MC HILL BOOK OF

Comprehensive coverage of recent events and research as compiled by the staff of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology

McGraw-Hill, Inc. NewYork SanFrancisco Washington,D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid

Mexico City Milan Montreal NewDelhi SanJuan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Afrovenator 71 Amanita muscaria 198 Agnosia, visual 363-365 ,-, Amber: algae in 27-28 Agricultural soil and crop practices bacteria preserved in 57-29

4-6" insects preserved in 156-158 advantages and disadvantages 5 Ambiortus 71 .

Acanthostega 340-341 domestication of plarits and ani- Ammonium nitrate 120-121 mals 274275 Ammonium polyphosphate 120

efficacy assessment 4 Ammonium sulfate 120 energy from biomass 32-35 Ammonoids, sutures in 110

Acoustic cavitation 318 fertilizer 118-121* Amnesia 189-190 Acoustic monitoring 224-226 imgation 162-165* Amosite 103 Acoustic thermometry 1-3* plant pathogens 261-262* Amphibole 207

long-range measurement 1 plants in saline environments Amphotericin B 186-187,390 technical approach 3 263-266* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ten-year program 1-2 soil 311-313* 151-152

special considerations 5-6 Angiosperm 156,293-294 subsoiling methods 4-5 Animal feed 173-174,380-381

Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean subsoiling purpose 4 Animal husbandry 274-275 water resources 370-372* Anomalocaris 8-10* Climate program 1-3

Acoustics: aircraft noise 6-8* whey 380-382* distribution 8 psychoacoustics 279-280" Agrobacteriurn 261 mode of life 9 wavelets 378-380" AIDS see Acquired immune defi- morphology 8

Acquired immune deficiency syn- ciency syndrome new Chinese examples 8-9 drome: drug design 75-76 Air pollution: urban area 363 relationships 10

medical mycology 185-187* Aircraft: navigation systems 305 Anornalocaris canadensis 8 Pneumocystis 268-269* office-in-the-sky 60-61 Anoxia: tolerance in Polychaeta tumor 354-357" satellite-based radio broadcasts 270-271

285-286 Antarctica 278-279,382-384 yeast infection 388-390* Aircraft noise 6-8* Antenna (electromagnetism): radio

in cabin 7-8 communications~285-286* engine design 6-7 Antibody: antigen 10-12"

tions Technology Satellite pro- engine location 7 autoimmunity 24-27" cellular imniunology 45-47* against plant viruses 262-263

Solidification Furnace 320 Algae: presence in amber 27-28 Antidunes 329-330 Advanced Communications Tech- Alkaloids 199 Antifungal agents 186-187,390

nology Satellite program 59-61 All-metal spin transistor 349-352 Antigen 10-12* future field trials 60-61 Allosaurus 73 autoimmunity 24-27* new systems 61 Alloy: intermetallic materials cellular immunology 45-47* user program 59-60 158-162* DM genes 11-12

Advanced Light Source 386-387 shape memory 306-309 hantavirus 145-147* Advanced Photon Source 386 Almaz l (satellite) 133 linkage and function 12

Alternating current: Rogowski coils MHC genes and gene products 302-304* 10-11

MHC peptide complexes 11 turnor 354-357*

Aerosol, atmospheric 17-19 Alxasaurus 71 Antiquark 97-98

402 Antiturnor vaccines

Antiturnor vaccines 355-357 evolution 355-356 future approaches 357 melanoma 356 problems and variables of ther-

apy 356-357 Antiviral drugs 74-75 Anyons 12-13*

bosons and fermions 12 generalized exclusion principle

13 properties of matter 12-13

/ statistics 13

Aphrodi5e aculeata 271 Aplasia 32 Aponeuroses 219 Apoptosis 25-27 Appert, N. 129 Applications satellites 13-17"

atmospheric aerosols 17-19* atmospheric water vapor 13-14 electric power systems 83-85" field experiment 15-16 meteorological signals 14-15 prospects 16-17 satellite altimetry 178-180 satellite navigation systems

304-306" Aqua ammonia 120 Arc discharge: hazardous waste

destruction 149 met-car formation 212

Archaeopteryx 71 Arthritis 24-25 Arthropodin 30 Arthropods: fossils 289

insects 155-158* Asbestos: environmental pollution

102-105" Asia: space activities 325-326 Astra 1D (satellite) 325 Astrophysics: gamma-ray bursts

142-143" studies using radioactive beam

287-288 Atlantis (space shuttle) 322 Atmosphere: applications satellites

13-17* comet impact on Jupiter 55-56 water vapor 13-17

Atmospheric aerosols 17-19* assessment of effects 19 composition 17-18 gaseous sulfur emissions 18 link to clouds 17 various types of emissions 18

Atmospheric Laboratory for Appli- cations and Science 322

ATOC see Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate program

Atom cluster: molecular materials 211-213*

Atomic crystal 19-21* atom-atom interactions 21 optical lattice 19 quantum motion 20-21 spectroscopy 19-20

Atomic force microscopy 206

Atomic nucleus 21-24" fermion dynamical symmetries

22-23 global and dynamical symmetries

22 interacting boson model 22 nuclear shell model 21-22 unified picture of nuclear struc-

ture 23-24 Atomic structure: fundamental

interactions 139-142" Auditory filter 279-280 Augmented Space Launch Vehcle

326 Austenite-martensite transforma-

tion 307-308 Australia 278-279 Australopithecus robustus 177 Autoimmunity 24-27"

activation and apoptosis signaling 27

defective apoptosis 25-26 genetic basis of autoimmunity in

mice 26-27 infection and autoimmunity 24 possible mechanisms 24-25

Automobile: automatic transmission 308

emergency reporting from pas- senger cars 68

navigation systems 304-305 tire disposal 90,149

A X A F see Advanced X-Ray ~ s t r o - physical Facility

B cells 354-355 autoimmunity 24-27* cellular immunology 45-47*

Bacillus 28-29,128 Backfill 359-361 Bacteria 27-29*

DNA studies 28-29 flesh-eating 333-334 presence in amber 27-28

Balanus amphitrite 30 Ballasts: lighting systems

169-171 Barbee, Jr., T. W. 385 Barnacle 29-31"

cyprid gregarious settlement 30

cypris larvae 29-30 ecological implications 30-31 pheromone recognition 30 settlement pheromones 30

Bartonella henselae 43-44 Baryonyx 73 Becquerel, H. 318 Bee: Bacillus DNA 28-29 BCkCsy, G. von 279 Big LEOs (satellites) 66 Binnig, G. 202 Biodiesel34-35 Bioelectronics: molecular magnet

208-211" Bioindicator: earthworm 83

- - cellular and molecular mecha-

nisms 32

I Biological clocks 31 -?W

environmental signals to set clocks 31

photoreceptors and pacemakers 31-32

Biological complexity: evolution 108-110*

Biological control: plant patho--- 261-262

Biomass 32-35* E biodiese134-3 j electricity 35 ethanol from 34 ethanol from grain 33-34

Biosensor, DNA-based 70 Biosolids 35-37:

anaerobic digkstion 35-36 current challenges 36 rangeland management 37 recent innovations 36-37 silviculture 37

Bipolar spin switch see Magnetic switch

Bird: dinosaurian ancestry 71,74 Black hole 143-145 Black smoker l81 Blastomyces dermatitidis 118-187 Blood substitute 214 Bolide impact 72 Bone: dinosaur 72-74

paleoclimate reconstruction 241-243

paleodietary analyses 176-177 Borehole 3840 Boring and driIling (prospecting)

38-40" advanced techniques 38-39 directional drilling in minerals

exploration 39-40 1 standard technoloey 38 -. Borrelia 24,171-173 Bose-Einstein statistics: anyons

12-13" Boson 12-13,22,98,141 Bottom quark 141,283 Boundary-layer flow: extremely

high heat flux 112-115* Brain: headache 150-151"

memory 189-190* Neandertal221-222

Branchiostorna 64 Brasilsat B1 (satellite) 325 Brayton cycle 301-302 Breast cancer 48 Breathing 295-297 Bridge: acoustic monitoring

224-226 Brockhouse, Bertram N. 228 Bromohydrins 366-367 Brucella 24

( Bubonic plague 257 Building: acoustic mo~itonng

224-226 Bulk-handling machines: flow of

solids 121-124"

Control systems 403

Burgess Shale 8-10 gurkholdia cepacia 261 Burnet, E M. 25 Burst and Transient Source Experi-

ment 142-143

C cdcium: plant nutrition 265

wave in fertilization 116-118 Calcium ammonium nitrate 120 ~~mpylobacter 24-25 Cancer (medicine): clinical pathol-

ogy 47-49* detection of minimal residual dis-

ease 48-49 diagnosis 48 environmental pollution

102-105% immunostimulant therapy

197-198 magnetic resonance imaging 342 photodynamic therapy 342-343 prognosis of malignant tumor 48 tumor 354-357*

Candida 185-187,388-390 Canine Lyme borreliosis 171-173 Canning technology 129-130 Canopy (forest) 352-354

dynamics 353 microclimate 353-354 vertical organization 352-353

Cantor bar l35 Carbocations 228 Carbon: fullerene 138-139*

met-cars 211-213 radiocarbon dating 288-290*

Carbon dioxide: ancient 242-243 atmospheric 32-33 forest canopy 354 supercritical 266-267

Carbon nitride 40-42* composition 41 key properties 42 preparation of materials 40-41 structure 41

Carboxylic acids 367 Carcinogens 102-105 Carnivore: teeth 346 Carpal tunnel syndrome 42-43*

assessment 42 pathophysiology 43 prevalence 42-43 treatment 43

Cassubia 8 Casting: intermetallic materials

161 Cat, plague-infected 257-258 Cat scratch disease 43-44*

clinical signs 44 diagnosis 44 epidemiology 44 etiology 43-44 treatment 44

Cathayornis 71 Cattle: domestication 274-275

mad cow disease 173-174* Cave bear 177

Cavitation: sonoluminescence 318-320*

CD-ROM see Compact disk Cell membrane: fertilization

115-118* Cell polarity: embryogenesis

100-101* Cellular immunology 45-47*, 354

antigen 10-12*, 45 B- and T-cell costimulation and

crosstalk 46-47 I CD40 ligand 45-46

Cereals 274-275 CFI see Computational flow imaging

' Chang Zheng 3A (satellite) 326 Chaos: fractal applications 137-138 Charge-spin coupling 349 Chattock, A. P. 303 Cheese: whey 380-382* Chemical bonding: carbon nitride

40-42* Chemical furnace 184 Chemotaxis 115-116 , ,

Chengliang fauna 8-9 Chicxulub impact structure 72,

138-139 Childbed fever 334 China: space activities 325-326 Chirplet 380 Chitin 289 Chlorination: water treatment

365-366 Chlorine dioxide: water treatment

367 Chlorite 367 Cholesterol: medical testing

188-189 Chrysotile 103 Circadian rhythm: biological clocks

31-32" Claviceps 199 Clay minerals 207 Clean Air Act (1990) 90 Cleavage (embryology) 100-101 Clementine (satellite) 216-218,324 Climate: forest canopy 353-354

magnetism and climate records 251

modeling with acoustic thermom- etry 1-3

paleoclimatology 240-243* radiocarbon dating 289-290 urban heat storage 361-363*

Clinical pathology 47-49" cancer 48-49 cat scratch disease 43-44* hagnosis of infectious disease 49 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 1 153 molecular diagnostic techniques

47-48 prenatal diagnosis of hereditary

disease 49 yeast infection 388-390"

Clostridium 128-129 Cloud physics 17-19 Coal mining 49-52*

advanced technology 51-52

Coal mining-cont. ergonomics 51 highwall mining 49-50 highwall mining system extraction

50-51 prospects 52 sensors 51 teleoperation 50 teleoperator control 51

Coccidioides immitis 185-187 Coelophysis 71 Coercivity: molecular magnet

210-211 Cognition 52-53"

infant perception 52-53 methodological advances 52 physical and social knowledge 53

Coley, W. B. 355 Collagen 219-220 i Columbia (space shuttle) 320-321 Columbus Orbital Facility 325 Comet 53-56*

impact phenomena 55-56 Jupiter 54-55 Shoemaker-Levy 9 5656,323-324 unresolved questions 56

Communications satellite 56-61" ACTS program 59-61 ACTS system 59 data communications 66-68* future field trials 60-61 INTELSAT V11 and V111 space-

craft 57 new systems 61 radio communications 285-286* space fight 320-326* user program 59-60

Compact disk 61-63* optical storage 61-62 . read-only disks 62 writable optical disk 63

Complement: inhibitors 198 Composites, intermetallic matrix 162 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory

142,324 Computational flow imaging: flow

visualization 124-127 Computer: compact disk 61-63*

drug design 74-76* ferroelectric liquid-crystal dis-

plays 94-95 nonvolatile memory 351 optical computing 236-238"

Conduction (heat): extremely high heat flow 112-115*

urban heat storage 361-363* Conodonts 63-64*

architecture and function 64 biological affinities 64 morphology 63-64

Continental drift: paleogeography 243-247*

prospecting 275-279* Continuous-wave laser excitation

204 Contrast agents 342 Control systems: electric power sys-

tems 83-85*

Convection (heat)

Convection (heat): extremely high heat flow 112-115*

Cooling system: industrial water use 373

liquid-jet-impingement cooling 112-115

Coordination chemistry: metal clus- ter compound 190-193*

Coriolus versicolor 197 Cosmic censorship hypothesis 145 Crenothrix 27 Cretaceous: fullerene 138-139* CRZSTASPAS (satellite) 322 Cristobalite 104 Crocidolite 103 Crops see Agricultural soil and crop

practices Crosstalk: optical storage 62 Crustacean 65-66"

juvenile hormone 65 male morphotypes in spidei. crabs

65 reproductive behavior of male

morphotypes 65-66 shrimp 309-311*

Cryolophosaurus 71 Cryptococcus neofo'rmans 185-187,

389 Cryptosporidiurn 365 Crystal structure: atomic crystal

19-21" intermetallic materials 158-162* metal cluster compound 190-193* shape memory alloys 306-309"

~yanobacteria 27 Cypris larvae 29-30 Cyrtolophosis 28 Cytochrome P450 105 Cytokine: autoimmunity 25

cellular immunology 45-47* nitric oxide 226-228" treatment of yeast infections 390 tumor 354-357*

Darwin, Charles 81,111,258 Data communications 66-68*

applications 68 communications satellite 56-61* networks 67 ORBCOMM 66 position determination 68 satellites 66-67 signal routing 67-68

DC-X (launch-and-land demonstra- tor) 324

Decussation planes 346-347 Deep-etch x-ray lithography 388 Deforestation 133-134 Dehydration: food engineering

132 Delay line: architecture 237-238

circuits 237-238 14-Deoxymyriocin l98 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

68-70* biological relevance 70

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-cont. foss11 vs. extant rmcrobe studies

28-29 hybridization techniques 47 insect amber fossils 156-158 molecular light switch 69-70 molecular transport 215-216 as molecular wire 68 photoinduced electron transfer

68-69 polymerase chain reaction

47-48 Department of Defense: space

activities 324-325 Depth perception 53 Deschamps, 0.308-309 Desertification 18 Deuterium-tritium experiments:

nuclear fusion 234-235 DFH-3 (satellite) 326 Diabetes 187-188 Diamond 76,115

cell 77 Diet: ancient mammals 176-177

Neandertal222-223 Differential Global Positioning Sys-

tem 305-306 Digital optical computer 236-238 Dihydroergotamine 150-151 Dimethyl sulfide 18 Dinosaur 70-74*

bird ori,@ns 71 bone 72-74 distribution 71 earliest dinosaurs 70-71 evolutionary relationships 70 extinction 72 footprints 71-72 metabolism 71 nests and hatchlings 71

Diphyodonty 345-346 Directional couplers 236-237 Discovery (space shuttle) 320-321 DNA see Deoxyribonucleic acid Dog: locomotor-respiratory integra-

tion 296 Lyme borreliosis 171-173 plague-infected 257-258

Doppler-tuned spectrometer 140 Double helix 68-70 Dougherty, T. 342 Drilling: boring and drilling

(prospecting) 38-40" Drosophila 32,100 Drug design 74-76", 387

anti-influenza drugs 75 computer-assisted design of

antiviral drugs 74-75 future developments 75-76 mgraine therapy 150-151

Dryosaurus 73-74

Earth 76-79* crustal and mantle minerals 76-80 experimental mineral transforma-

tions 76-78

____2_ Earth-cont.

extra~olatiOn and interpretation 78-79

mineral reactions 2 0 6 2 0 ~ Perovskite mineral structures 78

Earth crust: metamorphism 193-196*

prospecting 275-279h Earth interior 79-8lh

anomalies 81 mantle models 80-81 observation methods 80 velocity dis~ontinuitie~ 79-80

Earth Observing System 134 Earthworm 81-83"

bioindicators of environmental contamination 83

role in organjc waste manage- ment 81-82

soil amelioration and land recla- mation 82-83

Ectoedemia 156 Eggs: activation 116-118

dinosaur 71 elongate l00 embryogenesis 100-101* fertilization 115-118* size l12 spherical 100-101

EGRET experiment 142-143 Einstein, A. 143

field equations 144 Einstein Observatory 384 Eisenia fetida 81-83 Electric field:

interference microscopy 92-93 transmission lines 90

Electric power systems 83-85* . applications 84-85

communications to central site 84

electric protective devices 85-86* electric utility industry 86-91* electricity from biomass 35 positive-sequence measurements

83 role of measurements 83 synchronized phasor measure-

ments 83-84 Electric protective devices 85-86"

adaptive relaying 85-86 open-system relaying 86 relay testing 86

Electric utility industry 86-91" alternate energy applications 90 comparability 87-88 division by plant and utility

88 electric and magnetic fields 90 integration of IPPs 88 mergers 89-90 nitrous oxide regulations 90 nuclear cancellations power marketers 88 retail wheeling 86-87 rotating blackouts 89 RTG formation 87 transmission case settled

Fertilizer

Electrical engineering: fractals 134-138

Electron beam fluorescence 124 Electron capture from pair produc-

tion 141 Electron charge density: metal clus-

ter compound 193 Electron cooling 331 Electron holography 91-93"

experimental method 91 high-resolution microscopy 91 interference microscopy 91-93

Electron interferometry 91-93 Electron spin: magnetic switch

174-176* molecular magnet 208-211*

Electron transfer: through DNA 68-70

photoinduced 68-69 Electronic displays 93-97*

applications 95 color and shading 94-95 ferroelectric liquid-crystal dis-

plays 94-95 nonuniformities 97 operating principle 94 static volume systems 96 status 97 swept volume systems 96 volumetric three-dimensional dis-

plays 95-97 Electronics: aircraft 7 Elementary particle 97-100h

diffraction 97 experimental data 99-100 fundamental interactions

139-142* hadron structure 97-98 high-energy scattering 98-99 implications for the strong force

100 quarks 283-285*

Elephant: ivory source identifica- tion 177

Eleutherodactylus 111 Embryogenesis 100-101*

elongate eggs 100 evolutionary developmental biol-

ogy 110-112* somitomeres 101 spherical eggs 100-101

Emu Bay Shale 9 Emulsions: food engineering

131-132 Enamel (tooth) 345-347 Endeavour (space shuttle) 320-322 Endocrine system: crustacean

65-66* Endometrial cups 101-102*

function l02 pregnancy loss 102 research 102 role of eCG 102 structure 102

Endomysium 219-220 Endoplasmic reticulum 117 Energy source: biomass 32-35*

electric utility industry 86-91*

Engine, aircraft 6-8 Engineering: food 127-132

reengineering 290-293: water supply 372-375

Engineering Test Satellite 325 Environmental management: earth-

worm 81-83" turfgrass 357-359*

Environmental pollution 102-105" asbestos minerals and disease

103-104 crystalline silica and disease 104 implications 104 school building exposures l04 standardized test 83

Enzyme 105-108* chemical analysis of the diiron

center 106 implications of the hydroxylase

structure 106-107 methane monooxygenase system

105 pressure-induced denaturation

128 related iron-containing proteins

105 structure of the hydroxylase 106

Eolian transport: snow 383-384 Eoraptor 71 EOS see Earth Observing System Epidemiology: equine motor neu-

ron disease 152 hantavirus 146 mad cow disease 174 plague 257 Pneumocystis 268-269

Epimysium 218 Epitope 263 Epstein-Barr virus 24-25 Equine chorionic gonadotropin 102 Equine motor neuron disease

151-152 causative factors 152 chnical signs 151 epidemiological findings 152 pathology 151-152

Erbium-doped fiber amplifier 239-240

Ergonomics: remote operator's con- trol room 51

Ergotamine 150 Erosion: soil 162-165,311-313*,

370-371,381-382 step pools 328-330*

ERS 1 (satellite) 133 Estrogen 102 Estrous cycle 102 Ethanol: from biomass 34

from grain 33-34 Europe: space activities 325 Eusthenopteron 341 E W E see Extreme Ultraviolet

Explorer Evolution 108-110"

Anomalocaris 8-10" complexity and evolutionary

development 108 definitions of complexity 108

Evolution-cont dinosaur 70-74* empirical studies 109-110 evolutionary developmental blol-

ogy 110-112* evolutionary trends 108-109 imphcatlons 110 insects 155-158" Mammaha 176-177" Neandertals 221-224* Tetrapoda 339-341" see also Fossil

Evolutionary developmental blol- ogy 110-112*

evolution 111 hlstory 110-111 Indirect to direct development

111-112 phyla 111

Exclusion principle 13 Extreme Ultravzolet Explorer 324 Extreme-ultraviolet projection

hthography 387 Extremely hlgh heat flux 112-115*

heat fluxes l12 lmtations on heat flux 112-114 llqmd-jet ~mplngement 114 prospects l15

Face recognition 364 Faraday rotation 281-282 Farkas, D. 128 Fault zone 196 Federal Energy Regulatory Com-

mission 86-90 Feldspar 207 FERC see Federal Energy Regala-

tory Commission Fermion 12-13

atomic nucleus 21-24* Ferroelectric liquid-crystal displays

94-95 applications 95 color and shading 94-95 comparison of types 94 operating principles 94

Ferromagnetism 349 magnetic switch 174-176*

Fertigation 121 Fertilization (reproduction)

115-118" calcium wave 116-118 chemotaxis 115-116 fusion and activation 116 gametes 115 species-specific recognition 116

Fertilizer 118-121* biosolids 36-37 nitrogen 120-121 nutrients as water pollutants 371 phosphorus l19 potassium 118-119 production 120-121 types 120 whey 381-382 worldwide requirements 119-120

406 Finite-differencing technique

Finite-differencing technique 144 Fossil-cont. Glob"' Positioning system 13-17, Fish: evolution 339-341 paleodietary analyses 176-177 l79,304-306,324-325

oxygen isotopes in otoliths 241 Tetrapoda 339-341" differential 305-306 Flea: control 258 see also Evolution measurement of atmospheric

plague vector 257-258* Fourier series and integrals: water vapor 15-16 Flow of solids 121-124" wavelets 378-380* metdorological signals 14-15

bin inserts 122-123 Fractals 134-138" power-system monitoring 83-85 feeders 122 application areas 137-138 Glomeru1onephritis 334 flow problem 121-122 construction and dimension , Glucans 197-198 impact of flow patterns 122 134-136 Glucose: medical testing 187-188 measures of flowability 122 electrical engineering examples Gluon 97-99

Goats: domestication 274-275 prospects 138 GOES 8 (satellite) 324

quality-control testers 123-124 Frasch process 316-317 Gold: mining 39-40 tumble blending 123 Free-radical polymerization: plastics ' Gondwana 249-250

Flow visualization 124-127* 266-267 GPS see Global Positioning system benefits 125-127 Freezinglthawing cycle: soil Graphite 76 development of CFI 126125 312-313 preparation of carbon nitride new formats 127 Frenzel, H. 318 materials 40b1 practical issues in CFI 124 Friction: flow of solids 121-124* Grass: C3 and C4 242 visualization methods 124 Frog: development 111-112 turfgrass 357-359*

Flower 293-294 Fullerene 138-139* Gravitational collapse 143-145* Fluconazole 187,390 K-T boundary sites 138-139 computational techniques 144 Flucytosine 187,390 occurrences 139 dynamics of general relativity 144 Fluorescence: flow visualization Fundamental interactions 139-142* results of simulations 144-145

124-127* new types of atomic collisions Gravity: Moon 217 Fluorescence spectroscopy: atomic 140-141 Green manure 261

crystal 20 prospects 141-142 ' Greenhouse effect: acoustic ther- Fluorescent lamps 168-171 quantum-electrodynamic effects mometry 1-3* Fomes amnosus 261 140 , applications satellites 13-17* Food engineering 127-132* Fungi: medical mycology 185-187* atmospheric aerosols 17-19*

dehydration 132 microbial compound 196-199* GSTAR III (satellite) 285 design 130 plant pathogens 261-262" Guanylate cyclase 226-227 emulsions 131-132 yeast infection 388-390" high hydrostatic pressure 128 Fusarium 199,260-261 history 128-129 magnetic resonance imaging H-2 heavy-lift launch vehicle 325

130-132 Hadron 97-99 G proteins 228-229 mass and energy transport 131 Hall effect: anyons 12-13*

ohmic heating 129-130 Gabor, D. 91,380 Halophyte 265 practical considerations 128-129 Gadolinium(II1) 342 Hamiltonian symmetries 22-23 principles 128,130-131 Gaeumannomyces graminis 260 Hammer, M. 291 processing at ultra-high pressure Galileo (space probe) 323 Hantavirus 145-147"

127-129 Gamma-ray bursts 142-143" characteristics 145-146 products l30 Compton Gamma-Ray Observa- clinical illness 146-147 technologies for sterilization tory 324 epidemiology 146

129-130 counterparts 143 preventive measures 147 temperature profiles in solid distribution on the sky 143 pulmonary syndrome 146-147

foods 132 observation 142 Harmonic oscillator 20 Food web: Mamrnalia 176-177* spectral characteristics 142-143 Hartmanella 24 Forest 132-134" time profiles 142 Hazardous waste 147-149*

data analysis and interpretation Ganoderma lucidum 198-199 arc discharge l49 Gasification technology 35 electric discharges 147-148

forest assessment 133 Gate-turnoff thyistor 343-345 existing incineration methods 147 future trends 133-134 Gauge boson 98 glow or corona discharge 148-149 limitations 133 Gene expression: during pollen Headache 150-151* microwave sensing systems 133 development 293-294 causes 150 remote sensing 132-133 MHC genes 10-12 symptoms l50 satellite sensing 133 Generalized exclusion principle 13 treatment 150-151 tree 352-354* Geoid height 179-180 Heard Island Feasibility Test

Fossil: Anornalocaris 8-10* Geomagnetism 247-251 Hearing: psychoacoustics 279-2g0* arthropods 289 Geosat (satellite) 179 wavelets 378-380* bacteria in amber 27-29* Germ layers 101 ~~~t balance: acoustic thermornetrY conodonts 63-64" Gigantothermy 71 dinosaur 70-74* Gill skeleton: Acanthostega 340-341 urban heat storage 361-363*

Heat-transfer coefficient 113-115 insects 155-158* Gilman, Alfred A. 228-229 Mammalia 176-177" Ginocchio model 23 Heinrich event 290 Neandertals 221-224* Glacial chronology 289-290 Helmholtz, H. 279

Land Mass satellites 407

1 Hemorrhagic fever wth renal syn- i drome 146

Herbicide 371-372 Herbivore: teeth 346 Herdlng 274-275 Herpes slmplex vlrus 24-25 Herrerasaurus 70-71 Hertz, H. 380 Heteromastus fil~forrnzs 270 Higgs boson 141 Highwall mnlng 49-52 Histocompatibility see Major histo-

compatibihty complex Hlte, B. 128

. Holography, electron 91-93" Homeotic mutahon 158 Homnid. evolution 177,223-224 Homo erectus 223-224 Horse 151-153*

endometnal cups 101-102* equlne motor neuron dlsease

151-152 foss11 242 hyperkalemc penodic paralysis

152-153 Hosp~tal waste 149 Hubble Space Telescope 56,322-323 Human chorionic gonadotropm 189 Human-factors engmeenng. teleop-

erated coal mnlng 51 Humoral immunlty 354 Hunter-gatherers 222,274 Huxley, Thomas Henry 110 Hybriduation techmques: DNA 47,

49 Hydrocarbon 211-213,228 Hydrogen isotopes in bones and

teeth 241-242 isotopes in precipitation 241

Hydroides dianthus 30 Hydrothermal deposit see Ocean-

floor hydrothermal deposits 20-Hydroxyecdysone 65-66 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

152-153 Hypersurface 144 Hypoxia: tolerance in Polychaeta

270-271

Iberomesornis 71 Iceberg armada 290 Ichthyostega 339-340 Identical band problem 24 Image compression 137 Image enhancement 125 Image processing: fractals 134-138* Immunity: autoimmunity 24-27*

immune system 354-355 nitric oxide in immune killing

227-228 ~mmunodiagnostics 189 Immunoglobulin: antibodies against

plant viruses 262-263 Immunological deficiency: cat

scratch disease 4 3 4 * Pneumocystis 268-269*

Immunology: antigen 10-12* tumor 354-357*

Immunomodulator 197 Immunostimulants 197-198

high molecular weight polysac- charides 197-198

low molecular weight substances 198

Immunosuppression: medical mycology 185-187*

suppressants 198-199 yeast infections 388-390"

Immunotherapy 199,355-356 Impact crater 138

lunar craters 218 Incineration: hazardous waste 147 India: space activities 326 Industrial health and safety:

asbestos-related disease 103-104

carpal tunnel syndrome 42-43* ink 153-155* silica-related disease 104 , ,

Infant: cognition 52-53" Infection and autoimmunity 24 Infectious disease: diagnosis 49

drug design 74-76* medical mycology 185-187*

Influenza virus 75 Information processing (psychol-

ogy): cognition 52-53* Ingot processing: intermetallic

materials 162 Ink 153-155*

benefits l55 lithography process 153-154 solubility conversion 154-155 water-reducible resins 155

Insects 155-158* fossil evidence 155-156 lepidopteran fossils 156 modern evidence 158 phylogenetic interpretation 156 preservation in amber 156-158

Instrument landing system 305 Instrumentation: coal mining 49-52*

medical testing 187-189* surgery 338 ultrashort laser technology 168

Insulin 187-188 Integrated circuits: electric protec-

tive devices 85-86* magnetic switch 174-176*

Integrated services digital network services 59

INTELSAT spacecraft 56-59,325 Interference microscopy 91-93 Interferon y 11,25 Interleukin 25-26,46,355 Intermetallic materials 158-162*

intermetallic matrix composites 162

ordered structures 158-161 production 161-162

International Global Aerosol Pro- gram 19

International Global Positioning System 13

International Microgravity Labora- tory 321

International Space Station 320, 322

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor 235-236

Interplanetary matter 313-316 Interstellar matter 313-316 Iridium 138 Iridium system (global communica-

tions) 61 Iron aluminides 160 Irrigation (agriculture) 162-165*

application strategies 164-165 environmental safety 163 furrow irrigation 164 plants in saline environments

263-266 soil 311-313* soil erosion 162-163,381-382 soil interactions 163-164 water conservation 373-374 water-soluble polyacrylamide

163 Isaria sinclairii 198 ISDN see Integrated services digital

network services Isothermal Dendritic Growth

Experiment 320 Isotope: nuclear fuels 231-233*

paleoclimatology 240-243* paleodietary analyses 176-177 solar system 313-316*

Isotopic age 251 Isotopic spin 23 ISP-I (immunosuppressant) 198 ITER see International Thermonu-

clear Experimental Reactor Itraconazole 187,390 Iyory: identification of elephant

source 177 Ixodes 171-172

Japan: space activities 325 JERS 1 (satellite) 133 Jet flow: water-jet cutting 367-370* Jet noise 6-8 Josephson junction 326 Jupiter: impact of Comet Shoemaker-

Levy 9 53-56 Juvenile hormone 65

K Katabatic wind 382-384 Ketoconazole 390 Kochia scoparia 265 Kondakova, Elena 325 Korean hemorrhagic fever 145-146 Krikalev, Sergei 320 Kumakhov polycapillary optics 384

L Lactarius j7avidulus 199 Land Mass satellites 58-59

408 Landscape

Landscape: higation 373-374 Lyme disease-cont. Marine geolo~--cont~ precipitation (meteorology) treatment 172 applications 180

271-273" vectors 171-172 and mound structures Landsat satellites 133 180-181 Laparoscopy 337-339 hydrothermal plumes 181 Large Hadron Collider 141 hydrothermal sites and mineral Larva, cypris 29-30 Machining: intermetallic materials precipitation 180 Laser 165-168* 162 measurements 179-180

applications 167-168 water-jet cutting 367-370* ocean charting 178 carbon nitride production 40-42 Macroevolution 111 Ocean Drilling Program 181 high-speed scanning tunneling Mad cow disease 173-174* ocean-floor hydrothennd

microscopy 203 clinical signs 173 deposits 180-181 optical fiber amplifiers 238-240Y diagnosis l73 ocean surface bumps 178-179 photoselective chemistry epidemiologic intrarelationships research gains and future direc-

251-254' 174 tions 182 time-resolved measurements 166 etiology 173 satellite altimetry 178-180 ultrashort light pulses 165-166 implications 174 Martensite 307-308 ultrashort pulsed lasers 166-167 species susceptibility 174 Masking of souryd 279-280

Laser cooling: atomic crystal 19-21* transmissible encephalopathies Mass flow 122-123 Le& plant movements 258-260* 173-174 Mass spectrometry 205 Lehman, R. 87 Magellan (spacecraft) 323-324 Ma~sospondylus 73 Lentinula edodes 197 Magic-number cluster 191-192 Mastotermes 158 Lepidoptera 156 Magnetic field: interference Materials processing 182-185* Lepton 283 microscopy 92-93 combustion synthesis 182 Leukemia, chronic myelogenous 48 Rogowski coils 302-304* codtrol of the reaction 183-184

/ Levy, David 54 transmission lines 90 densification 183 Libinia emarginata 65 Magnetic materials: reaction hot pressing 184 Ligand shell: metal cluster com- metal cluster compound 192 reaction temperature 183

pound 192 molecular magnet 208-211* reactive sintering 184 Lighting systems 168-171" Magnetic resonance imaghg: emul- shock compression 184-185

compact fluorescent lamps 169 sions 131-132 synthesis of refractory materials electromagnetic compatibility 168 food engineering 130-132 182-183 electronic ballasts 169 mass and energy transport 131 Materials science: studies using electronic transfonjner 168-169 principles 130-131 radioactive beams 288 fluorescent ballasts 169-170 texaphyrins 342 ultrashort laser technology

Magnetic susceptibility: metal clus- 167-168 ter compound 190-193* Mating: plug 309-311

improving ballast performance Magnetic switch 174-176* shrimp 310-311 171 bipolar spin device 175 Mawson, D. 382-383

induction lamps 170 miniaturization and stability 175 Median nerve: carpal tunnel syn- Limbs (legs): evolution 110,341 prospects l76 drome 42-43* Ling Zhi-8 (protein) 198 spin transistor 351-352 Medical imaging: fractal techniques ~ i ~ u i d crystal displays: active Magnetostratigraphy 251

matrix 94 Maiasaura 71 texaphyrins 341-343* ferroelectric 94-95 Main Pass sulfur deposit 317-318 Medical mycology 185-187*

diagnosis and treatment 186-187 Liquids: wave phenomena 375-378* Major histocompatibility complex: Listeria monocytogenes 25 cellular immunity 45-47* microbial compound 196-199* Lithography 153-155,387-388 genes and gene products 10-12 Little LEOs (satellites) 66-68 peptide complexes 11 Locomotion: Anomalocaris 9-10 tumor-specific antigens 357 primary systemic pathogens 186

dinosaurs 71-72 Malacoceros fuliginosus 271 yeast infection 388-390% locomotoirespiratory interac- &lalassezia 185,389 Medical testing 187-189*

tions 295-297 Mamrnalia 176-177* cholesterol levels 188-189 Logic gate 351-352 ancient hoininids 177 glucose measurement 187-188 Loimia medusa 271 cave bear 177 immunodiagnostics 189 Luch (satellite) 325 dental requirements 345-347 Megaevolution 111 Lucianosaurus 70 elephant ivory sources 177 Meissner effect 335 Lungs: cancer 103-104 future research 177 Melanoma 356

Pneumocystis 268-269* locomotor-respiratory integration Memory 189-190" respiratory system 295-297* 295-297 future classification 190

Luteinizing hormone 189 trace element and isotope system- procedural and declarative mem-

Lutetium(II1) 343 atics 176 ories 189-190 Lyme disease 171-173* trace elements and isotopes in semantic and episodic memow

clinical manifestations 172 paleodietary analysis 176-177 diagnosis 172 Marginocephalian 70 Memory element: spin transistor distribution 171 Marine geology 178-182* etiologic agent 171 alteration of oceanic crust MEPHISTO furnace 3z0 prevention 172-173 181-182 Meson 141

1 Nest 409 1 i i Mesothelioma 103

Met-cars see Metallocarbohedrenes Metabolism: dinosaur 71

metabolic switching in poly- chaetes 271

Metal cluster compound 190-193* evolution to metallic properties

192-193 giant magic-number clusters

191-192 large clusters 191 monodisperse particles 191

Metallocarbohedrenes 211-213 binary metal met-cars 212-213

4 composition and structure 1 211-212

3 mechanisms of formation 212 d status and prospects 213

Metallogeny 275-277 Metamorphism 193-196*

interrelationship with deforma- tion 194

mechanistic relationships 195-196 spatial and temporal relationships

194-195 Metamorphosis: crustacean 65-66* Meteorite: fullerene 138-139*

solar system 313-316* Meteorology: applications satellites

14-15 space flight 320-326*

Methane: oxidation to methanol 105-108

Methane monooxygenase: enzyme 105-108*

Methanol: methane oxidation to 105-108

Methanotroph 105-108 Methyl farnesoate 65-66 Methylococcus capsulatus 105-106 MHC see Major histocompatibility

complex Microbial compound 196-199*

irnmunostimulants 197-198 immunosuppressants 198-199 immunotherapy 199

Microevolution 111 Microgravity Payload 320 Microorganisms: in amber 27-29

autoimmunity 24-25 bacteria 27-29* biosolids 35-37* inactivation in food processing

128 soil 313 water-borne disease 365-367

Microprobe sampling methods 205-206

Microscope 199-204* design 200-201 examp& of imaging 201 high-speed scanning tunneling

microscopy 202-204 near-field optical microscopy

199-202 near-field optics 201-202 optical modulation of samples

203-204

~icrosco~k-cont. optical Switching of electrodes 204 principles 199-200 principles of STM 202-203 use of lasers 203

Microwave sensing system: forest monitoring 133

Mid-Oceanic Ridge 180-181 Migraine headache 150-151 Milankovitch, M. 289 Milk: whey 380-382* MILSTAR communications satel-

lites 324 Mineralogy 204-208"

atomic arrangements 206 chemical composition 205-206 mineral surfaces 206 reactions in the Earth 206-208

Minerals: directional drilling in exploration 39-40

Earth 76-79" hydrothermal deposits 180-182 metamorphism 193-196* mineral dust aerosols l 8 prospecting 275-279*

Miniature Sensor Technology Inte- gration 324

Miniaturization 175,347-352 Mining: coal 49-52

solution 316-318 underground 359-361

Mir space station 325 Mission to Plant Earth 322,324 Molecular beam epitaxy 281 Molecular light switch 69-70 Molecular magnet 208-211X

design strategy 208 ferromagnetic ordering of one-

dimensional ferrimagnets 208 interlocking of two-dimensional

networks 208-210 large coercivity 210-211

Molecular materials 211-213* binary metal met-cars 212-213 mechanisms of formation 212 met-car composition and struc-

ture 211-212 status and prospects 213 structures 212

Molecular mimicry: autoimmunity 24-25

Molecular transport 213-216* materials 214 present and future applications

214-216 self-assembly 213-214 stabilizing film 214 surface interactions 214

Molting, crustacean 65-66 Molybdenum disilicide 161 Monoammonium phosphate 120 Monoclonal antibodies: against

plant viruses 262-263 Monoculture 260-261 Monolophosaurus 71 Mononykus 71 Moon 216-218"

satellite 216

Moon-cont. shape and Internal structure

216-217 soils 316 surface features 217-218

Mountain meteorology 271-273 Mouse: genetic basis of autoimmu-

nity 26-27 moth-eaten 26 T-cell receptor transgenic mouse

25-26 MRI see Magnetic resonance

imaging Mulch 261 Multilayer optical storage: compact

disk 61-63" Multilayer x-ray optics 385-386 Multiple-bubble sonoluminescence

319 Multiple sclerosis 24-25 Murine hepatitis w u s 24 Muscular system 218-220"

aponeuroses 219 eccentric contractions 219 geometric models 219-220 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

152-153 nitric oxide 226-228* shear properties 220 strain energy 219

Musical acoustics: wavelets 378-380*

Mutagens 102-105 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 25 Myelin baslc protein 24-25

Nacelle 6 Nassula 28 NAVFAC array 2-3 Neandertals 221-224"

anatomical characteristics 221-222

artifact assemblages 223 geographic and geological associ-

ations 221 origin 223 relationship to Homo sapiens

223-224 sites 222 social behavior 223 subsistence 222-223

Near East: domestication of animals 274-275

Near-field optical microscopy 199-202

examples of imaging 201 microscope design 200-201 near-field optics 201-202 principles 199-200

Nephtys 271 NERVA program 300-302 Nervous system (vertebrate):

equine motor neuron disease 151-152

nitric oxide 226-228" Nest: dinosaur 71

Neural network

Neural network 224-226* artificial neural network 224-225 data collection 225 fault detection 225-226 prospects 226

Neuroblastoma 48 Neuropeptide Y 150 Neurospora 32 Neurotransmitter 227 Neutron-capture reactions 287-288 Neutron diffraction 228 Neutron halo 287 Nickel aluminides 159-160 Nickel-titanium alloy 308-309 Nitrate 226,371 Nitric oxide 226-228*

nitric oxide synthetase 226 physiological actions 226-228

Nitrogen: fertilizer 120-121,371 Nitrogen oxides 17,90,148 Nival system 289 NOAA 14 (satellite) 324-325 Nobel prize 22&229*

chemistry 228 physics 228 physiology or medicine 228-229

Noble-gas doping: sensitivity of sonoluminescence 320

Noise, aircraft 6-8 Nondestructive testing 229-231*

fast neutron interrogation 229 PFNA operation 231 PFNA system 229-231 SQUID 326-328'

Nonrelativistic quantum theory: atomic crystal 19-21*

atomic nucleus 21-24* North America: paleogeography

246-247 -

Nuclear force 97-100 Nuclear fuels 231-233'

HEU conversion to LEU 232-233 weapons-grade uranium 232

Nuclear fusion 233-236* deuterium-tritium experiments

234-235 fusion process 233 prospects 235-236 tokamak development 234 tokamak system 233-234

Nuclear magnetic resonance: food engineering 130-132

mineralogy applications 206 Nuclear power industry 90-91

risk analysis 297-299* Nuclear reactor 232-233

heterogeneous 302 rocket propulsion 299-302*

Nuclear Regulatory Commission 297-298

Nuclear shell model: atomic nucleus 21-22

Nucleation: atmospheric aerosols 17-19'

Nucleic acid see Deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleon 287 Nyctinastic leaf movements 258

0 Object recognition 363-364 Occlusion (teeth) 345 Ocean: acoustic thermometry 1-3*

marine geology 178-182* Ocean DriUing Program 181-182 Ocean-floor hydrothermal deposits

180-182 alteration of oceanic crust

181-182 chimney and mound structures

180-181 hydrothermal plumes 181 hydrothermal sites and mineral

precipitation 180 Ocean Drilling Program 181 research gains and future direc-

tions 182 Ohm, G. 279 Ohmic heating 129-130

history 129 products 130 technologies for sterilization

129-130 Olah, George A. 228 Oligochaeta: earthworm 81-83" Ohgothiophenes 347-349 Oncogene 47-48 Opabinia 10 Opportunistic infection: medical

mycology 185-187* Pneumocystis 268-269% yeast infection 388-390"

Optical communications: optical fiber amplifiers 238-240"

quantum wells 281-283* Optical computing 236-238*

analog optical computers 236 delay-line architecture 237-238 delay-line circuits 238 demonstration computer 238 directional couplers 236237

Optical fiber amplifiers 238-240* development 239-240 impact of EDFAs 240 types 239

Optical isolator 281-282 Optical lattice 19-21 Optical microscope 199-202 Optical pulse: ultrashort light pulses

165-166 Optical storage: compact disk

61-63" Optics, x-ray 384-386 ORBCOMM (satellite system)

66-68 Orbital Reentry Experiment Vehi-

cle 325 Organ transplantation: imrnunosup-

pressants 198-199 Pneumocystis 268-269*

Organic farming 261 Organic semiconductors 347-349 Organic waste: breakdown by earth-

worms 81-82 Ornithopod 70 Orodromeus 71

- Orogeny: metamorphism 193-196* Orthodontic braces 309 Otolith: paleoclimate reconstruction

241 Oxygen isotopes: in bones and teeth

241-242 in fish otoliths 241 in precipitation 241

Ozone: water treatment 366-367

P Pacemaker: biological clocks 31-32 Pachyrhinosaurus 73 Pacific Ocean: acoustic thermome-

try 1-3* Pain: headache 150-151* ~aleoclimatolog$240-243*

ancient carbon dioxide 242-243 isotopes in continental precipita-

tion 241 oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in

bones and teeth 241-242 oxygen isotopes in fish otoliths

241 Paleogeography 243-247*

implications 247 North America 246-247 paleomagnetism 247-251* Pangea 243 Rodinia 243-246

Paleomagnetism 247-251* basic principles 247-248 growth and deformation of conti-

nents 250 magnetism and climate records

251 magnetostratigraphy and isotopic

age 251 paleogeography 243-247* paleomagnetic reconstructions

248-250 records in rocks 248 remagnetization 250-251

Pangea 243 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

185-187 Paraconodonts 64 Paramecium 28 Paraprionospio pinnata 270-271 Parinaud's oculoglandular SW-

drome 44 Particle accelerator: elementary

particle 99-100 fundamental interactions

139-142* quarks 283-285* radioactive beams 286-288' storage rings 330-333*

Particle image velocimetlY 124-lZ5 Particle trap: atomic crystal 1gM2'* Parton 98-100 Pas 2 (satellite) 325 patagOpteryx 74 Pathology, clinical pathology 4 W 9 PCB see p~l~chlorinated biphen~ls Penaeoid shrimp 309 Penaeus 310-311

Protorthoptera 41 1

' penicillin 334 penicillium 199 penrose, R. 145 peptide transporter 11 perimysium 218-219 perovskite 78-79 pesticide 371-372 petrography: metamorphism

193-196* peytoia 8-9 peziza vesiculosa 197 pFNA see Pulsed fast neutron

analysis phanerozoic ore deposits 277-278 pharyngitis 333-334 pheromone: barnacle 30 phialophora 261 phosphate rock 119 Phosphorus: fertilizer 118-120,

371 Photochemistry 167-168 Photodynamic therapy 342-343 Photoinduced electron transfer:

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 68-70"

Photoperiodism: biological clocks 31-32*

Photoselective chemistry 251-254* excited electronic states 252-253 laser chemistry 252 perspectives 254 selective excitation 251-252 specificity and intramolecular

vibrational energy redistribu- tion253-254

Photovoltaic plant 90 Phyla 111 Phylogenetic relationships: Anoma-

locaris 10 dinosaur 70-74* insects 156

Phytophthora parasitica 198 Pigs: domestication 274-275 Pineal gland 32 Pipeline 255-256*

off-line replacement 256 on-line replacement 255-256

PIV see Particle image velocimetry PIXE see Proton-induced x-ray

emission Plague 257-258"

clinical symptoms 257 diagnosis 257-258 epidemiology 257 infectious agent 257 pathogenesis 257 prevention and control 258

Planar laser-induced fluorescence 124-127

Plant mineral nutrition: fertilizer 118-121"

plants in saline environments 263-266

Plant movements 258-260" genotype variability 259-260 heliotropic movements 258-259 pulvinus 259 relation to productivity 260

Plant movements-cont. response to environmental factors

259 Plant pathogens 260-262*

biological agents 261 implications 261 induction of suppression 261 mechanisms of disease suppres-

sion 260-261 plant virus 262-263" suppressive s o h 260

Plant virus 262-263* monoclonal and polyclonal anti-

bodies 262 uses 262-263

Plants, saline environments of 263-266"

salt tolerance 264 sulfate and chloride tolerance

264-266 Plasma physics: nuclear fusion

233-236" Plasma torch 149 Plastics 266-268*

heterogeneous free-radical poly- merization~ 267

homogeneous free-radical poly- merization~ 266-267

prospects 268 supercritical carbon dioxide 266 various polymerizations 267-268

Plate tectonics: Earth interior 79-81*

paleogeography 243-247* prospecting 275-279* satellite altimetry 180

PLIF see Planar laser-induced fluo- rescence

Pneumocystis 268-269* epidemiology 268-269 the organism 268 pathology 269 prevention 269 treatment 269

Pneumonia: Pneumocystis 268-269"

Pneumonic plague 257 Podarkeopsis levifuscina 271 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle 326 Polaron 282 Pollen 293-294 Pollution: air 363

environmental 102-105 water resources 370-372*

Polyacrylamide: soil treatment 163-165

Polychaeta 270-271* adaptations 270-271 population dynamics 271 tolerance to hypoxia and anoxia

270 Polychlorinated biphenyls 147-149 Polymer: plastics 266-268"

polyacrylamide 162-165 thin-film transistors 347-349

Polymerase chain reaction 47-49 Polyphyodonty 345 Polyphysia crassa 270-271

Polysaccharides: immunostimulants 197-198

Pomeron 97-100 Porphyrin: texaphyrins 341-343* Porphyroblasts 194-195 Potassium: fertilizer 118-120

isotopes in solar system 315-316 mining 118-119 plant nutrition 265

Powder metallurgy: intermetallic materials 162

Power systems: electric power sys- tems 83-85

electric protective devices 85-86" electric utility industry 86-91*

Praseodymium-doped fiber arnpli- fier 240

Precipitation (meteorology) 271-273*

forest canopy 353 isotopes in 241 large-scale impacts 272 microscale impacts 273 small-scale effects 272-273 wind-terrain interactions 272

Precipitation polymerizations 267 Precise Positioning Service 304 Predation: Anomalocaris 8-10" Pregnancy: horse 101-102

test 189 Prehistoric domestication of ani-

mals 274-275" Near Eastern domesticates

274-275 Pressure-sensitive paint 124-127 Printing: ink 153-155% Prion 173-174 Priroda satellites 133 Prism decussation 346-347 . Process reengineering 291 Process to si,saificantly reduce

pathogens 36-37 Product reengineering 291-292 Profile analysis: psychoacoustics

279-280 Progesterone 102 Projectile fragmentation technique:

production of radioactive beams 286-287

Prosopagnosia 364 Prospecting 275-279"

boring and drilling 38-40* controls on ore deposits 277-278 metallogeny 275-277 proposed Australia-Antarctic

connections278-279 Protein: reactions in food process-

ing 128 Proteosome 11 Proterozoic provinces (southwest-

ern United States): metal- logeny 275-279

Pvotoavis 71 Protoceratops 73 Proton-capture reactions 287-288 Proton-induced x-ray emission:

mineralogy applications 205 Protorthoptera 155-156

412 Protozoa

Protozoa: presence in amber 28 Pseudeury thoe paucibranchiata 271 Pseudomonas fluorescens 261 Psychoacoustics 279-280*

complex sounds 279-280 simple sounds 279 wavelets 378-380*

Public health: drinking water 366 environmental pollution

102-105* Pulsed fast neutron analysis: nonde-

structive testing 229-231* Pulsed laser excitation 203-204 Pulvinus 259 Pump: water-jet cutting 368 Purge vessel 123 Pyroxene 207

Quality control: flow of solids 123-124

Quantum chromodynamics 97-100 Quantum confinement 211 Quantum dots 282-283 Quantum electrodynamics: funda-

mental interactions 139-142* Quantum mechanics: atomic crystal

19-21* Quantum-size effects 190-191 Quantum statistics: anyons 12-13*

atomic nucleus 21-24* Quantum wells 281-283*

diluted magnetic semiconductors 281

magnetic wells 281-282 quantum dots 282-283 well structure 281

Quarks 97-99,141-142,283-285* experimental apparatus 283-284 producing the top quark 283 prospects 285 top-quark search 284-285

Quartz 76,104 Quasiparticle: anyons 12-13*

RADARSAT (satellite) 133 Radio communications 285-286*

aircraft equipment 285-286 system operation 285 system reliability 286

Radioactive beams 286-288" materials science studies 288 nuclear astrophysics studies

287-288 nuclear structure studies 287 production 286-287

Radiocarbon dating 288-290* climatic change 289-290 fossil arthropods 289 glacial chronologies 289-290

Rain shadow 271-273 Rainfall see Precipitation (meteo-

rology) Raman spectroscopy 20 Rangeland conservation 37

Rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers 239-240

Rat: plague 257-258* Rathole (flow problem) 121 Rayleigh scattering 124 Receiver array: acoustic thermome-

try 3 Reengineering 290-293*

process 291 product 291-292 systems-management 291

Refractory materials: synthesis 182-183

Regge theory 99 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider 141 Relativity: gravitational collapse

143-145* Relay 84-86 Remagnetization 250-251 Remote sensing: forest monitoring

132-133 space flight 320-326"

Reproduction (animal): horse 101-102 shrimp 309-311 spider crabs 65-66

Reproduction (plant) 293-294" gene expression during pollen

development 293-294 interactions in self-incompatibil-

ity 294 morphological events of pollen

development 293 pollen tube structure and growth

294 Reptile: locomotor-respiratory con-

flict 295 Resact peptide I1 116 Resin: lithographic ink 155 Respiratory system 295-297*

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 146-147

implications 297 locomotor-respiratory conflict in

reptiles 295 locomotor-respiratory coupling

295-297 Reverse en,&eering 292 Revueltosaurus 70 Rhabdodon 73 Rheumatic fever 334 Rheumatoid arthritis 24 RHIC see Relativistic Heavy Ion

Collider Rhizoctonia solani 261 Riffle pools 330 Rioaribasaurus 71 Risk analysis 297-299*

application to surveillance testing 298

deterministic regulation 297 distribution of resources 298 probabilistic safety assessment

297-298 risk-based regulation 297 win-win situations 298-299

River: step pools 328-330" Rock fill 359

Rock magnetism 247-251 Rock phosphate 119 Rocket propulsion 299-307*

- - heterogeneous reactors 302 nuclear thermal rocket engines

299-302 space-flight cost 299 specific impulse 299

Rocks: evidence for Rodinia 244-246

Rodbell, Martin 228-229 Rodent: Borrelia burgdorferi reser-

voir 171 hantavirus reservoir 145-147 plague 257-258"

Rodinia 243-246 Roentgen, W. 386 Rogowski, W. 30;3 Rogowski coils 302-304*

applications 303-304 development 303 features 302-303 practical systems 303

Rohrer, H. 202 Root: growth 313 Russia: space activities 325 Rutherford, E. 97-98

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 197 Saline environment, plants in

263-266 Satellite: applications satellites

13-17* Communications satellite 56-61* forest monitoring 133-134 radio system 285-286

Satellite altimetry 178-180 applications 180 measurements 179-180 ocean charting 178 ocean surface bumps 178-179

Satellite navigation systems 304-306*

attitude determination 306 aviation guidance 305 differential GPS 305-306 Global Positioning System 304 personal navigation 304 scientific applications 306 space flight 320-326* vehicular applications 304-305

Sauropodomorph 70 SCADA see Supervisory control

and data acquisition Scanning tunneling microscoPY 1 7 6 3

202-204,206 Scattering from fractal surfaces 136 Schizophyllum commune 197 School building: asbestos 104 Sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral

151-152 Scrapie 174 Scytonema 27 Sea-floor spreading 243 Sea ice 383 Sea urchin 111-112

Squeezed quantum state 413

Secondary ion mass spectrometry 205

Sedentism 274-275 Sedimentation: eroded soil 370-371 Segmentation: vertebrate body 101 Segregation (flow problem) 121 Seismic energy: frequency content

81 Seismology: Earth interior 79-81* Seismonastic leaf movements 258 Self-assembly: molecular transport

assembly 213-214 Self-incompatibility: plants 294 Self-phase modulation 167 Semantic memory 190 Sernibalanus balanoides 30 Semiconductor: quantum wells

281-283* transistor 347-352*

Semmelweis, I. 334 Sensor: teleoperated coal mining 51 Sepsis: nitric oxide in 227 Septicemic plague 257 Serological assays: plant viruses 263 Serotonin agonist 150-151 Sessile animal: barnacle 29-31* Settlement behavior: barnacle

29-31* Sewage: biosolids 35-37*

earthworm treatment 81-83 pipeline 255-256*

Shape memory alloys 306-309" applications 308-309 attributes 306-307 austenite-martensite transforma-

tion 307-308 Shear zone 196 Sheep: domestication 274-275 Sheet silicate 207 Shipping container: nondestructive

inspection 229-231 Shock compression 184-185 Shock wave: sonoluminescence

318-320* Shoemaker, Carolyn 54 Shoemaker, Eugene 54 Shrimp 309-311*

insemination and sexual strate- gies 311

mating 310-311 penaeoid 309 reproductive morphology 309 spermatophore 309-310

Shull, Clifford G. 228 Shultes, H. 318 Shuvosaurus 71 Sialidase 75 Sicyonia 311 Sierpinski gasket 135-136 Signal processing: fractal techniques

137 Silica dust: environmental pollution

102-105* Silicate minerals 76-79 Silicides 161 Silicon-controlled rectifier

343-345 Silsbee, R. 349

Silt tillage 5 Silviculture 37 SIMS see Secondary ion mass spec-

trometry Simulation: flow visualization

124-127* Singularity 144-145 Sinornis 71 Sintering 184 Skeleton: conodonts 63-64

evolution 339-341 Skull: Neandertal222 Skylab (space station) 384 Slime mold: presence in amber 28 Slow neutron spectroscopy 228 Smart cards 348 Smart materials 308-309 Smuggling: nondestructive testing

229-231* Sneak mating 66 Snow: eolian transport

383-384 snowfields 289

Snow, J. 365 Social behavior: Neandertals 223 Sodic soil 381 Sodium chapel 153 Soft x-ray fluorescence spec-

troscopy 388 Soil 311-313*

aggregate stability 311-312 biological factors 313 cultural factors 313 earthworm 81-83* erosion 162-165,370-371 erosion control 381-382 heat flux 361-362 lunar soils 316 physical and chemical factors

312-313 plant pathogens 260-262* plants in saline environments

263-266" sodic soil reclamation 381 subsoiling 4-6 suppressive soils 260 temporal variation 312 turfgrass 357-359* urban heat storage 361-363* see also Agricultural soil and crop

practices Solar energy 90 Solar nebula 314 Solar radiation: forest canopy

353-354 plant movements 258-260*

Solar system 313-316" lunar soils 316 processes of formation 315-316

Solid-state chemistry: carbon nitride 40-42*

Solidaridad 2 (satellite) 325 Solids, flow of 121-124 Soliton 240 Solubility: ink 154-155 Solution mining 316-318*

Frasch process 316-317 Main Pass mine 317-318

Solution mining-cont. occurrence of sulfur 316

Solvent: lithographic industry 153-154

plastics production 266-268 Somites 101 Somitomeres l01 Sonoluminescence 318-320*

acoustic cavitation 318 multiple-bubble sonolumines-

cence 319 single-bubble sonoluminescence

319-320 sonochemistry 318-319

Soot-rich clays 13&139 Southern blotting 47 Space, infant perception of 53 Space flight 320-326* i

Asian space activities 325-326 astronomical observations

322-324 commercial space activities 325 cost 299 Department of Defense activities

324-325 European space activities 325 International Space Station 322 Russian space activities 325 space shuttle 320-322 space station Mir 325 United States space activity

320-325 Space probe 320-326 Space Radar Laboratory 320-321 Space shuttle 320-322 Space station 322,325 Space Test Experiment Platform

324 Spaceway (satellite) 61 Spaerotilus 27 SPARTAN201 (satellite) 321 Spatial dither technique 95 Specific impulse 299 Spectromicroscopy 388 Spectroscopy: atomic crystals 19-20

carbon nitride 41 single-bubble sonoluminescence

319-320 speech perception: wavelets

378-380" Sperm: fertilization 115-118* Spermatophore 309-311 Sphingomyelinase 27 Spider crabs: male morphotypes

65-66 Spiller, E. 385 Spin transistor 349-352

applications 351-352 ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic

metals 349 spin injection 349-350 transistor action 350-351

Sporophytic self-incompatibility 294

Sports facility: turfgrass 357-358 SPOT satellites 133 Squeezed quantum state: atomic

crystal 19-21*

414 SQUID

SQUID 175,326-328% application of HTS SQUID

327-328 development of HTS SQUID

327-328 practical considerations 327 superconductivity 335-337*

SROSS C2 (satellite) 326 Stachybotrys complementi 198 Standard Positioning Service 304 StanfordIMSFC Rocket X-Ray

Spectroheliograph 385 Staphylococcus aureus 25 Steinhaus, W. 303 Stemonites 28 Step pools 328-330*

broader significance 330 characteristics 329 functional importance 329 occurrence 328 processes of formation 329-330

Sterilization: foods 129-130 Steyla 101 Stone tools 223 Storage rings 330-333*

dissociative recombination 330-331

experiments 332-333 use of storage rings 331-332 x-rays 386-388*

Strain energy: muscular system 219 Stream: a,gicultural impacts 371

step pools 328-330* Sheblospio benedicti 270-271 Strepsiptera 158 Streptococcus 333-335*

resurgence of rheumatic fever 334 streptococcal toxic shock-like

syndrome 333-334 treatment and prevention 334

Sheptomyces scabies 261 Stroke 227 Subsoiling see Agricultural soil and

crop practices Substance P 150 Sudbury impact crater 139 Sulfate: plant tolerance 264-266 Sulfur: aerosols 17-18

mining 316-318 occurrence 316

Sulfur dioxide 148 Sumatriptan 150-151 Sun compass 31 Superantigen 25 Superconducting quantum interfer-

ence device see SQUID Superconductivity 167-168,

335-337* effect of weak disorder 336-337 flux-lattice melting 335-336 flux-line pinning 335 flux pinning by columnar defects

337 Meissner effect and mixed phase

335 SQUID 326-328* vortices in superconductors 93

Supercontinent 243-246

Supercritical fluids: polymerizations involving 266-268

Supertwist liquid-crystal displays 94

Supervisory control and data acqui- sition 68

Suprachiasmatic nucleus 31-32 Surface capturing 377 Surface fitting 375 Surface physics: microscope

199-204* Surface tracking 376-377 Surgery 337-339*

access 337-338 instrumentation 338 operations 338-339 visualization 338

Surveillance testing: nuclear power plants 298

Swimming: Anomalocaris 9-10 S X W see Synchrotron x-ray fluo-

rescence microprobe Symmetry laws (physics): atomic "

nucleus 21-24* Synchrotron radiation: x-rays

386-388" Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence

microprobe 205 Syntarsus 73 Synthetic aperture radar 133 Systemic lupus erythematosus 26 Systems engineering: reengineering

290-293"

T-cell receptor 2627,4546 T cells 354-355

autoimmunity 24-27" cellular immunology 4547*

Tadpole 111 Tail: Acanthostega 341 TAP genes 11 Taxonomy: dinosaur 70-74* Technosaurus 70 Tecovasaurus 70 Teeth see Tooth Teleoperation: coal mining 49-52* Telstar 402 (satellite) 325 Temporal dither technique 95 Tendon 219 Terrestrial radiation: atmospheric

aerosols 17-19* Terrestriality 339-341 Tertiary: fullerene 138-139* Tetrapoda 339-341*

Acanthostega 340-341 fish-to-tetrapod transition 339 Ichthyostega 339-340 implications 341 Tulerpeton 341

Texaphyrins 341-343* magnetic resonance imaging 342 photodynamic therapy 342-343 prospects 343

TFTR see Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Thaicom 2 (satellite) 325

- Theiler's murine encephalitis virus

24 Thermal explosion 183 Thermite reactions 182 Thermometry, acoustic 1-3 Theropod 70-71,73 Thin-film transistor 347-349

advantages of organic TFTs 348 all-polymer device 348-349 Control of molecular organization

348 prospects 349 steps toward organic devices

347-348 Thoracoscopy 337-339 Three-dimensional displays 95-97 Thyreophoran 70 Thyristor 343-Y45 *

applications 344 MCT development 344-345 types 343-344

Tick: Lyme disease 171-173" repellent 172

Tillage 4-6,313 Time-delay neural network 225 Titanium aluminides 160-161 Tokamak: Fusion Test Reactor

234-235 Physics Experiment 235-236 system 233-235

Tolpocladium inflaturn 198 Tooth 345-347*

conodonts 63-64* mammalian dental requirements

345-347 paleoclimate reconstruction

241-243 paleodietary analyses 176-177 precise occlusion 345

Top quark 283-285 Topography: Moon 216-217 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

324 Toxic shock-like syndrome 333-334 Trachypenaeus similis 310-311 Transistor 347-352"

advantages of organic TFTs 348 all-metal spin transistors

349-352 all-polymer device 348-349 all-polymer thin-film transistors

347-349 applications 351-352 control of molecular organization

348 ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic

metals 349 prospects 349 spin injection 349-350 steps toward organic devices

347-348 transistor action 350-351

Transition metal: met-cars 211-213 Transition metal-based polYmenza-

tion 268 Transmission electron microscoPY

207 Treadwell mine 39-40

Tree 352-354* canopy dynamics 353 components 352 forest 132-134" microclimate 353-354 vertical organization 352-353

Trentepohlia 28 Triassamoeba alpha 28 Trichoderma 261 Trichosporon beigelii 389 Trichothecenes 199 Tridyrnite 104 Trihalomethanes 366 Trilobita: Anomalocaris & l O h Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 269 Troodon 73 Truck: nondestructive inspection

229-231 tracking and monitoring traffic

68,305 Trypanosoma 24 Tulerpeton 341 Turnor 354-357-

antitumor vaccines 355-357 immune system 354-355

Tumor-associated antigens 355-357 Tumor necrosis factor Q! 25 Turnor-specific antigens 357 Turbofan: aircraft noise 6-8* Turfgrass 357-359*

environmental benefits 358-359 psychological and physical well-

being 357-358 safety role 359

Turksat IB (satellite) 325 Tyrannosaurus 73

Ultrafast molecular processes: laser 165-168*

Ultrashort pulsed laser 165-168 Ulysses (spacecraft) 323 Underground mining 359-361*

backfill technological innovations 360-361

functions of backfill 359-360 types of backfill 359

Jnderwater sound 1-3 Jnited States: space activity

320-325 Jranium: nuclear fuels 231-233- Jrban heat storage 361-363* importance 363 methods for determination

361-362 urban areas 361 rea: fertilizer 120-121

mine: antitumor vaccines 355-357

molecular transport assembly 215 lpor lamp: lighting systems

168-171* sodilator: nitric oxide 227 ?GETATION instrument 133

ZEUS detector

Vertebrata: conodonts 63-64* evolution 110

Very large scale integrated circuits technology 85

Vibrio parahaemolyticus 129 Video disk recording: compact disk

61-63* Virus: antiviral drug design 74-76

hantavirus 145-147* plant virus 262-263" Visna 24

Visual agnosia 363-365" affected regions of the brain

364-365 object recognition 363-364 prosopagnosia 364 visual processing 364

Vitamin E 152 Vitrification 149 VLSI see Very large scale integrated

circuits technology Volcano: aerosols from eruptions 18

undersea 180-182 Volumetric three-dimensional dis-

plays 95-97 von B6k6sy, G. 279 Voyager (space probe) 324

W Wake Shield Facility 320 Waste management: biosolids

35-37* hazardous waste 147-149" using earthworms 81-83

Water 365-367" alternative treatments 366 conservation 372-375 gelling additives 360 pollution 370-372 reuse 373-375 treatment 365-367 water resources 370-372*

Water-borne disease 365-367 Water-jet cutting 367-370"

applications 369-370 operation 368-369 principle 369

Water resources 370-372* erosion and sedimentation

370-371 habitat impacts 371 nutrients as water pollutants 371 pesticides 371-372 pollution abatement programs 372

Water supply engineering 372-375* conservation 372-373 water reuse 373-375

Water utility: rates and pricing 373 Water vapor: atmosphere 13-17 Wave phenomena 375-378*

computational results 377-378 locating the free surface 376-377

Wavelets 378-380" dynamic spectrograph 380 dynamic spectrum 378-380 fractals 137 synthesis 380

Wavelets-cont. wavelet theory 380

Weather forecasting 13-17 Weathering 207 Welding and cutting of metals:

intermetallic materials 162 Wet milling: making ethanol from

grain 33-34 Wetting: soil 312 Whey 380-382*

environmental concerns 382 erosion control 381-382 production 380-381 sodic soil reclamation 381 use as fertilizer 381

White smoker 181 Wide Area Augmentation System

305 Wind 90,272-273,382-384*

air-ocean interactions 383 eolian processes 383-384 +

forest canopy 354 gravity flow in Antarctica 382 modeling and observations 383 wind speed and direction 383

Wind (spacecraft) 324 Wolter, H. 384 Wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome

42-43*

X-ray absorption near-edge struc- ture 206

X-ray fluorescence: mineralogy applications 205

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy 388

X-ray optics 384-386* grazing-incidence optics 384-385 Kumakhov polycapillary optics 384 multilayer optics 385-386

X-ray spectrometry 387-388 X-ray telescope 384-385 X-rays 386-388*

applications 387-388 synchrotron radiation source

386-387 undulators 387

XANES see X-ray absorption near- edge structure

Xeriscape landscaping 373

Yeast infection 388-390* diagnosis 389-390 infections and symptoms 389 medical mycology 185-187* predisposing factors 389 treatment 390 yeast organisms 388-389

Yersinia pestis 257-258

Zeitgeber 31 ZEUS detector 99