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MATERIALS FOR CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ARUMUGAM MANTHIRAM Electrochemical Energy Laboratory www.me.utexas.edu/~manthiram E-mail: [email protected]. Fuel Cell. Battery. Supercapacitor. Storage Device Portable, transportation, & stationary. Storage Device Portable & transportation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MATERIALS FOR MATERIALS FOR
CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
ARUMUGAM MANTHIRAMElectrochemical Energy Laboratory
www.me.utexas.edu/~manthiramE-mail: [email protected]
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
• Chemical energy directly into electrical energy – clean energy technologies• Challenges: high cost, safety, durability, & operability problems
Alternative Energy Technologies• Solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors• Fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors: Only viable option for automobiles (~ 30%)• Batteries: Critical for storing and efficiently utilizing solar and wind energies
Heat
ElectrolyteAnode Cathode
e-
2e- Air1/2O2
H+
conductor
H2O
2e-
+H2 2H+
H2O
H2
e- Load
Electrolyte
e-e-
CathodeAnode
Li+
Li+
Charge
Discharge
o oElectrode Electrode
++++++
------
------
++++++
Electrolyte
Fuel Cell Battery Supercapacitor
Conversion DevicePortable, transportation, & stationary
Storage DevicePortable, transportation, & stationary
Storage DevicePortable & transportation
CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIESCURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
• Lithium Ion Batteries
- Low cost, high energy, high power materials (portable, vehicle, stationary)• Proton Exchange Membrane and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
- Low cost membranes and nanostructured alloy catalysts
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
- Low thermal expansion, high efficiency electrode materials
• Supercapacitors
- Low cost, high energy electrode materials
• Solar Cells
- Efficient, low-cost, air-stable polymer solar cells
• Common Theme: Design, novel chemical synthesis, advanced
characterization, prototype device fabrication, fundamental understanding
of structure-property-performance relationships
- Nanomaterials: metal alloys, oxides, carbon, and nanocomposites
HIGH ENERGY CATHODES FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIESHIGH ENERGY CATHODES FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
LiMn2O4
LiMn1.8Li0.1Ni0.1O4
LiMn1.8Li0.1Ni0.1O3.8F0.2
Li[LiLi[Li0.20.2MnMn0.540.54CoCo0.130.13NiNi0.130.13]O]O22
Li[LiLi[Li0.20.2MnMn0.540.54CoCo0.130.13NiNi0.130.13]O]O22 / Nano Al / Nano Al22OO33
LiCoOLiCoO22
NANO-ENGINEERED ANODES FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIESNANO-ENGINEERED ANODES FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
Sb-MOSb-MOxx-C (M = Al, Ti, -C (M = Al, Ti,
Mo) nanocomposite Mo) nanocomposite anodesanodes
Tin anodeTin anodeCarbon anode Carbon anode
FeFe33OO44/C nanowire/C nanowire
FeFe33OO44 nanowire nanowire
LOW-COST CATALYSTS & MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLSLOW-COST CATALYSTS & MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS
(CF2)nC (CF2)n
O
O
SO3-
O
F
H+
O
O
SO3-
H+
H2O
CF2
CFF3C
O
CF2CF2
SO3-H+
O
OSO3
-H+
OO
SO3-
H+
A B C
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
CF2 CF2
OCF2CF
CF3
O(CF2)nSO3H
x y
z
CF2CF
O O C
O
n
SO3H
O
O
O
O
CH3
CH3
C S
n
NHN
Acidic polymer (SPEEK)Acidic polymer (SPEEK)Basic polymerBasic polymer
(PSf-ABIm)(PSf-ABIm)
N-HN
polysulfone
O
O
S O-SO-
O
O
PEEK PEEKH+
• Narrow channel, low methanol crossover• Vehicle + hopping conduction mechanisms • Low cost, compatible industrial polymers
Low methanol permeable membranesLow methanol permeable membranes Low-cost Pd alloy catalystsLow-cost Pd alloy catalysts Low-TEC SOFC catalystsLow-TEC SOFC catalysts
Acid-base blendAcid-base blend
NafionNafion
HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC SOLAR CELLSHYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC SOLAR CELLS
• Significantly reduces the solar cell costSignificantly reduces the solar cell cost• Cu electrodes enhance the durability in airCu electrodes enhance the durability in air
Interfacial prototype TiO2-P3HT hybrid solar cell
Variation of (a) Voc (b) Jsc (c) FF, and (d) efficiency during continuous illumination in argon
Illuminated J-V characteristics of P3HT-PCBM blend solar cells
B. Reeja-Jayan and A. Manthiram, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94, 907 (2010)
