MATTER (1.1 Atoms and Molecules).ppt

7/23/2019 MATTER (1.1 Atoms and Molecules).ppt

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Chapter 1 : MATTER

1.1 Atoms and Molecules1.2 Mole Concept


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1.1 Atoms and Molecules


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Learnin !utcomeLearnin !utcome

At the end o" this topic# students should $e a$le :At the end o" this topic# students should $e a$le :

%a&%a& 'denti"( and descri$e proton# electron and

neutronas su$atomic particle.as su$atomic particle.

%$&%$& )e"ineproton num$er# *# nucleon num$er# Aproton num$er# *# nucleon num$er# A

and isotope.and isotope. +rite isotope notation.


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%c&%c& )e"ine relati-e atomic mass# Arand

relati-e molecular mass# Mr$ased on$ased on

the C12 scale.the C12 scale.

%d&%d& etchandand eplainthe "ollointhe "olloin maincomponentso" a simpleo" a simple mass

spectrometer.


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%e&%e&Anal(se mass spectrumo" an element.o" an element.

Calculate the a-erae atomic mass o"Calculate the a-erae atomic mass o"an element i-en the relati-ean element i-en the relati-e

a$undance o" isotopes or a massa$undance o" isotopes or a mass

spectrum.spectrum.

%"& 4ame%"& 4ame cation# anions and saltaccordinaccordin

to theto the '5AC nomenclature..


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'ntroduction'ntroduction

Matter

An(thin that occupies space and has mass.

e.air# ater# animals# trees# atoms# 7..

Matter ma( consists o" atoms# molecules or ions.


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Three tates o" MatterThree tates o" Matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS


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1.1.1 Atoms

An atom is thesmallest unito" a chemical element/compound. 'n an atom# there are three su$atomic particles:

ro ton %p&

4eutron %n &

E lectron %e&

1.1 Atoms and Molecules1.1 Atoms and Molecules

aced in a small nucleus

Mo-e rapidl( around the nucleus o" an atom


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Modern Model o" the Atom

Electrons mo-e around the reion o" the atom.Electrons mo-e around the reion o" the atom.


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u$atomic articlesu$atomic articles

article Mass

%ram&

Chare

%Coulom$&

Chare

%units&

Electron %e& .1 1029 1.6 101 1

roton %p& 1.68 102, ;1.6 101 ;1

4eutron %n& 1.68 102, 0 0


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ElementsElements

A su$stance thatA su$stance that cannot $e separated intocannot $e separated into

simpler su$stancessimpler su$stances$( chemical reactions.$( chemical reactions.

An element isAn element is composed o" atoms o" onl(composed o" atoms o" onl(

one ind.one ind.


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'sotope'sotope

'sotopes are toor more atomso" the same

elementthat ha-e the same num$er o" protons

in their nucleus $ut di""erent num$er o"

neutrons. Eamples:

Hg20080

H20080

(D)H21

U23592 U238

92

(TH31H1

1


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'sotope 4otation'sotope 4otation

< = element s(m$ol

* = roton 4um$er o"

e ratioare de"lected most

'ons ith lar6e m>e ratioare de"lected least.


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eam o"eam o" 33ClCl;;andand 3838ClCl;;

33ClCl;;3838ClCl;;


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'on )etector'on )etector

The num$ers o" ions and t(pes o" isotopes are recordedas a mass spectrum.

Eample : A mass spectrum o" M

63

9.1.1

2, 2 26

Relati-ea$undance

m/e %amu&


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Mass pectrum o" ManesiumMass pectrum o" Manesium

The mass spectrum o" M

shos that M consists o"

three isoto1es: &(M6, &!M6

an2 &M6.

The hei6ht o each lineis

propartional to the a5un2ance

o each isoto1e.

&(M6is the most a$undant o"the three isotopes

63

9.1.1

2, 2 26

Relati-e

a$undance

m/e %amu&


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o to calculate the relati-e atomico to calculate the relati-e atomic

mass "rom mass spectrumHmass "rom mass spectrumH

( )i i

i

QMAr

Q

=

Q $ therelative a5un2ance > 1ercenta6e a5un2ance

o an isoto1e o the element

M $ therelative isoto1ic masso the element


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Eample 1Eample 1

%. ;i6 %.% sho9s the mass s1ectrum o the

element ru5i2ium, R5?a. hat isoto1es are 1resent in R5@

5. hat is the 1ercenta6e a5un2ance o

each isoto1e@

19

8

9 98

Relati-ea$und

ance

m/e

%amu&

!R5 an2 /R5

B a5un2ance !R5

$ % %''

&!

$ /& B

B a5un2ance /R5

$ / %''

&!

$ & B


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Eample 1 %cont7&Eample 1 %cont7&

c. Calculate the relative atomic mass o R5.

85.56

amux12.00121

amu85.56RbofA

amu85.56

25

8!x!"85x18"

#iRbofmassAvera$e

r

=

=

=

+=

=

QiMi


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Eample 2Eample 2

6'9()#s*#ofmassatom#$!elat#%e

t+#f#soto,eea$+ofa-un.an$e,e!$entaget+e#s/+at

'7'02an.6'01a!e*#73an.*#

63ofmassatom#$!elat#%eT+e


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Assume that,

B a5un2ance o Li $ B

B a5un2ance o/

Li $ %'' - ) B

Ar Li $ EQiMi

EQi

.0( $ .'%) %'' F ) /.'&

%'' F

.0( $ .'% /'& F /.'&

%''

0( - /'& $ -%.'%

$ %.'%

$ /.0& B

So, B a5un2ance o Li $ /.0& B

An2 B a5un2ance o /Li $ 0&.' B


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Eercise 1Eercise 1

35'5)(ns

$+lo!#ne'of!t+eCal$ulate36'9659'Cl37an.

3'968Cl35ofmassatom#$!elat#%et+es$ale"12$a!-ont+eonase.

3'127Cl37

Cl35

folloas#s#soto,es

$+lo!#neofo$$u!#ngnatu!all4ofa-un.an$e!elat#%eof!at#oT+e


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Eercise 2Eercise 2

192'25)(ns#!#.#um'of

massatom#$!elat#%et+eCal$ulatel4'!es,e$t#%e193'025an.191'021

a!e!193an.!191ofmass!elat#%eT+e'85of!at#ot+e#n!193

an.!191#soto,es2of$om,ose.#s!#!#.#um"o$$u!#ng6atu!all4


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'5AC 4omenclature o" 'ons

A& Cations

i& Gor the metals o" roup 1# 2 and 13 :

4ame the metals "olloed $( the ord I ions I

e. : 4a; : sodium ion# Al3; : aluminium ion

ii& Gor the metal ith more oidation states# Roman

numerals are usedto indicate the oidation state.

e. : Cu2;: copper%''& ion# Ge3;: iron%'''& ion


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. Anions

>Monoatomic ions ha-e names that ended ith IideJ

e. : G : "luoride ion# !2 : oide ion

>!ther pol(atomic anions ha-e their on names

e. : C!3: car$onate ion# !,2 : sulphate ion#

Cr2!82 : dichromate ion


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>+hen a metal com$ines ith a nonmetal element# the

metal is named $e"ore the nonmetal

Eample : Ge2%!,&3 'ron%'''& sulphate

GeCl3 'ron%'''& chloride

CuCl2 copper%''& chloride

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MATTER (1.1 Atoms and Molecules).ppt