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8/11/2019 Materials Cap6 Draft Agenda Condense
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-cap6-draft-agenda-condense 1/24
6 Materials Technology
6.1 Introduction
As the 21
st
century unfolds, it is becoming more apparent that the next technological frontiers will beopened not through a better understanding and application of a particular material, but rather by
understanding and optimizing material combinations and their synergistic function, hence blurring the
distinction between a material and a functional device comprised of distinct materials.a
The Materials Technology Section of the Technology Platform Sustainable Chemistry is a network of
stakeholders from academia, non-profit research institutes, chemical and down-stream industry
providing an industry driven strategic research agenda for the 7th Framework Programme.
Discovery of new materials with tailored properties and the ability to process them are the rate-limiting
steps in new business development in many industries. The demands of tomorrow’s technology
translate directly into increasingly stringent demands on the chemicals and materials involved, e.g.
their intrinsic properties, costs, processing and fabrication, benign health and environmental attributes
and recyclability with focus on eco-efficiency.
Materials Science deals with the design and manufacture of materials, an area in which chemistry
plays the central role; there is also considerable overlap with the field of chemical engineering,
biotechnology and physics. Substantial contributions include: modern plastics, paints, textiles and
electronic materials; but there are greater opportunities and challenges for the future.
The materials sector of the chemical sciences is vital, both fundamentally and pragmatically, for all
areas of science and technology — as well as for the needs of society in terms of energy, information
and communications technology (ICT), health care, quality of life, transportation and citizen protection
(Figure 1).
a R. A. Vaia and H. D. Wag, Materials Today, 2004, 11, 32.
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Figure 1: Proposed Structure for the Materials Technology Section
Doing complete life cycle analysis on the new developed products and considering all the ecological
as well as the socio-economic components will help to ensure growth and employment in the
European Economic Area (EEA). Furthermore, material science will play an important role in
contributing to solve some emerging societal needs and to increase the quality of life of European
citizens.
Converging with the various performance demands are a suite of new technologies and approaches
that offer more rapid new materials discovery, better characterisation, more direct molecular-levelcontrol of their properties and more reliable design and simulation.
To provide the reader with a point of reference of SusChem priorities within the seventh framework
program (FP7), set up by the European Union (EU), and the variety of interactions within the
Cooperation, Ideas, People and Capacities sections, the following Table 1, outlines the significance of
Material Technology section. From Table 1 it is clear to perceive that CHEMISTRY and Materials
Technologies are pervasive throughout the nine thematic priorities. In certain thematic priorities there
is a major contribution to be anticipated from CHEMISTRY and Materials Technologies, while in
others the influence is not directly obvious. Within Ideas and People sections the aim is to augment
the researchers vocational prospects within the EU and in Capacities to provide input into structural
reforms for future research programs. Two important developments that fall into these categories are
the creation of a EU Materials Technology Institute and an Institute for Norms and Standards, with a
particular focus on Nanomaterials.
Table 1: The importance of Material Technologies within the Cooperation section of the EU FP7
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Relevance to the Thematic Priorities (TPri) set out for EU FP7:
VERY STRONG relation to the objectives of the TPri; major contributions to solutions in the Tpri
STRONG relation to the objectives of the TPri; contributions to solutions in the TPri
relation to the objectives of the TPri; minor contributions to solutions in the Tpri
Vision
The Vision of the Materials Technology Section is:
1. To make Europe the world's leading supplier of advanced materials.2. Innovation in materials technology driven by societal needs and contributing to improved
quality of life for European citizens.
3. Accelerated identification of opportunities, in close co-operation with partner industries
down the value chain, leading to materials with new and improved properties.
4. The ability to rationally design materials with tailored macroscopic properties based on
their molecular structure.
5. Products based on integrated complex systems available by improving and combining the
benefits of traditional materials and nanomaterials.
6. Convergence of market demand and technology development creating many opportunities
for new enterprises in the materials sector (e.g. SMEs).
The focus of the Materials Technology Section is to representatively reflect the views of the
European chemical industry, academia and society within the framework of sustainable chemistry by
the building of networks connecting all relevant stakeholders (industry, small and medium sized
enterprises, NGOs and academia) in the field of materials technology.
The Tasks of Materials Technology
A further task is to provide guidelines for realising the goals and challenges set by the EU to address
the societal needs of health care, information and communications technology (ICT), energy, quality
of life, citizen protection and transportation (mobility). Three sections were identified which are
discussed in further detail in this document:
• Knowledge priorities
o Fundamental understanding of structure property relationship
o Computational material sciences
o Development of analytical techniques,
o New production processes for the scale up of laboratory synthesis for improved
materials
• Special focus on Nanotechnologies
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To provide guidance in setting priorities for materials technology, a strategic assessment of the
internal and external environmental factors influencing material technology, and the related chemical
industries, was preformed in the form of a SWOT analysis (Table 2).
Table 2: Environmental Scan (SWOT analysis) pertinent to Materials Technology
SWOT
AnalysisStrength Weaknesses
Innovation • Up/Down Stream Added Value Innovation • Applied Research
• Deficit in entrepreneurship (Start-Up
companies)
Cooperation • Established Industrial Value Chain Cooperation • National Interests versus EU interests
• Sharing of ideas
Globalization • EU has strong chemical infrastructure
• Engineering Industry World Leader
• Knowledge vs. Production economy
Capacity • Research Funding
• Technology Institutes e.g. MIT, Caltech,
Silicon Valley
Environment • Eco-efficient Production
• Complete Life-cycle of products
• CO2 Reduction
•
Water recycling• Waste management
Competition • EU vs. USA, Japan & China
• Development excellence
Regulation • REACH (product criteria)
• Sustainable
• Eco-efficiency
O
p p o r t u n i t i e s
Communication • Transparency
• Responsible Care
• Education
Globalization • Global production
• Competition with low-wage economies
Innovation • Cooperation btw. Universities & SME´s
Environment • Economic damage (rehabilitation)
• Protection
Communication • Consumer concerns: e.g. GM etc.
Regulation • REACH = economic damage
• Over regulation / Bureaucracy: 25
members states = 25 Opinions
Capacity • Fragmentation of R&D Research at EU
& National level
T h r e a t s
Communication • Public perception of Chemical Industry,
new materials & products
• Environmental impact of new
processes and products
Competition • Between R&D Groups, Institutes,
Universities and SME´s
• Insufficient inter-disciplinary
cooperation
Strategies:
REACH, Environment: Life cycle analysis considering all aspects including ecological, performance,
economic, and social criteria.
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6.2 Research areas
6.2.1 Fundamental understanding of Structure Property Relationship
The control and understanding of structure-property relationships (SPR) of molecular systems arecrucial for the intelligent processing of advanced materials. This is one of the unresolved problems in
materials research, particularly in the development of innovative synthetic strategies and
environmentally friendly chemical technologies. The SPR-based theoretical approach can provide
guidance and permit the reduction of costly experimental work. It is also very important for the
optimum production and process design. Over the last decade, this approach has provided an
increasingly important means of improving and optimising many kinds of materials from metals,
ceramics and superconductors to bio- and smart materials used for special applications like
microelectronics and bio-inspired catalytic systems.
a. Scope
There is a pressing industrial need to better understand complex physical-chemical and biological
phenomena relevant to the mastering and processing of multifunctional and eco-efficient materials,
providing the basis for developing novel materials with predefined physical, chemical or biological
characteristics. Industry and academia thrive in the field of connecting chemical structures with
fundamental and application properties. In many, albeit very specialized cases, the problems related
to SPR had been solved successfully. Nevertheless, in Materials Science, the SPR-based approach
has always been more qualitatively, and the efforts to gain a more general applicable insight have
collapsed due to the missing links in mathematics, high throughput experimentation and the
computation of complex data or the modelling of real materials. In all these disciplines, new features
were developed which through integration should have opened new opportunities to make materials
by design. Currently, modelling and simulation at the atomic and molecular levels can provide a basic
understanding of structure property relationship among chemical, microstructure and materialproperties, and can give us a better "unbroken chain of knowledge": from fundamental research to
applied research for materials. Breakthroughs will come not only from the new materials developed in
this field but also from the new computational approaches.
b. Research priorities
Grand-challenges that require theoretical and computational efforts include:
• The development of innovative synthetic strategies and new chemical reactions
• The modelling of catalysis and the rational design of new catalysts
• The design of advanced materials and composites (advanced high-strength/low weight
materials, etc.)• The modelling of interfaces and nano-interfaces
• The development of polymer nanostructures used as nanoreactors for metal nano-particle
formation
• The development of controlled surface-induced (template) copolymerisation processes
leading to various functional copolymers (in particular, copolymers capable of pattern
recognizing)
• The design of template nano-porous polymeric materials
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• The modelling of formulations to achieve controlled functional properties
• The understanding of growth kinetics, surface grafting and modification, polymorphs, etc.
The SPR-based approach is an intrinsically multidisciplinary field that implies intimate interconnection
between Computational Materials Science, Informatics, Analysis, and Chemical Synthesis:
Figure 2: The interaction cycle for Structure-Property Relationship.
The priority categories of the SPR-based approach as applied to Sustainable Chemistry problems
include:
1. Informatics & Computational Materials Science
2. Technology Applications (related to chemistry and biology)
3. Advanced Chemical Reactions and Chemistry for New Materials
4. Evaluation and Assessment of Theory
c. Key enablers, linkages, constraints
New industrial processes and products that are based on a deep understanding of structure property
relationship, providing better quality, durability, cost effectiveness, functionality, structural properties
and improved performance, will be critical drivers of innovation in technologies, devices and systems,
benefiting sustainable development and competitiveness through multi-sector application. However,
to assure Europe's strong position in the technology market, the various actors need to be mobilized
through leading edge RTD (research, technology & development) partnerships and long-term and
high-risk research.
d. Highlights
Describe the relationship between functionality and material properties by rationales
Integrate High Throughput Analysis and Computational Materials Science
Accelerate the development of new material technologies through the efficient analysis of
experimental data and modelling and simulation
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6.2.2 Computational Material Science
A major change in design and manufacturing during the past 50 years has been the growth of
(computer) simulations as a design tool. There are enormous potential opportunities for modelling and
simulation to impact on numerous important industrial and scientific problems involving the materials
sciences, biotechnology and chemical technology. This opportunity lies in the ability to design,
characterize, and optimise materials before beginning the expensive experimental processes of
synthesis, characterization, processing, assembly and testing. With reliable de novo simulations on
real materials, industry could save enormously by cutting years off development cycles, while
achieving designs that are more efficient. Moreover, such de novo design would allow efficient
consideration of completely new materials as well as cost-efficient, flexible, clean and energy-efficient
(bio-) chemical processing with improved yields, reduced waste and maximum recycling.
a. Scope
Treating processes taking place on multiple length and time scales continues to challenge theorists. It
is possible to identify two coupled forefront directions in modelling and simulation: the control of
atomic and molecular interactions and processes at the quantum level and the treatment of ever more
complex systems. An ultimate goal is the union of these two directions. The potential benefits of
realizing this long-term vision include the ability to enhance chemistry research and innovation, in
particular in the areas of biotechnology, reaction and process design and materials science, thus
leading to breakthrough chemical product and process innovations and support an increasingly
sustainable, eco-efficient and competitive industry.
A central and basic challenge is clear: The need for the quantitative prediction of properties of matter
(both "soft" and "hard") is becoming more urgent, and the absence of such a possibility is increasingly
a barrier to progress in the modern industry ranging from molecular electronics to biotechnology. The
primary fundamental challenge is to uncover the elusive connections in the hierarchy of time andlength scales and to unravel the complexity of interactions that govern the properties and
performance of advanced materials. In terms of Computational Chemistry (CC), these challenges
translate into a more specific requirement: The coupled atomistic-continuum modelling approach is
one of the primary problems associated with hierarchical simulation of materials; namely, the accurate
understanding of physical/chemical processes and behaviour from the quantum level, to nanoscale, to
mesoscale and beyond, so that phenomena captured in simulations can be applied to real complex
systems without loss of intrinsic structural information.
b. Research priorities
• Development of new techniques and models aimed at bridging the length and time scales in
computer modelling.
• Development of simulation methods for systems with specific interactions.
• Development of analytical techniques for materials research via computer modelling.
• Development of large-scale scientific applications software and new user-friendly interfaces
for computational tools.
A primary contribution from a materials simulation initiative would be to develop a capability to reliably
predict the properties of real materials. To achieve this far-reaching goal one must be able to
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realistically simulate physical phenomena over a vast range of time and length scales. New
hierarchical materials modelling approaches that span multiple length and time scales and that couple
quantum mechanical methods at the atomic scale to continuum defect modelling at the micron scale
have to be used in this area. The focal points of Computational Chemistry are:
• more reliable design and simulation;
• accelerated discovery of new nanostructured and multifunctional materials;
• improving and developing new theoretical and computational approaches
• connecting theory and simulation with experiment.
c. Key enablers, linkages, constraints
By its very nature, Computational Chemistry is an intrinsically multidisciplinary field that involves
multiple length and time scales as well as the combination of types of materials and molecules that
have been traditionally studied in separate sub disciplines. This means that fundamental methods that
were developed in separate contexts will have to be combined and new ones invented. This is the key
reason why an alliance of investigators in Computational Chemistry with those in applied mathematics
and computer science will be necessary to the success of theory, modelling and simulation. A new
investment in theory, modelling and simulation should facilitate the formation of such alliances and
teams of theorists, computational scientists, applied mathematicians and computer scientists.
d. Highlights
Develop new computational tools to describe the fundamental material properties
Develop computational methods that bridge the length-time scales
Develop new empirical methods to describing mixing and diffusion effects
Develop new computational methods for formulations:
Nanocomposites, real interfaces and biological systems
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6.2.3 Development of Analytical Techniques
One of the essential prerequisites for the development, manufacturing and commercialisation of any
new material technology lies in the availability of techniques which allow for the characterisation of the
physical, chemical or biological properties inherent to these materials, at any stage from the
exploratory work through to production process. Furthermore the behaviour of these materials under
various chemical and physical conditions, their distribution within environmental domains (e.g. soil,
water and air) and their interaction with the biosphere (e.g. human etc .) need to be elucidated.
There exists to date a considerable ensemble of detection and characterisation methods, but these
are limited in their scope of application. Keeping the key challenges in mind, the needs of the
analytical chemist can be divided, loosely, into three categories:
a) Single molecule/entity characterization
b) High-volume through-put fast analysis
c) Analysis of nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials themselves can be highly interesting as potential analytical tools, particularly if they
provide sensitivity and selectivity towards a defined range of analytes. The focus lies in developing
chemical sensors, which can be applied to both environmental tasks and industrial process control.
Both are key topics in increasing economical sustainability.
a. Scope
Extend the capabilities of current analysis methods to achieve nanoscale determinations of
substances; to design and implement efficient high-throughput mechanisms; develop common
standards and to move forward towards “smart” production process and environmental hazard
monitoring.
There are two main challenges, which (need to) can be addressed within the next round of EU
Framework Program projects:
To conclusively, efficiently and rapidly identify/characterize any new
material technology, and describe its inherent property, whether at the
nano-, micro-, meso- or macro- scale .
To assess the analytical ability of any new material in terms of
recognition ability, and it’s potential application for separation,
detection or chemical sensing.
These are bold statements, but are reasonably achievable, when one considers how rapid the
development in analytical methods has proceeded in recent years. These developments need to be
encouraged, as the analysis of materials lies at the heart of any process whether it is for quality
control or the elucidation of a new compounds structure.
Analytical chemistry provides an understanding of the nature of a material through the
characterization of its structure, the measurement of its physical parameters, and the observations of
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its interaction with other materials and/or environments. The information gleaned in this manner,
cannot only be used in the development of further new materials, but also in developing new-targeted
analytical methodologies. Therefore those charged with the task of promoting advancement in
analytical techniques should not only include academics specialising in analytical methods and small-
medium-enterprise’s (SME) who provide analytical services and instruments, but also those
researchers working on the frontier of new material technology research and agencies that are
responsible for establishing norms and standards. Conceivably these parties could combine their
input and expertise into the creation of analytical technique competence centres.
Europe has a strong position within these fields, as it hosts both excellent academic research groups
within the field, a strong chemical and microelectronic industry providing analytical tasks as well as
novel transducer technologies and – last but not least – a range of SME’s that actually are willing and
capable to bring chemical sensor systems to the market.
b. Research priorities
• Development of new single molecule/entity characterization techniques
• Development of new High-volume through-put fast analysis techniques
• Development of techniques for the analysis and detection of nanomaterials
• Provide a framework for the promotion of the development of norms and standards
• Extend current instrumental methods to higher degrees of sensitivity and efficiency
• Develop hybridized instrumental methods to facilitate rapid analysis
• Develop new instrumental methods for the analysis of emerging material technologies
• Develop new efficient automated processes for sampling and analysis
• Development within continuous synthesis and analysis
c. Key enablers, linkages, constraints
The European community has a very strong chemical industry, with strong innovation skills and
leading competences in various fields including Nanotechnology, and it has a first class academic
research community. Both industry and academia can become key enablers for sustainable
chemistry, whereby infrastructural measures have to be taken to close the communication gap
between both parties. The European community furthermore needs to create a common quality
control and standards organisation, with emphasis on the standardization of nanotechnology analysis.
d. Highlights
Pattern/Cluster recognition systems for high-volume through-put analysis
Nanomaterials as self-sensors/analytes
Large scale efficient quality control (QC) of nanoscale structures (e.g. coatings)
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6.2.4 From Laboratory Synthesis to Large Scale Manufacturing
Materials have to be much smarter
Where do materials/electronics/biology meet?
Materials are likely to be hybrid in structure (e.g. inorganic & organic, polymers and biological etc)
a. Scope
Improving the lives of all of the citizens of Europe
Create a chemical industry renaissance by moving up the nanomaterials value chain from basic
materials synthesis to advanced systems integration.
Europe is the #1 place in the world for Synthesis and Scale up of smart and knowledge intense
materials
Generate growth in Europe by generating complex systems, make things work practically
Reproducibility, accuracy, reliability at the level of or better than todays electronic standards
Competitive edge for Europe by a systematic approach going from material synthesis, modification,
stabilization to integration in working systems and even recycling
Scale up for cost versus scale up for performance
Scale up 2020: smart synthesis + patterning = function by design (lay the groundwork today)
Scale up by transferring patterning techniques from small scale lab processes to reel-to-reel
manufacturing technologies
The major challenge is to implement nanomaterials and nanotechnologies into real world products. In
order to create these high value products, materials producers and final system integrators have to
work together in close collaborations.
Define what materials/functions are important in 2020 and beyond
Come up with "generic" topics that can be funded in the 7th frame work programme without being toospecific
Current approaches to manufacturing processes involve unit operations. Nanostructured materials
offer the possibility to combine or integrate multi-operational systems into fewer or single steps. In
both cases nanomaterials offer new challenges for manufacturing:
• Conventional technologies
• Synthesis
• Novel gas phase processes, e.g. plasma- or microwave assisted processes
• Novel wet processes, e.g. sol-gel processes
•
Dispersion and stabilization• Functionalization, in-situ
• formulation
• Integration in patterned systems
• Integration in final systems
• Step-out technologies
These new methods will evolve further, integrating process steps in fewer or even one operation:
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• Self-assembly
• Self-organisation (with long range order)
• In-situ generation of nanostructured materials
To meet market demands, both conventional and step-out technologies will have to have a scalable
design for manufacturing.
Materials for: Quality of Life, Energy, Humans(in body, on body, around body), Construction,
Electronics
b. Research priorities
Improving quality of life for citizens in Europe by integrating
• Material science
• Innovative manufacturing technologies
• Consumer product design
creating new disruptive market opportunities
Advance Europe’s Chemical industry’s competitiveness ’ by creating differentiated and
manufacturable products that appeal to the emotions and senses of end customers.
Functionality of products come from properties of nanoscaled materials
• Quantum effects for electronic, optical and magnetic properties at <20nm scale materials
• Enhanced physical effects at the interfaces of nanoscaled materials
• Enhanced chemical effects at the interfaces of nanoscaled materials
• Enhanced biological effects at the interfaces of nanoscaled materials
Maintaining the nanoscale and therefore these effects in downstream processes
Funding of projects with high uncertainty
Funding of projects: unmet needs of society, people, industry and practical challenges
Synthesis of ultra-pure materials
Understanding and manipulating reactions, nucleation, formation of materials
Reproducibility, accuracy, reliability at the level of or better than today’s
electronic manfucaturing standards
Quantum materials
- Make us e of “innovation toolkit” provided by quantum scale phenomena, e.g.
transport, optical, electronic and biocompatible properties
- Ensuring that their unique properties are maintained from synthesis to thefinal integrated system
Hybrid materials
- Manufacturing of hybrid products
- Molecular engineering and fabrication of complex hybrid materials
Dispersion, Modification, Functionalization of nanomaterials in large scale
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Self-assembled systems
Reel to reel Manufacturing
- Flexible Functional Materials (FFMs)
- Flexible and large area electronics
- Putting light and power on any substrate , e.g. conformable solar cells
- Scale up by transferring patterning techniques from small scale lab processes to reel-to-reel
manufacturing technologies
Embedded devices and systems
- Sensing + actuating + responsive materials as basic principle
- Built-in and tiny energy supply for sensors
Scale up
- Software tools for optimising cost versus scale up for performance
- Scale up and replication methods
- Scale up 2020: smart synthesis + patterning = function by design (lay the groundwork today)- Inline and online nanometrology tools (linkage to analytics)
Development within contineous synthesis and analysis
Flexible Functional Materials (FFMs)
Flexible Electronics
Synthesis of ultra-pure materials, especially quantum materials and biological/organic/inorganic hybrid
materials
Understanding and manipulating reactions, nucleation, formation of materials
Hybrid materials manufacturing of hybrid products – i.e. High-throughput synthesis, molecular
engineering and fabrication of complex hybrid materialsBiomimetic synthesis of quantum materials
Sensing + actuating + responsive materials as basic principle
Energy supply for sensors...
Ecological effects, eco-efficiency and process safety
Crosslink to Reaction, Process and Design SRA:
2.1.5 Synthetic Concepts: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.2.5 Catalytic Tramsformations: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.3.5 Biotechnological Processing: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.4.5 Process Intensification: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.5.5 In Silico Techniques: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.6.5 Purification and Formulation: Research Priorities and Roadmap
2.7.5 Plant Control and Supply Chain Management: Research Priorities and Roadmap
c. Key enablers, linkages, constraints
Table from R. Oliver to be included
Enabling (technologies?):
- Reel-to-reel technology, link printing and electronics
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- Bottom up patterning, long range order
- Self assembly, long range order
- Directed assembly, long range ordering
- High-throughput nanometrology
Constraints:
- Societal acceptance of new manufacturing processes
- Ecological effects, eco-efficiency and process safety
Regulations (e.g. EU REACH Legislation for materials SH&E testing and Extension of FDA PAT
process control/design)
REACH as challenge (use results to contribute to it)
Societal acceptance of new manufacturing processes
Linkages:
Material sciences and manufacturing technologies under SusChem may have strong links with the
ManuFuture ETP.
Health, safety and environmental issues of nanomaterials production are addressed by the Horizontal
Issues Group:
Our hybrid materials and hybrid manufacturing technology strategy if done well will overlap into
conventional end-user consumer product manufacturing. The ManuFuture initiative for FP7 covering
the latter area is transforming into an ETP, which could potentially become a competitor. We may
need to develop a ‘win-win@ partnership strategy for working with this ETP.
General Remarks of the team
- Our strategy focussed on the long-term and some of the enabling steps on the way needed to
realise a very specific vision
- Our strategy is a balanced portfolio approach incorporating long term, medium term and quick win
opportunities
- We did not test the viability of real step out technology opportunities in the catalyst and polymerfields (e.g. real controlled architecture polymers, nanopolydispersity, quantum effect polymers etc)
d. Highlights
The production and the processing of ULTRA-pure nanomaterials
Integration of nanomaterials into continuous production processes
Health, Safety and Environmental Issues of nanomaterial production
The development and production of large scale self assembled materials, systems and
devices
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6.2.5 Bio-based performance and nanocomposite materials
Bio-based performance and nanocomposite materials are polymeric materials which are produced by
or from plants, micro-organisms or other bioprocesses, and which are featured by specific
functionality based on the micro/nanostructure of the material, derived from self-organization. Other
bio-based performance and nanocomposite materials are the result of rational design of biomaterials
that utilize the principle of natural self-organizing materials. There is more and more interest in the
preparation of modified surfaces for bioadhesion, biosensing, and drug delivery. Therefore we need
multidisciplinary research, combining elements of organic and polymer synthesis, physical methods,
biotechnology and even engineering. The combination of proteins and inorganic materials, often with
specific nano-scale geometry, offers new and innovative product areas such as self-cleaning, self-
repairing and sensing products.
A variety of thin film processes and surface investigation techniques can be applied to new synthetic
materials and biotechnology oriented projects. The development of new polymers using biotechnology
is a field of research of enormous potential. Combinations of naturally occurring polymers and
biomaterials, as well as synthetic polymers and biomaterials, display a rich variety of complex
structural and dynamic behaviour. Other examples are the design of new multicomponent materials
and network polymers with materials such as chitosan derivatives and polyalkylene-glycols.
New performance and nanocomposite materials are useful to solve a number of problems that the
current European society faces:
• The high intake of relatively unspecific drugs to cure major diseases. Drugs are admitted
through the gastrointestinal tract or the blood stream but usually have to be effective at a
different place. Specific, biodegradable, nontoxic controlled delivery systems would be ideal
to carry the drug to the target and release it there and only there. This would dramatically
lower the total amount of drug intake needed and would enable the use of much more
efficient drugs.• The lack of rapid tests for diseases. Rapid, reliable sensors for the presence of certain
molecules in biological fluids would enable rapid testing at a stage where diseases can still be
curable.
• The lack of methods for rapid wound healing processes and regeneration of damaged tissue.
• The lack of rapid tests for biological contamination. Microbial contamination or decay of food
may cause serious health threats, especially to the vulnerable groups, and rapid tests for food
quality and safety would be beneficial.
• The need for stronger and lighter materials, for clothing and upholstery textiles, cars,
airplanes, etc.
• The need for coatings for clothing and upholstery textiles, etc., with specific performances like
antiallergenic properties, therapeutic properties, moisture permeability, stain resistance,antifouling properties.
• The need for coatings for windows, buildings, etc., with specific performances like stain
resistance, antifouling properties and the like.
• The need for clean drinking water in areas where there is only seawater or polluted water.
The reason to look for bio-based materials resides in the fact that dependencies on fossil resources
have to be reduced, and the inspiration that is received from Nature when it comes to self-assembly
and self-organisation.
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In order to produce materials with the properties to solve the problems described above, extensive
research on both basic and applied subjects is needed.
Concerning the basic research, studied should be devoted to:
• The basis of molecular assembly in living systems. The biological cell functions because
of self-organisation, but what is the molecular mechanism? For instance, what is the exact
nature of the interactions between proteins and membranes? This should lead to molecular
understanding at such a level that accurate predictions can be made concerning the manner
of self-assembly of biomolecules, and the magnitude of their interactions.
• The basis of molecular recognition in living systems. If we understand how Nature’s
receptors function, we can design and produce them ourselves and use them to make
advanced sensors, for instance for the prevention and timely detection of serious diseases,
the detection of toxic agents and biohazards at low concentrations, etc.
Using the knowledge obtained in the basic studies, it should be possible to develop bio-based
materials for the following applications:
• Controlled release of drugs and nutrients. Bio-based materials are more biocompatible
and therefore they are ideal carriers that can be administered to human beings. Research
should be focused on tuning the properties of the materials, like biostability and –
degradability. New and better systems for the encapsulation of drugs and nutrients have to be
developed. Novel concepts are needed considering the responses to physicochemical
changes that trigger the release of the encapsulated compound. For instance, the pH near a
cancer cell is slightly lower than near healthy cells; a carrier could be made which responds to
these minute pH changes and releases the drug.
The controlled release of nutrients has been deliberately included here. Curing diseases is an
end-of-the-pipe solution and since the average age in Europe is increasing we cannot afford
to only focus on ill people: we have to prevent illness by the administration of health-improving, disease-preventing compounds. Also these compounds have to be carried and
released at the right target spot.
Another application of materials for controlled release will be personal care products.
• Bio-materials as healing dressings and/or scaffolds in tissue engineering. Some bio-
materials such as bacterial cellulose or chitosan are known as healing dressings. However,
the wound healing process can be increased or accelerated by simultaneous application of
bio-active compounds (nucleotides, oligopeptides and some lysophospholipids) which can act
as ligands for cell surface-bound receptors involved in signal transduction. The binding of
such compounds (or ligands) to these receptors can stimulate the proliferation of
keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and other cell types which are involved in the
wound healing process.
Research should be focused on the use of bio-materials as carriers for ligands stimulating
cell-membrane receptors and on controlled release of these compounds. One can also
consider chemical modification of existing bio-materials to obtain new generation of healing
dressings. Such modified bio-materials can be used not only as the healing dressings but also
as scaffolds for in vitro cell culture or tissue engineering. Tissue growth is strongly stimulated
when a suitable scaffold is present; when the mechanism is known by which the cells
recognise their solid substrate, one can devise biopolymers (which should be self-decaying in
a few months) which can act as a template for the new tissue.
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• Biomaterials for artificial hybrid organs. It would be advantageous to develop biomaterials
with specific properties that protect transplanted allogenic or xenogenic cells against the
immune system of the recipient, avoiding the use of immuno-suppressants.
• Smart packaging materials. Up to now, the purpose of packaging is mainly to protect the
contents against dirt, contamination and/or oxidation. It would be useful to devise packaging
materials which act as sensors, e.g. materials which respond to the decay of meat. This
would be a more reliable indicator of food quality than a general indication of shelf life on the
packaging.
• Eco-friendly antifouling coatings. Attachments of various forms of sealife to boats are a
serious problem which is countered by the use of some toxic chemicals. This could be
circumvented if one could coat the vessels with a material which prevents the attachment of
sealife. This is an application where repellence of biological molecules is important; if we
understand the mechanism of molecular recognition, we can also design a system that will
repel cellular components. Anti-fouling is also an important topic in membranes which are
used for industrial separation processes.
• Smart materials (e.g. membranes, adsorbants) for separations of (bio)molecules. They
can be used for desalination or removal of pollutants from water, or the removal of malodours
from foodstuffs. Alternatively, they can be designed in such a way that the product of a
(bio)chemical reaction is removed from the reactor, in order to shift an unfavorable reaction
equilibrium to the desired side, or to separate a desired (bio)molecule from a diluted solution.
Nature is again a source of inspiration here: the cell membrane has many mechanisms for the
controlled complexation and transportation of (bio)molecules. The molecular recognition
phenomena involved should be utilized for the development of the smart bio-based separation
processes.
• Smart surfaces and matrices for the immobilisation of enzymes and receptors.
Enzymes are the ‘workhorses’ of industrial biotechnology and for various reasons it is
important to immobilize them to a solid support. At present enzyme immobilization is a more
or less random process; it would be advantageous to have surfaces and matrices whichinteract with the enzyme in such a way that the noncatalytic part of the enzyme is bound to
the surface, leaving the catalytic site open to the solution, in order to ensure optimum activity.
Also receptors should be immobilized in such a way that their recognition capacities are
unaffected. An example could be the use of structural polypeptides as spacers for
immobilization of different enzymes at distinct positions to allow sequential reactions, or
catalytic polymers. The developed materials and techniques should be applicable to nano-
sized channels and reactors. One could think of peptide nanotubes or natural silk textiles
(fibroin) as a solid supports for enzymes immobilisation.
• Self-cleaning surfaces. An application could be coatings for windows such that they are
cleaned by sunlight and rain, or stain-resistant coatings for clothes. Taking it one step further
one could think of self-repairing coatings, like in self-repairing paint. This relates again toliving systems, which are able to repair themselves using self-assembly; can this be
translated to “non-living” systems?
• Self-organising polymers, which could act as templates, or molds for electronic devices, or
as memories. As fabrication using conventional top-down approach reaches its theoretical
limit, bio-based bottom-up self-assembly could allow the fabrication of electronic devices in
the scale of 10-20 nm.
• Hard- and software for analysis, i.e. molecular recognition as an interface between the PC
and biological activity. The communication using electric signals is very common in biology
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(e.g., ionic current or electron transfer). Many recognition and identification events could be
translated into electrical and electrochemical signals that will allow making the computer-
biomolecule interface.
• New biomaterials with properties that were considered ‘impossible’ in the past. Some
of the self-assembled bio-materials are of remarkable physical properties (e.g., spider silk is
stronger yet much more flexible than steel). The understanding of the molecular basis for self-
assembly can allow to design and manufacture materials of unique properties. Another
example could be a combination of antimicrobial activity and selective binding to specific
tissue cells or injectable materials which can be used to repair or strengthen damaged or
weakened tissue, e.g. treatment of stress incontinence and use in plastic/cosmetic surgery.
Natural composite materials with exceptional toughness, such as nacre ("mother-of-pearl")
could also serve as source of inspiration for the design of novel organic-inorganic
nanocomposites. These materials should be (largely) bio-based or at least bio-inspired. This
means that they are constructed of bio-based building blocks, designed using principles
derived from biopolymers, or made by enzymatic modification of biopolymers.
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6.3 Chemistry for Nanoscience/Nanochemistry
Emerging options on nanotechnology and –science will also play a key role within the vision of a
sustainable chemistry. Novel materials and material hybrids, which can serve in manifold fashion the
needs of society, are foreseeable for the expert already in a time frame between 2 -10 years from
now. Nanotechnology is an integrated part of practically all areas of interest. Some case studies to
illustrate the potential but also visions are listed below. The list is however far from being complete
and is not meant to predefine research fields. Already on the base of current knowledge, the market
for nanomaterials is estimated by analysts to be between 700 – 1000 Billion Euro in 2011 (Source:
Safe production and use of nanomaterials (Report)).
6.3.1 New chemistry for the worlds energy problems
The growing need for energy, together with the force to the European society to reduce its
dependence on oil and gas, is a foreseeable task which demands to develop in the nearest possible
future improved renewable energy systems. Among those, especially the development of cheap, light
weighted and flexible solar cells (“roll of”) will take strong profit of nanochemistry and material hybrids
technology.
• Thin nanostructured films of crystalline titania, deposited onto transparent polymer film
carriers and contacted with an organic counter electrode might become an easy-to-apply
commodity which serves energy needs without the necessity of larger instalments. Beyond
the directly foreseeable localized applications, energy cycles based on such novel chemical
systems will open a chain of evolutionary steps, one end of which might be light harvesting
stratospheric balloons to increase photonic efficiency even at our geographic altitudes.
• Direct photocatalytic splitting of water to hydrogen or “chemical photosynthesis” from CO2 to
liquid energy storage molecules as methanol, windmills which create liquid fuel instead of
electricity (a more efficient option for transport and storage from remote places) are visions ofa sustainable energy society with immediate impact. Such concepts however heavily rely on
nanochemical system solutions. The set-up of new energy cycles which are CO 2-neutral for
instance demand new energy transformation systems and storage media which are, without
exception, based on nanochemistry.
• Improved fuel cells rely on cheap and durable fuel cell membranes with nanoscopic channels
and a nano sized catalysts while their improved performance and efficiency will rely on a
better understanding of material properties on the nanoscale.
• Hydrogen (as one potential energy medium) for the fuel cell has to be transported in an
efficient and safe way, potentially adsorbed onto the large surfaces of nanoporous storage
materials.
• In addition, also flexible intermediary chemical conversion into a storage fluid, e.g. from
gaseous, ultra-low density hydrogen into methanol and back to hydrogen, carries enormous
promise to establish new energy cycles, especially for the decentral generation of energy at
remote places, such as off-shore windmills, solar cells in desert places or the stratosphere.
• For energy conservation, potential targets and markets are directly nearby. Nanoporous
polymer foams, in the ideal case for roll-on applications, will outperform the already existing
building insulations and help to save a majority of the energy currently used for the heating
and – a rapidly increasing future demand- cooling of buildings.
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6.3.2 Nanomaterials for ICT
Electronics is already today based on active nanostructures, but chemical nanostructures will
increasingly help to bypass identified shortcomings and hindrances for future developments. The list
of demands of nanoelectronics to nanochemistry is practically endless, just some examples:
• Future shrinkage of boards is currently hindered by the geometric restrictions of capacitors.
This can potentially be outflanked by employment of ferroelectric high-purity nanoparticles
being one order of magnitude smaller then those generated by current technologies.
• The further compaction of IC´s will only be possible by developing so-called low - materials,
which are most presumably novel chemical nanohybrids.
• Cheap ferroelectric flash memory chips with higher data density than the current 1 GB might
revolutionize concepts for consumer electronics and data storage for entertainment products,
beating the current CD and DVD by orders of magnitude. This can economically impact whole
branches of industry.
• Low energy display techniques rely in a multiple fashion on progress in materials chemistry.
6.3.3 Quality of life
Quality of life is also one of the fields where consumer will feel the direct benefits of nanoscience.
Cosmetics, for instance, is currently turning from the more decorative aspects to provide additional
beneficial functionality, e.g. nutrition and preservation of the skin and protection against environmental
influences. In some aspects, cosmetics are growing towards open access medicine (“cosmed”), with
similar nanochemical approaches applied in both disciplines (see also 5.4.4.). Examples for beneficial
products in cosmetics are:
• nanovitamines for skin nutrition
• a new generation of light blockers on the base of non-toxic doped titania or zinc oxide-
nanoparticles
A similar development is to be seen in food industry, nutrition and the appearance of “designer food”.
The nanoscopic formulation and encapsulation of food components and food additives will create new
products with consumer benefits, e.g:
• low fat products with better taste using fat nanodroplets
• preservation of natural colorants and taste-bearing substances by nanoencapsulation
Also for housing, some attractive options exist, e.g.:
• In living rooms, electrochromic windows which darken gradually on demand are a convenient
alternative to the currently used (architecturally demanding and energy leaking) shutters.
• The principle of electrochromism also allow for active energy management of houses by
colour changes of roofs and facades.
6.3.4 Health care
Nanochemistry will also revolutionize health care and pharmaceutics. Targets of research in this area
are:
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• Except highly water soluble APIs (active pharmaceutic ingredient), practically all known APIs
can take serious profit from nanodesign and/or an appropriate chemical delivery system,
which is neutral in itself, but carries the PAI to the place of activity. This also avoids overdose
effects or the toxification of drinking water with unresorbed APIs.
• Especially in oncology, chemotherapy might turn into a most effective process with lowered
side effects, using polymeric or nanochemical carrier systems. In this area, appropriate
material chemistry will promote and stimulate the further development of pharmaceutical
industry.
6.3.5 Personal Security
Targets of personal security are defined within a cultural background. In Europe, the focus lies more
on health and environmental monitoring, environmental cleaning and remediating technologies.
Chemical nanotechnology can help to create cheap, sensitive and reliable multisensing systems for
decentral, near-citizen monitoring of water and air (transport). Especially in times of pandemics, larger
accidents or even eco-terrorism, simple redundant warning systems increase the real and perceived
safety of European citizens. The era of nanotechnology will also help to remediate the side effects of
the industrial age. Current developments like the chemical use of iron nanoparticles to destroy
chlorocarbons both in water and in soil or the effective use of photocatalytic nanotitania for the direct
destruction of green house gases (except CO2) ensure a self-sustainable economy and growth.
6.3.6 Key Enablers, Linkages and Constraints
The European community has a very strong chemical industry with strong innovation skills and
leading competence in nanotechnology. In addition, there is a world competitive, if not leading
academic research community, however strongly knowledge and not innovation based. Both sides
(industry and academia) can turn into key enablers for sustainable chemistry approaches in
nanotechnology. This is in fact one of the rare fields where Europes is still able to take a lead ahead
of the American and Asian communities, however immediate action and coordination is required.
Main constraints are the practical absence of coordination and missing long-term oriented joint efforts.
Infrastructural measures have to taken to close the “communication and culture” gap between two
sides, e.g.:
- improved incentives for innovative co-operations,
- a structure supporting for instance European innovation parks
- joint-venture start-ups based upon industrial and academic knowledge.
Highlights
Systematic support of a research infrastructure supporting a new chemistry to deal with
energy problems
Integration of nanomaterials into current market products for better sustainable products
Health, Safety and Environmental Issues of nanomaterial production
Systematic understanding of nano- and interface effects
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6.4 Synopsis
Having presented the topics we deem important for providing the impetus for the innovation of new
materials and products, we would like to give a brief impression of the scope of influence that material
technologies have, not only within the SusChem TP, but also in relation to other TP’s.
Within SusChem there are naturally a large number of themes where an overlap between the Material
Technology section and the Reaction, Process and Design section occurs (as illustrated in the
Figure below). For instance in:
Functional coatings
Synthetic concepts
Process intensification
Materials for catalytic transformations
Purification and formulation engineering
In-Silico Techniques
Plant Control and Supply Chain Optimization (Integrated systems).
Figure 3: Connections to Reaction, Process and Design Section
The relationship to Industrial (white) Biotechnology rests rather on the materials produced (see
Figure 4 below):
Biobased Plastics
Advanced Polymers
Bio-inspired materials
Bio-electronics
Miniaturised structures
Barrier Properties
Chemical/Physical sensing
Multi thin layer structuring.
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synth. biomed materials
2000 2005 2010 2015
synthetic tissue
(A) bio-based plastics
(B) advanced biopolymers
(C) bio-inspired materials
biomedical sector
biomaterials
synth. biomed materials
2000 2005 2010 2015
synthetic tissue
(A) bio-based plastics
(B) advanced biopolymers
(C) bio-inspired materials
biomedical sector
biomaterials
Figure 4: Connections to White Bio-technology Section
But beyond these thematic overlaps within SusChem, there is the relationship to other TP’s that bears
great importance. As illustrated in the Figure 5 below, an overwhelming number of TP’s rely on the
innovation or application of new material technologies. This clearly states what role material
technologies, and therefore, in principle, the role that CHEMISTRY plays in securing the future
prosperity of Europe.
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Figure 5: Material Technologies connections to other Technology Platforms