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Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Where do Computers Come From?
Lecture 1
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
What is a Computer?
?2
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
What is a Computer?
Consists of two things:
1. A set of interconnected switches
- switching some of the switches
causes other switches to switch
3
2. A way of setting some of
those switches off (in a useful
order)
Hardwar
e
Softwar
e
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Example - Early Computing
! Jacquard Loom
(18th century)
A French weaver, Joseph
Jacquard developed a
loom that wove complex
patterns using punch
cards. htt
p:/
/w
ww
.co
lum
bia
.edu/ac
is/h
isto
ry/ja
cquar
d.h
tml
the hardware the software
(punched into the cards)
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Early Computing
! The Hardware:Difference Engine (18th-19th century)
! Designed by Charles Babbage to solve certain mathematical problems (complex polynomial equalities to a high degree of precision)
Dif
fere
nce
En
gin
e:h
ttp
://w
ww
.sci
ence
andso
ciet
y.co
.uk/
resu
lts.
asp
?im
age=
1030
6385
! The Software:Ada Lovelace
Regarded as thefirst ever“programmer”
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
The First iPod?
• Pianola (piano player)
– 1898
6
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.pia
nola
.org
/h
isto
ry/h
isto
ry.c
fm
the hardware
the software
(Beethoven’s Fifth)
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
The First “Computer!”
7
?
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Computer Hardware
• Back to “where do computers come from?”
• The 6 great moments in computer
hardware...
8
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
1. The Thermionic Valve
• A non-mechanical “automated” switch!
– output of one switch can switch another
• Suddenly many things were possible...9
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Automated Switches
• Automated switches can do a lot of cool things
– implement logic gates
– from logic gates you can create multiplexors, decodors,
storage devices (flip flops), adders, multipliers
– they can do stuff like maths really fast
– even send people to the moon!
• If you collect a lot of switches together you get...
10
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
2. Mainframe Computers
• The birth of modern computers
11
Colossus Mark II
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Mainframe Computers
• ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (1945)
– developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
– The first successful operational, general purpose, electronic digital computer.
http://e
n.w
ikip
edia
.org
/wik
i/Im
age:E
nia
c.jpg
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Mainframe Computers
• Manchester Mark 1 (1949) – the first true stored program computer.
Turing was involved.
• EDVAC (1951) – Completely binary in internal operations, floating point
operations. Stored program computer. Von Neumann design.
• UNIVAC (1951) – First commercial computer in the US
Sourc
e: http://e
n.w
ikip
edia
.org
/wik
i/U
NIV
AC
_I
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Some even dreamed of a “Home Computer”!
14
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
3. The Transistor (another switch)
• A small, very fast,
automated switch
• First patented 1925,
developed late 1940s
• The greatest invention
ever?
15
http://ees.w
ikispaces.com/H
istoria+del+transistor
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
The Transistor
• Which got smaller... and smaller...
and smaller... until it became...16
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
4. The Integrated Circuit
17
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
The Integrated Circuit
• Which was still just a lot of switches, but a
LOT!
• which enabled...18
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
5. The Minicomputer!
• Starring...
• 1960 - 1980s: DEC PDP series
– 1960: PDP-1: 18-bit machine
Birth of hacker culture,
first computer video game - Space War!
– 1965: PDP-8: 12-bit
Wildly successful, first
“personal computer” or
minicomputer.
Purchased by universities,
research labs, etc
So
urc
e:
htt
p:/
/en
.wik
ipe
dia
.org
/wik
i/S
pa
ce
wa
r
So
urc
e:
htt
p:/
/en
.wik
ipe
dia
.org
/wik
i/P
DP
-8
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
The Minicomputer
• Made computing accessible to institutions
• PDP-11: The archetypal minicomputer
Widely regarded as the best 16-bit instruction
set ever created. Influenced later CPUs such as
Motorolla 68000.
(See CSSE lobby!)
• VAX: 32-bit architecture
Regarded as the
quintessential
CISC processing
architecture.
1M instructions
per second!
So
urc
e:
htt
p:/
/en
.wik
ipe
dia
.org
/wik
i/V
AX
So
urc
e:
htt
p:/
/en
.wik
ipe
dia
.org
/wik
i/P
DP
-11
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Aside - Computing in WA
• First computer brought to West Australia in 1962 when the
West Australian Regional Computing Centre (WARCC) was
established at UWA with a single IBM 1620.
• In 1965 WARCC purchased a DEC PDP 6, a multi-access,
time-sharing computer, and became the first organisation in
the world to lease time on a computer.!
• By 1972 WARCC had also acquired a DEC PDP 10 and a
CDC Cyber 72 and was a semi-autonomous organisation used
by the University of Western Australia and by other research
institutions.
Source: http://www.ucc.asn.au/aboutucc/history.rtf
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Aside - Computing in WA
• The “DEC 10” (PDP-10)
Sourc
e: http://w
ww
.colu
mbia
.edu/a
cis
/his
tory
/pdp10.h
tml
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Aside - Computing in Engineering @ UWA
• The VAX 11/750
Released in 1980
32-bit address bus
VMS operating system
(later Unix)
Ran classroom of
approx 20 terminals
Sourc
e:
http://w
ww
.webm
yth
olo
gy.
com
/V
AX
his
tory
.htm
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
6. Birth of the Personal Computer
• 1970s: First “personal computers”
– 1975: Altair 8800
Microcomputer based on
Intel 8080A CPU
Sparked personal
computer revolution
– 1976: Apple I
Original PCs came
in kit form
for enthusiasts
Sourc
e:
http://w
ww
.apple
-his
tory
.com
/ Sourc
e:
http://e
n.w
ikip
edia
.org
/wik
i/A
ltair_8800
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Personal Computers
• Radio Shack (Tandy) TRS-80
Integrated units.
Notice tape recorder for
program/data storage!
• 1980: Dick Smith System 80
Austalia’s
answer!
Sourc
e:
http://s
kyla
ne.k
jsl.com
/trs
80/
Sourc
e:
http://w
ww
.webw
eavers
.co.n
z/
syste
m-8
0/
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Personal Computers
• 1981: IBM PC
The “green screen”
computers
4.77 MHz Intel 8088 16KB
• 1983: Apple IIe
Motorolla 68000 CPU
Graphics!
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Personal Computers
• 1984: Apple Macintosh
MC68000, 8MHz, 16-bit,
128kB RAM, 3.5” floppy
Hey, is that a window!?
• And the rest, as they say, is history...
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Computer Software
• 6 great moments in software storage...
28
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
1. Punch Cards
! Herman Hollerith (1860-1926)
! Developed “An Electric Tabulating System” or tabulator to do statistics
! A founder of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) that
became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924.
! Allowed persistent storage of programs and data!
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
2. Magnetic Tape
• IBM 701 - the first magnetic tape
drive for computer data storage, 1949
• 8mm tape and drive, 1987
• Compact (electrically based) storage media
- far more data in much smaller space
30
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
3. The Hard Disk Drive
• Introduced by IBM
in 1956
• Fast, compact and
reliable, but most of
all...
• Provided random
access!
31
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
4. The Floppy Drive
• Invented by IBM, 1971
• Provided reliable removable/
transportable form of
persistent storage
• Primary removable media in
70’s, 80’s, up to 90’s
32
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
5. Optical Storage
• CDs and DVDs
– late 1970s, mid 90s
– lower capacity than
magnetic storage,
but..
– less volatile
– much harder wearing
and resilient, long
lasting33
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
6. Flash Memory
• Invented in 1980s
• A type of Electrically
Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory
• Initially too small for
wide use but growing
rapidly
• No moving parts!34
Matlab® Computing for Engineers and Scientists CITS1005
Further Reading
• Switches:
Tanenbaum, Chapter 3 up to Section 3.1.1
• Computer Milestones:
Tanenbaum, Section 1.2 - 1.4.1
35