitated the introduction of thermal insulationThis facilitated the introduction of thermal insulation

High str ength mor tars, highHigh str ength mor tars, high--str ength masonr y units, and complex shapes str ength masonr y units, and complex shapes

of masonr y units extended the use of masonr y for buildingsof masonr y units extended the use of masonr y for buildings


DEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPME NTS IN MASONRY (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



Masonr y Histor yMasonr y Histor y

R ich Histor yR ich Histor y

Through the midThrough the mid--1800s1800s

± ± Primar y Building Materials Primar y Building Materials

Late 1800sLate 1800s

± ± New Products Developed New Products Developed

± ± Ended Masonr y¶s DominanceEnded Masonr y¶s Dominance



Masonr y Histor yMasonr y Histor y

20th Centur y Developments20th Centur y Developments

± ± Steel Reinfor ced Masonr ySteel Reinfor ced Masonr y

± ± High Str ength Mor tarsHigh Str ength Mor tars

± ± High Str ength Masonr y UnitsHigh Str ength Masonr y Units

± ± Variety of Sizes, Colors, Textur es & CoatingsVariety of Sizes, Colors, Textur es & Coatings



Masonr yMasonr y -- Primar y Uses TodayPrimar y Uses Today

Concr ete Masonr y Units (CMU)Concr ete Masonr y Units (CMU)

Foundation WallsFoundation Walls

Structural Suppor t Walls (low rise)Structural Suppor t Walls (low rise)Back up Walls for Exterior FacingBack up Walls for Exterior Facing

Brick & StoneBrick & Stone

Facing Materials Facing Materials -- VeneersVeneersDecorative WallsDecorative Walls



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Brick Masonr yBrick Masonr y -- UniquenessUniqueness

Fir e ResistanceFir e Resistance

SizeSize

Dura bilityDura bility





CMU Structural Walls on a Low R ise Building



Reinfor cing Structural CMU Walls



CMU Structural Walls also serving as a ³Back up´ Wall for Brick





9.3.1 Uses and Types of Masonry Mortar9.3.1 Uses and Types of Masonry Mortar

Mor tar is as much a par t of masonr y as masonr y units such as brick s, stones, etc.Mor tar is as much a par t of masonr y as masonr y units such as brick s, stones, etc.

Mortar servesMortar serves as : (1)as : (1) A cushion and makes the masonr y units to bear againstA cushion and makes the masonr y units to bear against

one another one another and thus provides str ength to the wall; and thus provides str ength to the wall; (2) A seal in between the(2) A seal in between the

masonr y unitsmasonr y units, and kee ps the water and air from penetrating it; , and kee ps the water and air from penetrating it; (3) A bonding (3) A bonding agentagent to make the individual units to adher e to one another; and to make the individual units to adher e to one another; and (4) A surface(4) A surface

enhancer enhancer , proving beautiful contrast and appearance, proving beautiful contrast and appearance

Most characteristics ty pe of masonr y mor tar Most characteristics ty pe of masonr y mor tar is made of Por tland cement,is made of Por tland cement,

hydrated lime, and aggr egates (sand) and water . Por tland cement acts as bonding hydrated lime, and aggr egates (sand) and water . Por tland cement acts as bonding

agent, lime impar ts smoothness and wor k a bility, sand provides the bulk around agent, lime impar ts smoothness and wor k a bility, sand provides the bulk around

which lime sets, and water provides wor k a bility to set brick s properly. Setting of which lime sets, and water provides wor k a bility to set brick s properly. Setting of hydrated lime with a bsorption of COhydrated lime with a bsorption of CO22 from air makes the mor tar strongfrom air makes the mor tar strong

Masonr y mor tar Masonr y mor tar (has various trade names): Contains one or mor e of the(has various trade names): Contains one or mor e of the

following, viz. , Por tland cement, Por tlandfollowing, viz. , Por tland cement, Por tland-- pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag

cement, Por tlandcement, Por tland--blast furnace slag cement, hydraulic lime, and in addition blast furnace slag cement, hydraulic lime, and in addition

usually contains hydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcar eous shell, talc, slag usually contains hydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcar eous shell, talc, slag

and/or clayand/or clay

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR 9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR



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Mor tar FunctionsMor tar Functions

Provides for full bearingProvides for full bearing

Seals between masonr y unitsSeals between masonr y units

Adher es / bonds masonr y unitsAdher es / bonds masonr y units

AestheticsAesthetics



19Joint Color that ³Blends´ w/ Brick Color



20



21

Mor tar Mor tar

Pr ePr e-- pack aged pack aged

Color rangeColor range

Testing / S pecificationsTesting / S pecifications

CuringCuring

³Shelf´ lif e³Shelf´ lif e



In order to achieve wor k a bility, masonr y mor tars contain air In order to achieve wor k a bility, masonr y mor tars contain air --entraining entraining admixtur es that produce high air content in mor tar; this r educes the bond str engthadmixtur es that produce high air content in mor tar; this r educes the bond str ength

of masonr y mor tar of masonr y mor tar -- For these r easons,For these r easons, for masonr y wor k that r equir es highfor masonr y wor k that r equir es high

str ength and low permea bility, only conventional cementstr ength and low permea bility, only conventional cement--lime mor tar should belime mor tar should be

usedused -- Lime mor tar cur es by dr ying and a bsorption of COLime mor tar cur es by dr ying and a bsorption of CO22 from air to form from air to form

CaCOCaCO33, wher eas Por tland cement mor tar cur es by hydration that produces a , wher eas Por tland cement mor tar cur es by hydration that produces a

dense, strong, and cr ystalline structur e that binds the sand par ticles together dense, strong, and cr ystalline structur e that binds the sand par ticles together -- To To

pr event pr ematur e dr ying masonr y units should be wetted befor e laying them in pr event pr ematur e dr ying masonr y units should be wetted befor e laying them in

course.course.

Mortar typesMortar types : (a): (a) MM--typetype -- High str ength mor tar High str ength mor tar -- 2,500 psi 2,500 psi -- Used for Used for

buildings su bjected to large lateral loads, and below grade (ear th level) masonr y; buildings su bjected to large lateral loads, and below grade (ear th level) masonr y;

(b)(b) SS--typetype -- Medium high str ength mor tar Medium high str ength mor tar -- 1600 psi 1600 psi -- Used for masonr yUsed for masonr y

structur es needing high flexural bond str ength and normal compr essive loads: (c )structur es needing high flexural bond str ength and normal compr essive loads: (c )NN--typetype -- Medium str ength mor tar Medium str ength mor tar -- 750 psi 750 psi -- for general use a bove grade; and (d)for general use a bove grade; and (d)

OO--typetype -- Medium low str ength mor tar; 350 psi Medium low str ength mor tar; 350 psi -- Used for nonUsed for non--loadload--bearing walls bearing walls

and par tition and par tition

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR 9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



Contains various amounts of Por tland cement, masonr y cement,Contains various amounts of Por tland cement, masonr y cement,

hydrated lime and sand hydrated lime and sand -- MM--ty pety pe contains 1:1:0.21/4 to 3 or contains 1:1:0.21/4 to 3 or

1:0:1/4:21/4 to 3 1:0:1/4:21/4 to 3 -- SS--ty pety pe contains 1/2:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:1/2:21/4 to 3 contains 1/2:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:1/2:21/4 to 3

-- N N--ty pety pe contains 0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1/2:21/4 to 3 contains 0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1/2:21/4 to 3 -- OO--ty pety pe contains contains

0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:11/4 to 11/2:21/4 to 30:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:11/4 to 11/2:21/4 to 3

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR 9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY

BricksBricks have gr eater fir e r esistance than stone or concr ete masonr yhave gr eater fir e r esistance than stone or concr ete masonr y -- Its sizeIts size

ena bles easy handling and placement in walls; it can be easily adapted to ena bles easy handling and placement in walls; it can be easily adapted to

smallsmall--scale and largescale and large--scale structur es to give pleasing appearance and textur escale structur es to give pleasing appearance and textur e

Constituents:Constituents: Brick clays ar e produced by blending together various clays Brick clays ar e produced by blending together various clays

(surface clays, shales, and fir e clays) to produce the desir ed chemical (surface clays, shales, and fir e clays) to produce the desir ed chemical composition and physical proper ties composition and physical proper ties -- Clays can be divided into calcar eous Clays can be divided into calcar eous

clays (containing 15% Calcium Car bonate, which gives yellow color when clays (containing 15% Calcium Car bonate, which gives yellow color when

burnt) or noncalcar eous clays (containing silicate of alumina, f eldspar , and burnt) or noncalcar eous clays (containing silicate of alumina, f eldspar , and

iron oxide)iron oxide) -- Iron oxide gives buff , r ed or salmon color , when burntIron oxide gives buff , r ed or salmon color , when burnt

Molding of Brick:Molding of Brick: The raw material is dug from pits, crushed, ground,The raw material is dug from pits, crushed, ground,

and scr eened to r educe it to a fine constituencyand scr eened to r educe it to a fine constituency -- Then it is temper ed withThen it is temper ed with

water to produce a plastic clay for forming into brick water to produce a plastic clay for forming into brick



Methods of forming :Methods of forming : Thr ee diff er ent processes ar e used for brick forming Thr ee diff er ent processes ar e used for brick forming --(i)(i) Soft Mud Process:Soft Mud Process: A r elatively moist clay (containing 20% to 30% of water )A r elatively moist clay (containing 20% to 30% of water )

is pr essed into molds, either by hand or machineis pr essed into molds, either by hand or machine -- The mold may be dipped in water The mold may be dipped in water

(water (water --struck brick s) or dusted with fine sand (sandstruck brick s) or dusted with fine sand (sand--struck brick s) befor e filling itstruck brick s) befor e filling it

with claywith clay -- (ii)(ii) Dry press bricksDry press bricks ar e formed with clays that shrink excessivelyar e formed with clays that shrink excessively

during dr ying during dr ying -- Is mixed with minimum amount of water (10%)Is mixed with minimum amount of water (10%) -- (iii)(iii) Stiff mudStiff mud

ProcessProcess:: Most widely used process nowadays Most widely used process nowadays -- contains 12 % to 15% of water contains 12 % to 15% of water -- passed through vacuum to r emove any pocket of air , and then extruded through a passed through vacuum to r emove any pocket of air , and then extruded through a

r ectangular die to form brick sr ectangular die to form brick s

The r ectangular column of moist clay extruded through the die is The r ectangular column of moist clay extruded through the die is cut by automaticcut by automatic

wir e cutterswir e cutters to form individual brick s to form individual brick s -- Af ter molding and cutting, the brick s ar eAf ter molding and cutting, the brick s ar e

dried for one or two days in lowdried for one or two days in low--temperatur e k ilns temperatur e k ilns -- Then they ar e r eady for firing Then they ar e r eady for firing

or burningor burning

9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



Firing of Bricks:Firing of Bricks: Brick s ar e burnt either in a periodic k iln or a continuous tunnel Brick s ar e burnt either in a periodic k iln or a continuous tunnel k iln k iln -- In a periodic kilnIn a periodic kiln brick s ar e loaded in af ter initial dr ying, fir ed, cooled, and brick s ar e loaded in af ter initial dr ying, fir ed, cooled, and

unloaded; and the process is r e peated af ter a cer tain period (say a month)unloaded; and the process is r e peated af ter a cer tain period (say a month) -- In aIn a

continuous tunnel kilncontinuous tunnel kiln the brick s ar e loaded onto special railcars that pass the brick s ar e loaded onto special railcars that pass

continuously through various processes to emerge at the other end fully burnedcontinuously through various processes to emerge at the other end fully burned

Stages of burning:Stages of burning: Water Water --smok ing and dehydration (drives off the r emaining smok ing and dehydration (drives off the r emaining

water from clay at 40water from clay at 40oo to 150to 150oo C)C) -- Oxidation and Vitrification:Oxidation and Vitrification: Temperatur e of Temperatur e of

furnace rises to 1000furnace rises to 1000oo to 1300to 1300oo CC -- Clay transformed to a ceramic material Clay transformed to a ceramic material --

FlashingFlashing:: Fir e is r egulated to cr eate a r educing atmospher e in the k iln that develops Fir e is r egulated to cr eate a r educing atmospher e in the k iln that develops

a color variation in the brick s a color variation in the brick s -- Cooling:Cooling: BricksBricks ar e cooled under controlled ar e cooled under controlled

conditions to achieve the desir ed color and to avoid any thermal crack ing conditions to achieve the desir ed color and to avoid any thermal crack ing -- The entir eThe entir e

process of firing takes from 40 to 150 hours process of firing takes from 40 to 150 hours Color of a brick:Color of a brick: De pends on the chemical composition of clay, temperatur e, and De pends on the chemical composition of clay, temperatur e, and

chemistr y of fir echemistr y of fir e -- Iron in clay turns to r ed in oxidizing fir e and to purple in r educing Iron in clay turns to r ed in oxidizing fir e and to purple in r educing

fir efir e -- Calcium oxides gives cr eamy/white color Calcium oxides gives cr eamy/white color -- For bright colors, all faces of brick s For bright colors, all faces of brick s

can be glazed like potter y during normal firing or during su bsequent firingcan be glazed like potter y during normal firing or during su bsequent firing

9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTUR E OF BRICKS FROM CLAY (Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



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Brick Masonr yBrick Masonr y -- Sizes and ShapesSizes and Shapes

No standard size No standard size

Normal coursing Normal coursing -- 3 brick s = 8´3 brick s = 8´

Larger sizesLarger sizes

Custom Shapes & ColorsCustom Shapes & Colors



No single standard size availa ble No single standard size availa ble -- Size variesSize varies

Modular Brick:Modular Brick: 3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 2 1/4´ (Actual size)3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 2 1/4´ (Actual size)

Standard Brick :Standard Brick : 3 1/2´ x 8´ x 2 1/4´3 1/2´ x 8´ x 2 1/4´

Engineer Modular :Engineer Modular : 3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 2 3/4´3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 2 3/4´

Engineer Standard :Engineer Standard : 3 1/2´ x 8´ x 2 3/4´3 1/2´ x 8´ x 2 3/4´

Close Modular :Close Modular : 3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 3 1/4´3 1/2´ x 7 1/2´ x 3 1/4´

R oman :R oman : 3 1/2´ x 11 1/2´ x 1 5/8´3 1/2´ x 11 1/2´ x 1 5/8´

Norman :Norman : 3 1/2´ x 11 1/2´ x 1 5/8´3 1/2´ x 11 1/2´ x 1 5/8´

Brick may beBrick may be solid, cored, hollow or froggedsolid, cored, hollow or frogged -- This allows even dr ying of This allows even dr ying of brick s brick s

CustomCustom--shaped bricksshaped bricks ar e of ten r equir ed for building for providing special ar e of ten r equir ed for building for providing special

detailsdetails

9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS



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9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS (Cont¶d)9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS (Cont¶d)

Grades of Building BricksGrades of Building Bricks -- Grade SW:Grade SW: Withstands sever e weathering Withstands sever e weathering

(fr eeze(fr eeze--thaw, alternate wetting and dr ying)thaw, alternate wetting and dr ying) -- Grade MW:Grade MW: for moderate weathering for moderate weathering

-- Grade NWGrade NW: for negligi ble weathering: for negligi ble weathering

9.6.3 Types of Facing Bricks9.6.3 Types of Facing Bricks -- Type FBXType FBX:: High degr ee of mechanical High degr ee of mechanical

perf ection, narrow color variation, minimum size variation per unit perf ection, narrow color variation, minimum size variation per unit -- TypeF

BS:TypeF

BS:Wide range of colors, gr eater variation of size per unitWide range of colors, gr eater variation of size per unit -- Type FBA:Type FBA: Non Non--

uniformity in size, color and textur e.uniformity in size, color and textur e.



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31

Extruded ± Wire Cut Extruded ± Smooth

Wood MoldE

xtruded ± R

aked



32

Brickwor k Str engthBrickwor k Str ength

De pends on:De pends on:

± ± Str ength of the masonr y unitStr ength of the masonr y unit

± ± Str ength of the mor tar Str ength of the mor tar



33


MASONRYMASONRY

9.6.1 Terminology used in laying bricks:9.6.1 Terminology used in laying bricks: Bed joint, Head joint,Bed joint, Head joint,

Collar joint, Wythe, Str etcher , Header , Soldier , R owlock Collar joint, Wythe, Str etcher , Header , Soldier , R owlock

9.6.2 Structural bonds used during brick laying9.6.2 Structural bonds used during brick laying

R unning Bond

R unning Bond:: All courses of brick made of str etchers, with br eak ing of All courses of brick made of str etchers, with br eak ing of

joints, from one course to the other joints, from one course to the other

English Bond:English Bond: made of alternate courses of str etchers and headers, withmade of alternate courses of str etchers and headers, with

br eak ing of joints br eak ing of joints

Common Bond or American Bond :Common Bond or American Bond : Made of str etchers courses, withMade of str etchers courses, with

ever y sixth course being made completely of headers, with br eak ing of jointsever y sixth course being made completely of headers, with br eak ing of joints

Flemish Bond:Flemish Bond: In the same layer ( or course) str etchers and headers ar eIn the same layer ( or course) str etchers and headers ar e

laid alternatively, with br eak ing of jointslaid alternatively, with br eak ing of joints



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Basic Brickwor k TerminologyBasic Brickwor k Terminology

Bed

Joint

Head

Joint

Course - horizontal layer of brick



35

Basic Brickwor k TerminologyBasic Brickwor k Terminology

Header - Bonds two wythes together

Wythe: ver tical layer 1 unit thick

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

R owlock -

laid on face,

end visi ble

Str etcher - long dimension horizontal

& face parallel to the wall



36

Brick BondsBrick Bonds

Structural BondsStructural Bonds

Cavity (Veneer ) WallsCavity (Veneer ) Walls

± ± R unning bondR unning bond

± ± Stacked bondStacked bond



37



38

Procedure for building brick walls:Procedure for building brick walls: (i) Laying of lead (or corner (i) Laying of lead (or corner

brick s) to esta blish the wall planes and courses heights brick s) to esta blish the wall planes and courses heights -- (ii) Brick s in between (ii) Brick s in between

leads ar e laid to a line ( a heavy string str etchers taut between line block s atleads ar e laid to a line ( a heavy string str etchers taut between line block s at

each lead)each lead)

9.6.3 Joint Tooling:9.6.3 Joint Tooling: Requir ed for giving beauty to mor tar jointsRequir ed for giving beauty to mor tar joints

Weathered JointWeathered Joint: Mor tar joint has sloped (downwards) edge: Mor tar joint has sloped (downwards) edge

Concave jointConcave joint: Joint concave inwards: Joint concave inwards

Vee jointVee joint: mor tar joint is in the form of a V: mor tar joint is in the form of a V

Flush JointFlush Joint: Mor tar joint is flush with the brick surfaces: Mor tar joint is flush with the brick surfaces R aked JointR aked Joint: A large por tion of the mor tar joint is raked out: A large por tion of the mor tar joint is raked out -- Not a saf e, Not a saf e,

impermea ble jointimpermea ble joint

Struck JointStruck Joint: Mor tar joint has a sloped (upwards) edge: Mor tar joint has a sloped (upwards) edge

Mor tar joints can var y from 1/4´ to 1/2´ Mor tar joints can var y from 1/4´ to 1/2´ -- Usually taken as 3/8´Usually taken as 3/8´


MASONRYMASONRY(Cont¶d)(Cont¶d)



39

Laying Masonr yLaying Masonr y

Layout & LeadsLayout & Leads

LineLine



40Stationar y Scaffolding



41

Masonr y JointsMasonr y Joints

SizeSize

Joint ToolingJoint Tooling

Joint ProfilesJoint Profiles

Concave

Flush

R acked

Concave

Struck

Weathered

Vee



Concave Joints



43

R aked Joints



44



9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND

STRUCTUR ESSTRUCTUR ES

9.7.1 Spanning Openings in Brick Walls9.7.1 Spanning Openings in Brick Walls Brick walls must be suppor ted a bove openings for windows or doors,Brick walls must be suppor ted a bove openings for windows or doors, usingusing

reinforced concrete lintels, reinforced brick,or steel anglesreinforced concrete lintels, reinforced brick,or steel angles

A corbelA corbel is an ancient structural device of limited spanning capa bility, that may beis an ancient structural device of limited spanning capa bility, that may be

used for small openings in brick walls, for beam brackets, and for ornamental used for small openings in brick walls, for beam brackets, and for ornamental

provisions. provisions. ArchesArches cancan be used instead of lintels to span large openings in walls be used instead of lintels to span large openings in walls-- Diff er entDiff er ent

forms of ar ches can be built:forms of ar ches can be built: Segmental Arch, Jack Arch, Tudor Arch,Segmental Arch, Jack Arch, Tudor Arch,

Elliptical Arch, R oman Arch (cylindrical shape), Goethic Arch,Elliptical Arch, R oman Arch (cylindrical shape), Goethic Arch,

ParabolicParabolic -- Arch TerminologiesArch Terminologies:: Intados, Extrados, Soffit, S pring line,Intados, Extrados, Soffit, S pring line,

Skewback, Crown, S pan, R iseSkewback, Crown, S pan, R ise



46

Steel Lintel



47

Simulated Pr ecast Concr ete Lintel

(actually a steel lintel suppor ts the assem bly)



48

Arch



49



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9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND

STRUCTUR ESSTRUCTUR ES

9.7.3 R einforced Brick Masonry:9.7.3 R einforced Brick Masonry:

A r einfor ced brick masonr y wall in constructed with two wythes of brick, 2´ to A r einfor ced brick masonr y wall in constructed with two wythes of brick, 2´ to

4´ apar t, placing the r einfor ced steel in the cavity and filling the cavity with4´ apar t, placing the r einfor ced steel in the cavity and filling the cavity with

grout. Grout is a mixtur e of Por tland cement, aggr egate and water . Grout mustgrout. Grout is a mixtur e of Por tland cement, aggr egate and water . Grout must

be filled enough to flow r eadily into the narrow cavity and fill it completely be filled enough to flow r eadily into the narrow cavity and fill it completely --

Two methods ar e used in building r einfor ced brick walls:Two methods ar e used in building r einfor ced brick walls: LowLow--lift methodlift method::Height of grout filling is not mor e than 4 f eetHeight of grout filling is not mor e than 4 f eet -- Wythes ar e held together byWythes ar e held together by

galvanized steel wir e ties at 24´ c/c horizontally and 16´ c/c ver ticallygalvanized steel wir e ties at 24´ c/c horizontally and 16´ c/c ver tically --

HighHigh--lift method:lift method: Wall is grouted, one stor y at a timeWall is grouted, one stor y at a time -- Clean out holes ar eClean out holes ar e

lef t at the bottom to drive out the debri (from mor tar in brick masonr y) down lef t at the bottom to drive out the debri (from mor tar in brick masonr y) down with water through the holes with water through the holes -- Finally the clean out holes ar e sealed with a Finally the clean out holes ar e sealed with a

brick and mor tar joint brick and mor tar joint

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