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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Examples Of Classical And Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning The individual: is stuck by a pinflinches is topped below the kneecapflexes lower leg is shocked by an electric currentjumps/screams is surprised by a loud soundjumps/screams (S) (R) StimulusResponse The individual: works is paid talks to othersmeets more people enters a restaurantobtains food increases productivityreceives merit pay Operant Conditioning (S) (R) StimulusResponse
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter Sixteen
Behavioral PerformanceManagement
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Learning Objectives• Define the theoretical processes of learning:
behavioristic, cognitive, and social• Discuss the principle of reinforcement, with special
attention given to the law of effect, positive and negative reinforcers, and punishment
• Analyze organizational reward systems, emphasizing both monetary and nonfinancial rewards
• Present the steps and results of behavioral management
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Examples Of Classical And Operant ConditioningClassical Conditioning
The individual:
is stuck by a pin flinchesis topped below the kneecap flexes lower legis shocked by an electric current jumps/screamsis surprised by a loud sound jumps/screams
(S) (R)Stimulus Response
The individual:
works is paidtalks to others meets more peopleenters a restaurant obtains foodincreases productivity receives merit pay
Operant Conditioning
(S) (R)Stimulus Response
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Summary Of The Operational Definitions OfPositive And Negative Reinforcement And Punishment
Consequenceof
Reward(something desirable)
Noxious stimuli(something aversive
and undesirable)Contingent
Withdrawal
ApplicationPOSITIVE
REINFORCEMENTBehavior increases
PUNISHMENTBehavior Decreases
NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENTBehavior increases
PUNISHMENTBehavior Decreases
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chronological Development Of ConceptualFoundation For O.B. Mod.
ThorndikeLaw of Effect
Approximate Time1900 1950 1975 1977
SkinnerOperant
Conditioning
Luthans &Kreitner
Initial O.B. Mod.Approach
BanduraSocial
LearningTheory
PavlovClassical
Conditioning
Watson Behaviorism
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chronological Development Of ConceptualFoundation For O.B. Mod. (cont.)
BanduraSocial
LearningTheory
Luthans andKreitner
O.B. Mod.And Beyond
BanduraSocial
CognitiveTheory
Luthans andStajkovic
Full, CurrentO.B. Mod.
Model
Approximate Time 1977 1985 1986 Present
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Percentage Performance Improvement AccordingTo Different Types Of O.B. Mod. Reinforcers
Performance Social Type of Overall Monetary Feedback Attn/Recog. Organization Effect (I) (II) (III)
Manufacturing 33% 39% 41% (no studies)Service 13% 14% 6% 15%
Simultaneous Simultaneous Simultaneous Type of application application application ofOrganization of I & II of II & III I, II, & III
Manufacturing (no studies) 41% 44%Service 30% 30% 9%