MaterialsMaterials

“Materials can effectively generate and capture students’ interest in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology.”

-Dr. Thomas Strobe

University of Washington

“Materials can effectively generate and capture students’ interest in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology.”

-Dr. Thomas Strobe

University of Washington

Why Study Materials?Why Study Materials?

Materials in bulletproof vests worn by Police

Warm, lightweight, waterproof winter coats

Materials have played a significant role in field of engineering and education

Materials in bulletproof vests worn by Police

Warm, lightweight, waterproof winter coats

Materials have played a significant role in field of engineering and education

http://www.alpineco.com/bulletproofvests.htm

FYIFYI

Interesting points about advanced materials Markets for advanced ceramics grew from less

than $2 billion in 1987 to over $20 billion in 2000

Materials consume up to 50% of manufactured goods cost

According to U.S. Office of Technology, a key to remaining competitive in the world is to train more scientists and technologists with a broad background in advanced materials

Interesting points about advanced materials Markets for advanced ceramics grew from less

than $2 billion in 1987 to over $20 billion in 2000

Materials consume up to 50% of manufactured goods cost

According to U.S. Office of Technology, a key to remaining competitive in the world is to train more scientists and technologists with a broad background in advanced materials

History of Materials Science

History of Materials Science

Babylonians first makers of ceramic building materials

Imprinted clay tablets used to teach trades from parents to offspring in 2200 B.C.

Time periods named after dominantly-used material

Babylonians first makers of ceramic building materials

Imprinted clay tablets used to teach trades from parents to offspring in 2200 B.C.

Time periods named after dominantly-used materialhttp://www.livius.org/zo-zz/zopyrus/zopyrus.html

Time PeriodsTime Periods

8000 B.C. - Hammered Copper7000 B.C. - Clay Pottery6000 B.C. - Silk Production5000 B.C. - Glass Making4000 B.C. - Smelted Copper (Bronze Age)1000 B.C. - Iron Age500 B.C. - Cast Iron300 B.C. - Glass Blowing105 A.D. - Paper

8000 B.C. - Hammered Copper7000 B.C. - Clay Pottery6000 B.C. - Silk Production5000 B.C. - Glass Making4000 B.C. - Smelted Copper (Bronze Age)1000 B.C. - Iron Age500 B.C. - Cast Iron300 B.C. - Glass Blowing105 A.D. - Paper

Time PeriodsTime Periods

600 - 900 - Porcelain1540 - First Foundries1774 - Crude Steel1789 - Discovery of Titanium1800 - Battery1824 - Portland Cement1850 - Reinforced Concrete1856 - Bessemer Steel-making Process1870 - Celluloid Production

600 - 900 - Porcelain1540 - First Foundries1774 - Crude Steel1789 - Discovery of Titanium1800 - Battery1824 - Portland Cement1850 - Reinforced Concrete1856 - Bessemer Steel-making Process1870 - Celluloid Production

Time PeriodsTime Periods

1871 - Periodic Table1884 - Nitrocellulose1886 - Electrolytic Reduction of Aluminum1891 - Silicon Carbide1907 - First Totally Synthetic Polymer1923 - Tungsten Carbide1930 - Fiberglass1937 - Nylon1947 - Germanium Transistor

1871 - Periodic Table1884 - Nitrocellulose1886 - Electrolytic Reduction of Aluminum1891 - Silicon Carbide1907 - First Totally Synthetic Polymer1923 - Tungsten Carbide1930 - Fiberglass1937 - Nylon1947 - Germanium Transistor

Time PeriodsTime Periods

1950s - Silicon Photovoltaic Cells & Transistors

1958 - Ruby Laser1959 - Integrated Circuit1966 - Fiber Optics1986 - High Temperature Super Conductors

Data Courtesy of Dept. of Energy and Energy Concepts, Inc.

1950s - Silicon Photovoltaic Cells & Transistors

1958 - Ruby Laser1959 - Integrated Circuit1966 - Fiber Optics1986 - High Temperature Super Conductors

Data Courtesy of Dept. of Energy and Energy Concepts, Inc.

New MaterialsNew Materials

New materials are designed based on need

Engineers can design without worrying if a material exists for their application

New materials are designed based on need

Engineers can design without worrying if a material exists for their application

Characteristics of Materials

Characteristics of Materials

Strength (Stiffness) Ability to resist effects of tension,

compression, and torsion forces Ductility

How well a material can be shaped without fracturing

Brittleness When a material will break while undergoing

small deformations

Strength (Stiffness) Ability to resist effects of tension,

compression, and torsion forces Ductility

How well a material can be shaped without fracturing

Brittleness When a material will break while undergoing

small deformations

Characteristics of Materials

Characteristics of Materials

Hardness Ability to resist indentation and wear

Elasticity Ability to return to original shape after

deformation Electrical Conductivity

Ability to conduct electrons/electricity Thermal Conductivity

Ability to conduct heat

Hardness Ability to resist indentation and wear

Elasticity Ability to return to original shape after

deformation Electrical Conductivity

Ability to conduct electrons/electricity Thermal Conductivity

Ability to conduct heat

Classifying MaterialsClassifying Materials

Metals

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites

Metals

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites

MetalsMetals

Earliest used were “native” metals Copper, Gold, Silver, and Meteoric Iron

Can be classified as Ferrous or Non-Ferrous Ferrous

Contain 50%+ of iron Attract magnetic materials

Non-Ferrous Contain less than 50% iron Do not attract magnetic materials Higher corrosion resistance

Earliest used were “native” metals Copper, Gold, Silver, and Meteoric Iron

Can be classified as Ferrous or Non-Ferrous Ferrous

Contain 50%+ of iron Attract magnetic materials

Non-Ferrous Contain less than 50% iron Do not attract magnetic materials Higher corrosion resistance

Metals Mechanical Properties

Metals Mechanical Properties

Strong Tough Malleable Ductile Most are

Opaque Lustrous Dense Good Heat and Electric Conductors High Melting Point

Strong Tough Malleable Ductile Most are

Opaque Lustrous Dense Good Heat and Electric Conductors High Melting Point

Metal FactsMetal Facts

Iron and Steel are 1st and 2nd most commonly used metals

Aluminum is thirdLightweightCan be stronger than steel

Iron and Steel are 1st and 2nd most commonly used metals

Aluminum is thirdLightweightCan be stronger than steel

CeramicsCeramics

Derived from Greek word - keramosBurned material

Early applications were building materials and containers

Glass, although considered a ceramic, is a separate partLacks crystalline organization

No orderly atomic structure

Derived from Greek word - keramosBurned material

Early applications were building materials and containers

Glass, although considered a ceramic, is a separate partLacks crystalline organization

No orderly atomic structure

CeramicsCeramics

Clay products Refractories

Used in high temperature applications

Made of clay

Abrasives Extremely hard, pure,

ceramic compounds or mixtures

Glasses

Clay products Refractories

Used in high temperature applications

Made of clay

Abrasives Extremely hard, pure,

ceramic compounds or mixtures

Glasseshttp://skovsantik.dk/keramik+stentøj.htm

PolymersPolymers

Formed by Greek words: Poly - Many Mer - Parts

Natural Materials Wood, leather, cotton,

wool, silk, rubber Polymers processed

by plants and animals Proteins, Enzymes,

starches, and cellulose Plastics

Formed by Greek words: Poly - Many Mer - Parts

Natural Materials Wood, leather, cotton,

wool, silk, rubber Polymers processed

by plants and animals Proteins, Enzymes,

starches, and cellulose Plastics

http://www.hydropolymers.com/en/products/pvc/

PlasticsPlastics

Polymers and Plastics ARE NOT the same Plastics are a member of the polymer group

Are Synthetic Polymers Thermoplastic

Can be reformed Recyclables

Thermoset Once set, cannot be softened by heat

Polymers and Plastics ARE NOT the same Plastics are a member of the polymer group

Are Synthetic Polymers Thermoplastic

Can be reformed Recyclables

Thermoset Once set, cannot be softened by heat

More About PolymersMore About Polymers

Are not strong

Good electrical insulators

Low melting temperatures

Are not strong

Good electrical insulators

Low melting temperatures

Polyethylene TerephthalatePolyethylene Terephthalate

PETE Recycle Code - 1 Most comes from

beverage containers 99% pure, granulated

recycled PETE sells half cost of new PETE

Recycled Uses Fiberfill of jackets,

strapping, liquid soap bottles, surfboards, paint brushes, tennis ball fuzz, and more beverage bottles

PETE Recycle Code - 1 Most comes from

beverage containers 99% pure, granulated

recycled PETE sells half cost of new PETE

Recycled Uses Fiberfill of jackets,

strapping, liquid soap bottles, surfboards, paint brushes, tennis ball fuzz, and more beverage bottles

http://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/mb0011.htm

High-density PolyethyleneHigh-density Polyethylene

HDPE Recycle Code - 2 Well-developed process

for recycling Recycled Uses

Drain pipes, flower pots, plastic lumber, trash cans, automotive mud flaps, kitchen drain boards, beverage bottle crates, stadium seats, recycling bins, traffic barrier cones, golf bag liners, and toys

HDPE Recycle Code - 2 Well-developed process

for recycling Recycled Uses

Drain pipes, flower pots, plastic lumber, trash cans, automotive mud flaps, kitchen drain boards, beverage bottle crates, stadium seats, recycling bins, traffic barrier cones, golf bag liners, and toys

http://www.inglass.com/hdpe_bottles.htm

Polyvinyl Chloride or VinylPolyvinyl Chloride or Vinyl

PVC or V Recycle Code - 3 Not burned due to

release of hazardous fumes Dioxins and Furans

Recycled Uses Drainage pipes, pipe

fittings, floor tiles, bottles, doormats, hoses, mud flaps

PVC or V Recycle Code - 3 Not burned due to

release of hazardous fumes Dioxins and Furans

Recycled Uses Drainage pipes, pipe

fittings, floor tiles, bottles, doormats, hoses, mud flaps

Plastic Separating System

http://www.labs.nec.co.jp/rel/english/topics/t12.html

Low-density PolyethyleneLow-density Polyethylene

LDPE Recycle Code - 4 Burned in incinerator-

powered generators to produce electricity

Recycled Uses in where color is not important Garbage can liners,

grocery bags, paint buckets, fast food trays, lawn mower wheels, and automobile battery parts

LDPE Recycle Code - 4 Burned in incinerator-

powered generators to produce electricity

Recycled Uses in where color is not important Garbage can liners,

grocery bags, paint buckets, fast food trays, lawn mower wheels, and automobile battery parts

http://www.pop-international.com/POP/products_plastic.htm

PolypropylenePolypropylene

PP Recycle Code - 5 Recycled Uses

License plate holders, desktop accessories, hanging files, food service trays, flower pots, and trash cans

PP Recycle Code - 5 Recycled Uses

License plate holders, desktop accessories, hanging files, food service trays, flower pots, and trash cans

http://www.cawalker.co.uk/index.asp?id=43

PolystyrenePolystyrene

PS Recycle Code - 6 Most challenging to

recycle Styrofoam cups and

packing material made Some methods for

recycling in place Chemists still looking for

more effective ways to recycle huge amounts

PS Recycle Code - 6 Most challenging to

recycle Styrofoam cups and

packing material made Some methods for

recycling in place Chemists still looking for

more effective ways to recycle huge amounts

http://www.lafourmi.be/contenu/produits/decorer/decorer_polystyrene.html

CompositesComposites

Combination of two or more constituent materials bonded together in an effort to provide better properties than those of the individual materials

Ubiquitous in recreational equipment

Used extensively in International Space Station and make over 10,000 pounds of each space shuttle

Combination of two or more constituent materials bonded together in an effort to provide better properties than those of the individual materials

Ubiquitous in recreational equipment

Used extensively in International Space Station and make over 10,000 pounds of each space shuttle

Composite HistoryComposite History

Ancient Israelites and Egyptians added straw to bricks to hold them together

Incas used plant fibers to strengthen pottery The Colosseum (Coliseum) and other

ancient Roman structures were held together with cement containing slackened lime and pozzolana (hydraulic cement) Slackened Lime

Heating lime and crumbling by adding water Pozzolana

Volcanic ash from Mt. Vesuvius

Ancient Israelites and Egyptians added straw to bricks to hold them together

Incas used plant fibers to strengthen pottery The Colosseum (Coliseum) and other

ancient Roman structures were held together with cement containing slackened lime and pozzolana (hydraulic cement) Slackened Lime

Heating lime and crumbling by adding water Pozzolana

Volcanic ash from Mt. Vesuvius

What consists in a composite?

What consists in a composite?

ReinforcementPart that provides strength to

compositeShape of a fiber, whisker, or particulate

MatrixGlue that holds everything together

Boundary in between

ReinforcementPart that provides strength to

compositeShape of a fiber, whisker, or particulate

MatrixGlue that holds everything together

Boundary in between

Lay UpsLay Ups

Unidirectional and bidirectional carbon fiber, Kevlar, and plain-weave fiberglass used in lay ups

Composed of consecutive layers of fabric, resin, and sometimes a core material

Unidirectional and bidirectional carbon fiber, Kevlar, and plain-weave fiberglass used in lay ups

Composed of consecutive layers of fabric, resin, and sometimes a core material

Laid Up By Hand vs. Factory

Laid Up By Hand vs. Factory

Form materials on a mold and paint the them on the matrix of resin (epoxy) My Be Difficult to

Use, but inexpensive Combined by two

different parts Resin Hardner

Form materials on a mold and paint the them on the matrix of resin (epoxy) My Be Difficult to

Use, but inexpensive Combined by two

different parts Resin Hardner

Factory has materials with epoxy matrix pre-impregnated into More expensive Less mess/easy-

use

Factory has materials with epoxy matrix pre-impregnated into More expensive Less mess/easy-

use

Epoxy MatrixEpoxy Matrix

When mixed, has a specific time to spend in container to be used “pot life”

Also has prescribed work time based on amount of hardener used Time available to work with materials by

placing and forming into mold/application Start of hardening process is called “going

off” When matrix “goes off,” little work time remains

When mixed, has a specific time to spend in container to be used “pot life”

Also has prescribed work time based on amount of hardener used Time available to work with materials by

placing and forming into mold/application Start of hardening process is called “going

off” When matrix “goes off,” little work time remains

Effective Lay Up ProcedureEffective Lay Up Procedure

1. Fabric is cut to appropriate size2. Bag, peel ply, perforated plastic, and bleeder

cut to appropriate sizes3. Mold is prepared with gel coat, mold release

and/or wax4. Correct amount of resin and hardener used5. Pot life is not compromised6. Material laid up within appropriate work time

1. Fabric is cut to appropriate size2. Bag, peel ply, perforated plastic, and bleeder

cut to appropriate sizes3. Mold is prepared with gel coat, mold release

and/or wax4. Correct amount of resin and hardener used5. Pot life is not compromised6. Material laid up within appropriate work time

Effective Lay Up ProcedureEffective Lay Up Procedure

7. No sections of the lay up are “starved” (without correct amount of matrix or the resin or epoxy)

8. No sections are over filled with matrix9. Good seal on the vacuum bag (12-15psi)10. Peel ply is able to be removed with no

folds/creases11. Mold is released from fabric12. Clean up of work area completed

promptly

7. No sections of the lay up are “starved” (without correct amount of matrix or the resin or epoxy)

8. No sections are over filled with matrix9. Good seal on the vacuum bag (12-15psi)10. Peel ply is able to be removed with no

folds/creases11. Mold is released from fabric12. Clean up of work area completed

promptly

Industry SupportIndustry Support

ASM International (ASMI) Society for

materials engineers and scientists

Dedicated to advancing industry, technology, and applications of metals and materials

ASM International (ASMI) Society for

materials engineers and scientists

Dedicated to advancing industry, technology, and applications of metals and materials

http://mnasm.org/asmintl.htm

Industry SupportIndustry Support

American Ceramic Society (ACerS)

Dedicated to dissemination of scientific, commercial, and educational information about ceramic materials and industry

American Ceramic Society (ACerS)

Dedicated to dissemination of scientific, commercial, and educational information about ceramic materials and industry