Lymph Node Involvement in Ovarian Serous Tumors of Low Malignant Potential (Borderline Tumors)pathology, prognosis, and proposed classification

McKenney, Jesse K. MD; Balzer, Bonnie L. MD, PhD; Longacre, Teri A. MD

American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 30(5):614-624, May 2006

Intern: 簡世杰

Serous borderline Tumours(SBT)

Histological criteria for the diagnosis of serous borderline tumours. (WHO)

1. Epithelial hyperplasia in the form of stratification , tufting, cribriform and micropapilary arrangements

2. Atypia (usually mild to moderate)3. Detached cell clusters4. Variable and usually minimal mitotic activity5. Absence of destructive stromal invasion

Introduction

Ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (S-LMP) may be associated with lymph node involvement (LNI) in 21% to 29% of patients who undergo a formal lymph node sampling at the initial staging surgery

Gynecol Oncol. 1991;42:124-130 Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:707-723

Purpose

Evaluate the specific histologic patterns of nodal involvementCriteria for classifying LNI into prognostic groups (Although criteria have been proposed for invasive and noninvasive implants in the peritoneum and outcome data have been linked to these subtypes.) nodal involvement by S-LMP may in some cases arise independent of the ovarian tumor via neoplastic transformation from preexisting endosalpingiosis.

Am J Surg Pathol. 2000 the definition and the relative prognostic and therapeutic implic

ations?

Materials and Methods

Database ： Stanford University Medical Center Division of Surgical Pathology or the Stanford Pathology Consultation Service from the years 1958 to 1998Patient Numbers ： approximately 540 S-LMP . 74 patients who underwent a surgical staging procedure that included retrieval of lymph node.Classification ： according to the current World Health Organization criteria into two types: typical S-LMP (serous borderline tumor) and S-LMP with micropapillary features (serous borderline tumor with micropapillary features).

Lyon, France: IARCPress; 2003

Materials and Methods

Stage ： the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics systemStatistical analysis ： Fisher exact testSignificance leve was set at P<0.05All tumors with micropapillary or cribriform features were classified on the basis of the modified Burks criteriaThe presence of stromal microinvasion was determined using the criteria of Bell and ScullyOvarian autoimplants were not classified as stromal invasion.Extra-ovarian epithelial implants were classified as invasive, noninvasive, or indeterminate

Materials and Methods

Lymph nodes were classified as positive or negative based on the presence or absence of involvement by S-LMP The positive lymph nodes were further evaluated for the following features:

1. Architectural pattern and degree of cytologic atypia2. Mitotic figures3. Presence of tumor in sinuses or parenchyma4. Greatest linear dimension of epithelial aggregates without int

ervening lymphoid tissue (nodular aggregate)5. Number of foci involved in an individual lymph node6. Stroma reaction7. Extranodal extension

Materials and Methods

Four morphologic patterns were identified:

1. Individual cells, cell clusters, and simple papillae2. Intraglandular aggregates3. Cell with prominent cytoplasmic eosinophilia(“eosino

philic cells”)4. Micropapillary (criteria provided by Bell et al)

Materials and Methods

disease status was defined as follows1. Dead of disease(DOD) ： patient died as a result of persistent,

progressive, or recurrent serous disease 2. Alive with disease (AWD) ： patient alive with clinical and/or r

adiographic evidence of persistent, progressive, or recurrent serous disease at last follow-up visit

3. Dead of intercurrent disease (DID), patient died of an unrelated cause with no clinical or radiographic evidence of persistent, progressive or recurrent serous disease

4. No evidence of disease (NED) ： no clinical or radiographic evidence of persistent, progressive, or recurrent serous disease at last follow-up visit

Resultno LNI or endo-sal

pingiosis only

No significant different between 2 groups

Follow-up Status for S-LMP Patients With and

Without Lymph Node Involvement (LNI)

Result Follow- up

An additional 10 patients developed recurrent disease (5 with LNI and 5 without LNI) with an interval from initial surgery to recurrence ranging from 7 to 158 months (mean, 49 months; median, 35.5 months). Five of the patients with recurrent disease were alive with disease at last follow-up. One patient with stage IV disease and axillary lymph node involvement had persistent, but otherwise stable, disease at 11 months of follow-up.

Result

Anatomic site of lymph node(total=31)1. in pelvic (18; 58%)2. mesenteric/omental (9; 29%)3. paraaortic (8; 26%)4. supradiaphragmatic (2; 6%)

There was no correlation between anatomic site of involvement and overall or disease-free survival.

Cytologic & Histologic Patterns

Cytologic patterns1. Mild cytologic atypiamost cases2. Moderate cytologic atypia9 cases3. Mitotic figures7 cases(4/7 combined with moderate a

typia)

Individual cells, clusters of cells, and simple papillae individual cells, clusters of cells, and simple papillae (28 of 31; 90%)intraglandular pattern (21 of 31; 68%)prominent cytoplasmic eosinophilia (16 of 31; 52%)micropapillary architecture (5 of 31; 16%).

Individual cells, clusters of cells, and simple papillae

Individual Cells, Clusters of Cells, and Simple

Papillae

The most common pattern of LNI by S-LMP(28/31)5 of these patients had stromal microinvasion and 4 had micropapillary architecture in the primary ovarian tumor. 16 patients with this pattern of LNI had noninvasive peritoneal implants, whereas 6 had invasive implants and 2 had implants that were indeterminate for invasion. Follow-up information : 2 DOD at 8 and 74 months, 3 AWD (11, 61, and 230 months), 15 NED, and 8 with no available follow-up data Disease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ： 75% and 50%, respectively (P=0.42).

Intraglandular pattern

Intraglandular Pattern

21/313 cases consisted entirely of the intraglandular pattern, one of which formed nodular aggregates with associated stromal reaction. 3 patients with intraglandular LNI had stromal microinvasion in the primary ovarian tumor and 3 had micropapillary architecture. All patients with intraglandular LNI had intraperitoneal implants (3 invasive and 18 noninvasive). Follow-up information ： 11 NED and 3 AWD at 11, 38, and 230 months Disease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ： 79% and 71% respectively

Prominent Cytoplasmic Eosinophilia

Prominent Cytoplasmic Eosinophilia

16/313 patients had lymph nodes diffusely infiltrated by eosinophilic cells with a sinus and parenchymal distribution, one with nodular aggregates. 5 patients with LNI featuring eosinophilic cells had stromal microinvasion in the primary ovarian tumor 11 patients with eosinophilic cell LNI had peritoneal implants. 2 had invasive peritoneal implants

(no significance)Follow-up information ： 6 NED ;2 NED following recurrence at 12 and 74 months, 1 AWD at 11 months, and 1 DOD. Disease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ：

No significant difference

Micropapillary Architecture

Micropapillary Architecture

5/31The number of nodes involved ： 2 to 11 (mean, 4.6), others :mean of 2.1 (range, 1–12) 3 of the 5 (60%) lymph nodes with micropapillary architecture also had an associated stromal reaction, compared with 2 of 26 (8%) without micropapillary architecture (P=0.02). 4 of the 5 (80%) micropapillary cases had nodular aggregates (size from 2 to 8 mm), whereas only 2 of the 26 (8%) nonmicropapillary cases formed a nodular aggregate (1 mm in size) (P<0.001). 3 (60%) were associated with endosalpingiosis, compared with 16 of 26 (62%) nonmicropapillary cases.

Micropapillary Architecture

All 5 patients with micropapillary LNI had peritoneal implants. (2/5 invasive)Follow-up information ： 2 AWD ,1 NED at 87 months following an abdominal wall recurrence at 74 months, and 1 was NED with no evidence of recurrent disease at 77 months, 1 LFUDisease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ： 50% vs. 82% not reach statistical significance (P=0.22).

Stromal Response

Stromal Response in Lymph Node Involvement

5/31 (16%) cases with LNI had an associated stromal reaction. Each of the 5 cases with intranodal stromal reaction had nodular aggregates (P=0.0001) 3 had micropapillary architecture (P=0.02), and 1 had a diffuse “eosinophilic cell” pattern Follow-up information ： 2 AWD, and 1 NED, 3 LFUDisease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ： 33% versus 68%(not significant?)

Extent and Location of Lymph Node Involvement

Disease-free survival for patients with only one involved node versus patients with greater than one involved node was 73% and 80%, respectively. (one vs many)There was no significant difference in overall survival or disease-free survival in patients with diffuse LNI versus patients without diffuse LNI. Disease-free survival for LNI with parenchymal involvement compared with no parenchymal involvement was 69% and 77%, respectively (P=0.61).

Nodular aggregate

Extent and Location of Lymph Node Involvement

Nodular aggregate ： was defined as a collection of epithelium without intervening lymphoid tissue measuring greater than 1 mm in linear dimension

Ps:diffuse LNI was characterized by epithelial cells of any morphologic pattern scattered throughout the lymph node (ie, not focal), but with intervening lymphoid tissue. Nodular aggregates were strongly associated with desmoplastic fibrous stromal reaction (P=0.001) and micropapillary architecture (P=0.02).Disease-free survival versus LNI without this pattern ： 25% versus 87% (P=0.02)significience

Endosalpingiosis

Association of Lymph Node Involvement With

Endosalpingiosis

18/31(58%) versus 15/43(35%) (P=0.06)4 mild cytologic atypia ； 1 moderate cytologic atypiano significant difference in overall survival for patients with and without LNI there was a trend for improved survival among patients with endosalpingiosis only (93%) compared with patients with LNI and endosalpingiosis (85%) and patients with LNI but no associated endosalpingiosis (56%).

YOKOHAMA COSMO WORLD

Disscussion

lymph node status does not appear to be an independent prognostic factor for patient survival in patients with S-LMP. the presence of nodular aggregates is associated with a statistically significant adverse prognosis independent of histologic pattern. The relatively high incidence of LNI in this study (42%) ?LNI was commonly associated with peritoneal implants (87% of cases): (Leake et al)LNI was also associated with a higher incidence of disease recurrence ?not meet statistical significance.

Histologic Patterns of S-LMP Lymph Node Involvement

admixture of individual epithelial cells, clusters of l cells, and simple papillae frequently coexisted with an intraglandular pattern Distinguished from LNI by metastatic low grade carcinoma

1. Comparaticely low volume of epithelium2. Minimal to at most moderate cytologic atypia3. Rare mitotic figures

Histologic Patterns of S-LMP Lymph Node Involvement

Primary ovarian S-LMP with micropapillary epithelial overgrowth are more often bilateral, exophytic, and associated with extraovarian implants than S-LMP without this appearance micropapillary architecture was strongly associated with disease progression over time and decreased overall survival on univariate analysis.

Longacre et al the micropapillary pattern was more frequently associated with several other histologic features

Ex: stromal reaction (60% vs. 12%), diffuse nodal involvement (60% vs. 38%), nodular aggregates (33% vs. 12%), and extranodal extension (20% vs. 0%).

Histologic Patterns of S-LMP Lymph Node Involvement

This eosinophilic cell pattern of LNI was associated with stromal microinvasion in the primary ovarian tumor in almost one third of the cases in this series. the association between eosinophilic cell LNI and adverse outcome is not statistically significant Differential diagnosis ： intranodal hyperplastic mesothelial cells

Immunohistochemistery ： BER-EP4 ； calretininP.S. S-LMP is characterized by cytoplasmic reactivity with B

er-EP4 but no nuclear calretinin expression

Nodular Aggregates of LNI Are Associated With

Adverse Prognosis, Regardless of Histologic Pattern

nodular aggregates of epithelium greater than 1 mm, without intervening lymphoid tissue ,predicted a statistically significant ：

1. decreased disease-free survival 2. strongly associated with micropapillary architecture an

d nodal stromal reaction 3. invasive peritoneal implants in 3 of 6 cases

should probably be classified separately from other patterns of LNI ?Nodular aggregates did not occur in association with any specific lymph node group in this study

Nodular Aggregates of LNI Are Associated With Adverse Prognosis, Regardless of Histologic Pattern

In our experience, the presence of nodular aggregates is more commonly encountered in recurrent disease and delayed lymph node involvement than at initial presentation Nodular Aggregates should be regarded as a high-risk lesion ? transformation to low-grade serous carcinoma ?

At Least Some S-LMP May Arise Primarily in Foci of Endosalpingiosis

identical K-ras mutations in S-LMP and adjacent benign müllerian inclusions. (Alvarez et al)support the concept that S-LMP may arise in endosalpingiosis in at least a subset of cases. a trend for decreased survival among patients without associated endosalpingiosis (not meet statistical significance)

1. endosalpingiosis only (93%) 2. LNI and endosalpingiosis (85%)3. LNI but no associated endosalpingiosis (56%).

Conclusion

no single histologic pattern of LNI is entirely predictive of adverse outcome nodular aggregates of S-LMP is associated with decreased disease-free survival independent of implant type. nodular aggregates more common in cases with a micropapillary pattern and an associated stromal reaction in the intranodal tumor. This high-risk pattern of LNI may be analogous to invasive peritoneal implants in terms of prognostic significance and deserves independent assessment in future studies of S-LMP.