Mayan & Aztec Social Structure

Q31 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas

Who was considered a god?Who interpreted the calendar?Who was not a part of the Inca social structure?

Mayan & AztecSocial Structure


Who built it?Mayans, Aztecs,

or Incas?

The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had complex architectural structures.

??????

???


The Aztec Empire became very rich by forcing weaker city-states to become _______________. The Aztecs would deliver a codex, a document which listed the _______________ that needed to be paid. The Aztecs would go to war with those city-states which refused to pay.


The Spanish conquistadors had many reasons to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas. Most importantly, the 3Gs: ____, ____, and _____.


The Aztecs had nearly died out one hundred years after making contact with the Spaniards. Guns and swords had killed some, but ________________ had killed most.

Q36 Ancient & Medieval China

Before Emperor Qin ruled, many different states fought each other in China. Emperor Qin used his army to ________________ China into one nation. (Now there would be just one way to write sword, instead of nineteen!)

A32Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas

The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had complex architectural structures.

MayansAztecs

Incas

A31Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas

• The ruler was considered a god.• Priests interpreted the calendar.• Slaves were not a part of the Inca social structure.


The Spanish conquistadors had many reasons to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas. Most importantly, the 3Gs: gold, god, and glory.


The Aztec Empire became very rich by forcing weaker city-states to become tributaries. The Aztecs would deliver a codex, a document which listed the tribute that needed to be paid. The Aztecs would go to war with those city-states which refused to pay.

A36Ancient & Medieval China

Before Emperor Qin ruled, many different states fought each other in China. Emperor Qin used his army to unify China into one nation. (Now there would be just one way to write sword, instead of nineteen!)


The Aztecs had nearly died out one hundred years after making contact with the Spaniards. Guns and swords had killed some, but diseases such as smallpox had killed most.


Emperor Qin began construction on the _____________________ with the intention of keeping out invaders, especially the Mongols. (But all the Mongols wanted was a little bit of grass!)


Emperor Qin was buried with a ________________, designed to protect him in the afterlife. (Ironically, the Han stole the terra-cotta warriors swords and used them to topple the Qin dynasty.)


China’s geography had isolated the Chinese for thousands of years, but the ____________________ allowed the Chinese to mingle with other cultures, including the Roman Empire. (The Chinese essentially robbed the silk-loving Romans of much of their gold.)


One idea that traveled along the Silk Road was the religion known as Buddhism. It started in ___________ and soon made its way to China.


In order to get rid of all suffering, one

must first get rid of all ______________.

What did Buddha realize when he became enlightened?


During the Han Dynasty, Han emperors chose the __________________ people to work in the government. In order to become a government official, one had to pass a test called the ________________________. This test was influenced by the teachings of ______________.

Han bureaucracy


Emperor Qin was buried with a terracotta army, designed to protect him in the afterlife. (Ironically, the Han stole the terra-cotta warriors swords and used them to topple the Qin dynasty.)


Emperor Qin began construction on the Great Wall of China with the intention of keeping out invaders, especially the Mongols. (But all the Mongols wanted was a little bit of grass!)


One idea that traveled along the Silk Road was the religion known as Buddhism. It started in India and soon made its way to China.


China’s geography had isolated the Chinese for thousands of years, but the Silk Road allowed the Chinese to mingle with other cultures, including the Roman Empire. (The Chinese essentially robbed the silk-loving Romans of much of their gold.)


During the Han Dynasty, Han emperors chose the smartest people to work in the government. In order to become a government official, one had to pass a test called the civil service examination. This test was influenced by the teachings of Confucius.


In order to get rid of all suffering, one

must first get rid of all cravings.

What did Buddha realize when he became enlightened?


China

Europe (Venice, Italy)

You won’t believe what I

read! China has silk, paper, and so much more!

• In 1279, the Mongols conquered China. A Mongol ruler named Kublai Khan called his dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan promoted trade along the _______________.

• Kublai Khan became close friends with an Italian merchant named __________.

• The book The Adventures of Marco Polo encouraged people from _______ to travel to ______ in search of wealth.


• During the Ming Dynasty, a Chinese explorer named ________________ went on several naval voyages. He collected gifts from other lands. These gifts are known as _______________.

Look at this giraffe I brought

back from Africa! Cool gift,

huh?


• At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor decided to close the door to all foreign contact. The emperor destroyed Zheng He’s ships, reinforced the Great Wall, and built the Forbidden Palace (for Chinese royalty only). This policy of rejecting foreigners is called __________________.

Q46 Medieval Japan

Name three ways that China influenced Japan.

??? ??? ???

Q47 Medieval Japan

SAMURAI(warrior)

DAIMYO(landowner)

SHOGUN(military dictator)

PEASANTS(mostly farmers)

Since the emperor did not have a

strong enough army to

defend Japan, I seized power.

Now this system will

have to do…

The shogun gives the daimyo ________, and the daimyo hires samurai to provide _________.

How does feudalism work?

Q48 Medieval Japan

To make my lord proud, I must follow the

___________________. That means I must be honorable, loyal, and

brave.

samurai


• During the Ming Dynasty, a Chinese explorer named Zheng He went on several naval voyages. He collected gifts from other lands. These gifts are known as tribute.


• In 1279, the Mongols conquered China. A Mongol ruler named Kublai Khan called his dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan promoted trade along the Silk Road.

• Kublai Khan became close friends with an Italian merchant named Marco Polo.

• The book The Adventures of Marco Polo encouraged people from Europe to travel to China in search of wealth.

A46Medieval Japan

Name three ways that China influenced Japan.

RELIGION:Buddhism

ARCHITECTURE:pagoda

ARTS:system of

writing


• At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor decided to close the door to all foreign contact. The emperor destroyed Zheng He’s ships, reinforced the Great Wall, and built the Forbidden Palace (for Chinese royalty only). This policy of rejecting foreigners is called isolationism.

A48Medieval Japan

To make my lord proud, I must follow the Code

of Bushido. That means I must be honorable,

loyal, and brave.

samurai

A47Medieval Japan

The shogun gives the daimyo land, and the daimyo hires samurai to provide protection.


Q49 Medieval Japan

Samurai practiced a blend of two religions: _____________ and __________________.

Q50 Medieval Japan

Samurai inspired Japanese pilots during World War II. Like the samurai, kamikaze pilots preferred to _______________________ rather than to face dishonor.

Q51 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe)

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the greatest threat to western Europe was the ______________. This empire started in the _______________ and then expanded all the way to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).


KNIGHT

NOBLE

KING

PEASANTS(some known as serfs)

I did not have a strong

enough army to defend my kingdom. This

system will have to do…

The king gives the noble ________, and the noble hires knights to provide _________.



How dare you choose church officials!You have been

_____________!

Pope Gregory VII

Holy Roman Empire Henry IV

Who was more powerful,the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor?

I’m begging you,please let me back into the church! I want to receive ___________!


Though most people were illiterate during the Middle Ages, one group could read and write: the __________. They copied not only the Bible, but also __________ and __________ texts. Without this service, the Renaissance may have never happened.

A50Medieval Japan

Samurai inspired Japanese pilots during World War II. Like the samurai, kamikaze pilots preferred to commit suicide rather than to face dishonor.

A49Medieval Japan

Samurai practiced a blend of two religions: Buddhism and Shinto.

A52Middle Ages (Medieval Europe)

The king gives the noble land, and the noble hires knights to provide protection.



After the fall of the Roman Empire, the greatest threat to western Europe was the Muslims. This empire started in the Arabian Peninsula and then expanded all the way to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).


Though most people were illiterate during the Middle Ages, one group could read and write: the monks. They copied not only the Bible, but also Greekand Roman texts. Without this service, the Renaissance may have never happened.


How dare you choose church officials!You have been

excommunicated!

Holy Roman Empire Henry IV

The Pope was more powerful than the emperor.

I’m begging you,please let me back into the church! I want to receive

salvation!

Pope Gregory VII


During medieval times, most art reflected Christian themes. Illiterate people could still learn about ________________ just by studying paintings of him.


In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree for 300 years. In 1054, the Great Schism resulted in two churches: the ____________ church in western Europe and the _________________ church in eastern Europe.


In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the ___________ against the Muslims. The mission: to reclaim Jerusalem. Although the Muslims controlled Jerusalem at the end of the Crusades, medieval Europe became interested in trade once again as Christian crusaders brought back cloth and spices.


During the Reconquista, ____________ armies drove __________armies out of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and back into Africa.


In the ____________________, the Catholic Church created a religious court to find and punish heretics. Most often, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity were tortured so that priests could determine if they had gone back to their old faith.


In the 1340s, a disease wiped out nearly half of Europe’s population. This disease is called the ______________.


In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree for 300 years. In 1054, the Great Schism resulted in two churches: the Roman Catholic church in western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox church in eastern Europe.


During medieval times, most art reflected Christian themes. Illiterate people could still learn about Jesus Christ just by studying paintings of him.


During the Reconquista, Christian armies drove Muslim armies out of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and back into Africa.


In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the Crusadesagainst the Muslims. The mission: to reclaim Jerusalem. Although the Muslims controlled Jerusalem at the end of the Crusades, medieval Europe became interested in trade once again as Christian crusaders brought back cloth and spices.


In the 1340s, a disease wiped out nearly half of Europe’s population. This disease is called the bubonic plague.


In the Spanish Inquisition, the Catholic Church created a religious court to find and punish heretics. Most often, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity were tortured so that priests could determine if they had gone back to their old faith.

Q61 Renaissance

The Renaissance is considered the “rebirth” of Europe. _____________________ culture from the Greeks and the Romans became valued once again.

Greeks and Romans Middle Ages Renaissance

Q62 Renaissance

What book am I reading?

Petrarch, the first humanist, would have read many _________ and _________ books. (Thank you, monks, for copying all of those books!)

Q63 Renaissance

Why is the sky gold? Why am I so much

bigger than everyone else? Why is this painting so flat?

Hey, the sky is blue now! Hey,

I’m a realistic size! Hey, this painting

has depth!I’m not in the

Bible, but Leo still painted me!

Name four differences between medieval and Renaissance art.

Q64 Renaissance

The ______________ were wealthy bankers who controlled the government and economy of Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance.

Q65 Renaissance

Since Christians consider money-lending to be a sin, the Medici were afraid of going to hell. To save themselves, they became _________ of artists like Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo.

Q66 Renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi built the Santa Maria del Fiore (left) in Florence. His biggest inspiration was the Pantheon in ancient ________. He was especially impressed with the Pantheon’s ________.

A62Renaissance

Petrarch, the first humanist, would have read many Greek and Roman books. (Thank you, monks, for copying all of those books!)

A61Renaissance

The Renaissance is considered the “rebirth” of Europe. Classical culture from the Greeks and the Romans became valued once again.

A64Renaissance

The Medici were wealthy bankers who controlled the government and economy of Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance.

A63Renaissance

Name four differences between medieval and Renaissance art.1) Medieval art usually has gold, heaven-like backgrounds;

Renaissance art usually has real world backgrounds.2) Medieval art usually represents the most important

figure as larger; Renaissance art usually represents all figures realistically.

3) Medieval art is usually flat; Renaissance art usually has depth due to the use of perspective.

4) Medieval art is usually about Christianity; Renaissance art is sometimes about Christianity, but other themes are depicted, too (example: Mona Lisa).

A66Renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi built the Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. His biggest inspiration was the Pantheon in ancient Rome. He was especially impressed with the Pantheon’s dome.

A65Renaissance

Since Christians consider money-lending to be a sin, the Medici were afraid of going to hell. To save themselves, they became patrons of artists like Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo.

Q67 Renaissance

Which Renaissance thinker produced these

works?

??? ??? ???

???

Q68 Renaissance

Although he first became famous as a sculptor (see his statue of David), _______________ eventually became most famous for his incredible frescos on the ceiling of the _______________.

Q69 Renaissance

Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the ______________________ changed the world. Later on, this machine would be used to print copies of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, Copernicus’ On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, Galileo’s Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which challenged the _______________ and weakened its power.

Q70 Renaissance

_____________________wrote many plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. His plays represent the Renaissance in England.

Q71 Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Church sold _______________ in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica. These allowed people to buy their way into heaven.


To show his disapproval of indulgences, _____________________nailed his _____________ to a church door in Germany. He argued that if the Pope could grant forgiveness for sins, why not just do it for free?

A68Renaissance

Although he first became famous as a sculptor (see his statue of David), Michelangeloeventually became most famous for his incredible frescos on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

A67Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

Engineering(ex. Helicopter)

Mona Lisa

Last Supper

Anatomy

A70Renaissance

William Shakespeare wrote many plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. His plays represent the Renaissance in England.

A69Renaissance

Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press changed the world. Later on, this machine would be used to print copies of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, Copernicus’ On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, Galileo’s Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which challenged the Catholic Church and weakened its power.

A72Protestant Reformation

To show his disapproval of indulgences, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in Germany. He argued that if the Pope could grant forgiveness for sins, why not just do it for free?


The Catholic Church sold indulgences in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica. These allowed people to buy their way into heaven.


???

???

??? ??? ???


Martin Luther believed that ____________ was not something that could be sold by the church. Rather, he believed it was a free gift for those who had _________.


• A priest named _________________ started a new Protestant church called the Calvinist Church.

• He also argued that _____________ could not be sold by the church. He believed that God knew from the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be doomed to spend eternity in hell. This belief is called _________________.


__________________ started another Protestant church called the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England) after the Pope would not grant him a divorce.


A

B

D

D

C

Roman Catholic = ???Eastern Orthodox = ???Protestant = ???Islam = ???


EnglandNorth

America• England brought

___________ beliefs to North America.


Martin Luther believed that salvation was not something that could be sold by the church. Rather, he believed it was a free gift for those who had faith.

A73Q73 Protestant Reformation


King Henry VIII started another Protestant church called the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England) after the Pope would not grant him a divorce.


• A priest named John Calvin started a new Protestant church called the Calvinist Church.

• He also argued that salvationcould not be sold by the church. He believed that God knew from the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be doomed to spend eternity in hell. This belief is called predestination.


• England brought Protestant beliefs to North America.


A

B

D

D

C

Roman Catholic = BEastern Orthodox = CProtestant = AIslam = D

NOTE: Since the Protestant Reformation began in Germany, Germany and other northern European countries became Protestant. Since the Pope lives in Rome, Italy and other southern European countries remained Catholic.


Central &

South

America

Spain• Spain brought ___________ beliefs to Central and South America.


• The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the ______________________.

• The Catholic Church’s goal was to clarify teachings, correct abuses, and win people back to Catholicism.

• The Catholic Church had three ways of achieving its goals:

???

???

??? No more

indulgences!

Q81 Scientific Revolution

HeliocentricBefore the Scientific Revolution, most people believed in the ____________theory (left), which states that the sun revolves around the Earth.

Copernicus proposed a new idea called the ___________ theory (right), which states that the Earth revolves around the sun.


HeliocentricCopernicus’ heliocentric theory was controversial because it disputed the __________, which supports the geocentric theory.

Wait a second… this isn’t what I read about in

church…?


• Copernicus struggled to predict the movement of the planets, in part because he still believed that the planets moved in a circular orbit. ____________ built on Copernicus’ theory by proposing that the planets moved in an ___________ orbit. Now astronomers could accurately predict the movement of the planets!


Galileo improved the invention of the ________________, which allowed him to see into space.


• The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Counter-Reformation.

• The Catholic Church’s goal was to clarify teachings, correct abuses, and win people back to Catholicism.

• The Catholic Church had three ways of achieving its goals:

Council of TrentMissionaries to spread

CatholicismInquisition to find

and punish heretics


• Spain brought Roman Catholic beliefs to Central and South America.

A82Scientific Revolution

Copernicus’ heliocentric theory was controversial because it disputed the Bible, which supports the geocentric theory.


Before the Scientific Revolution, most people believed in the geocentric theory, which states that the sun revolves around the Earth.

Copernicus proposed a new idea called the heliocentric theory, which states that the Earth revolves around the sun.


Galileo improved the invention of the telescope, which allowed him to see into space.


• Copernicus struggled to predict the movement of the planets, in part because he still believed that the planets moved in a circular orbit. Kepler built on Copernicus’ theory by proposing that the planets moved in an elliptical orbit. Now astronomers could accurately predict the movement of the planets!


When Galileo looked out his telescope, he saw four ___________ revolving around the planet ________________.


When Galileo invited church leaders to look through the telescope at the four moons revolving around Jupiter, the church leaders refused to acknowledge what they had seen.

Why?


The Catholic Church forced Galileo to appear before the _________________ because Galileo supported the __________________ theory in his book Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems.

The Catholic Church forced him to admit that the geocentric theory was actually true.


_____________discovered the law of gravity, which explained not only why apples fall to the ground, but also why planets orbit around the sun.


After the Scientific Revolution, traditional sources of knowledge such as classical philosophers and church authorities became (more or less) trusted.

Observation and experimentation became (more or less) trusted.


Some scientists kept some traditional beliefs, suggesting that science was simply a way to investigate the world __________ had created. In particular, Isaac Newton was a man of religion and science.


Galileo showed that:1) it is possible for a planet to move with a moon

moving around it, even though the Church insisted that the Earth does not move.

2) not everything revolves around the Earth, even though the Church insisted that everything revolves around the Earth.


When Galileo looked out his telescope, he saw four moons revolving around the planet Jupiter.


Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity, which explained not only why apples fall to the ground, but also why planets orbit around the sun.


The Catholic Church forced Galileo to appear before the Roman Inquisition because Galileo supported the heliocentric theory in his book Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems.

The Catholic Church forced him to admit that the geocentric theory was actually true.


Some scientists kept some traditional beliefs, suggesting that science was simply a way to investigate the world God had created. In particular, Isaac Newton was a man of religion and science.


After the Scientific Revolution, traditional sources of knowledge such as classical philosophers and church authorities became less trusted.

Observation and experimentation became moretrusted.

Q91 Age of Exploration

The Spanish and the Portuguese loved Asia’s _______ and _______, but the Italians the Muslims controlled all known trade routes to Asia. Therefore, the Spanish and the Portuguese wanted to find a new route to _________.


• In 1497, a Portuguese sailor named Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of ______________ and then sailed to ________.

• The Portuguese now had their own trade route to Asia. No longer did the ____________ and the ___________ have total control of trade to Asia.


Christopher Columbus tried to find yet another path to Asia, but he found something different: a land mass between Europe and Asia known as _____________________.


Named after Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas between Europe, Africa, & Asia and the Americas. The exchange harmed the Americas because ______________ traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.


Henry Hudson tried to find yet anotherpath to Asia. Hudson looked for a _________________: a water route through _________________ that would connect the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Hudson never found this passage.

Q96 The Rise of Democracy

In 1215, angry nobles forced King John to put his seal on the ______________, a document that limited the power of the king. Now, King John had to ask the nobles for permission in order to raise taxes.

A92Age of Exploration

• In 1497, a Portuguese sailor named Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africaand then sailed to India.

• The Portuguese now had their own trade route to Asia. No longer did the Italians and the Muslimshave total control of trade to Asia.


The Spanish and the Portuguese loved Asia’s spices and silk, but the Italians the Muslims controlled all known trade routes to Asia. Therefore, the Spanish and the Portuguese wanted to find a new route to Asia.


Named after Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas between Europe, Africa, & Asia and the Americas. The exchange harmed the Americas because diseases traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.


Christopher Columbus tried to find yet another path to Asia, but he found something different: a land mass between Europe and Asia known as the Americas.

A96The Rise of Democracy

Angry nobles forced King John to put his seal on the Magna Carta, a document that limited the power of the king. Now, King John had to ask the nobles for permission in order to raise taxes.


Henry Hudson tried to find yet anotherpath to Asia. Hudson looked for a northwest passage: a water route through North America that would connect the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Hudson never found this passage.

Q97 The Enlightenment

_________________________ valued natural rights. He argued that if a government failed to protect people’s natural rights, then it could be overthrown. This idea inspired the American colonists to sign the Declaration of Independence and then overthrow the British government in the American Revolution.


_______________ valued separation of powers, which inspired the United States to have three branches of government.


_______________________valued the rights of the accused. He opposed torture and the death penalty.

____________________ valued freedom of speech. “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”


The Enlightenment thinkers provided a foundation for the government of the United States, which is a _______________________.

A98The Enlightenment

Baron de Montequieuvalued separation of powers, which inspired the United States to have three branches of government.


John Locke valued natural rights. He argued that if a government failed to protect people’s natural rights, then it could be overthrown. This idea inspired the American colonists to sign the Declaration of Independence and then overthrow the British government in the American Revolution.


The Enlightenment thinkers provided a foundation for the government of the United States, which is a democracy.


Cesare Beccaria valued the rights of the accused. He opposed torture and the death penalty.

Voltaire valued freedom of speech. “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

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Mayan & Aztec Social Structure