McLeod Castles of the Morea in 1467.pdf

CASTLES OF THE MOREA IN 1467W. McLEOD / TORONTO

From the early years of the First Veneto-Turkish War (1463-1479)there survive four Venetian lists of castles in the Peloponnese. One, en-titled Dichiarazione di tutta la Morea, fatta nel 1471, was transcribed byAndreas Moustoxydes (1785-1860), and published by J.-A. Buchon, Re-cherches historiques sur la Principaute franaise de Moree et ses hautesBaronnies (Paris 1845) I> 1 The others, two of 1463 and one of 1467,come from the manuscript Annali Veneti of Stefano Magno (1500-1572);they were published by Charles Hopf, Chroniques greco-romanes ineditesou peu connues (Berlin 1873) 202-206. All four lists drew upon officialdocuments no longer extant. The first editors recognized that some daythey would be of inestimable value for students of the geography of themediaeval Peloponnese; perhaps they did not foresee how far off thattime would be.

All four lists have recently been republished by Antoine Bon, La Moreefranque (B. E. F. A. R. 213, 1969)693-694. His RecherchesTopographiquesmake telling use of them; he identifies many sites, and lets us understandthe lists s never before. We can now see that three of them are organizedin a logical order. Of the fourth, that of 1467, Bon says, "l'ordre geo-graphique semble moins rigoureux" (454).

Yet even it can be brought to heel. For if the names identified by Bonare tabulated, and others are added which resemble modern toponyms,it becomes clear that Stefano Magno (or his apographer) had before hima list with the places geographically arranged in vertical columns. Notperceiving the fact, he transcribed them horizontally, thus effectivelymasking any rational progression,

The strongest argument for this hypothesis is the mere fact that itreduces the names to a sensible order. But there are welcome confirmations.Formerly the rubric Questi fin qui sono di Coranto was appended to aseries of names covering an embarrassingly wide area, extending s farwest s the castle of Saint Omer (S. Damerf) at the rim of the plain ofElis, and including even Patras; in the list s reconstituted, this labelfollows a smaller group of names, corresponding to the old Castellany ofCorinth. Equally striking, again and again blocks of names in the restoredlist of 1467 coincide with the order in the other lists.

If we grasp this new key, it may enable us to locate and perhaps identifymore of the strongholds of the fifteenth Century Peloponnese. As a firstStep in this direction, the list is set forth below, restored to its archetypalorder. Then follows a commentary, which treats the individual sites region

Brought to you by | Bodleian Libraries of the University of OxfordAuthenticated | 129.67.119.37

Download Date | 2/19/13 1:29 PM

354 / Abteilung

by region, s they appear in the list; it records proposals for the identifi-cation of most of the names. To avoid any possible ambiguity, sites arelocated by reference to the nearest modern settlement; the present localadministrative divisions are specified fully, so that the toponyms may befound on a large-scale map of modern Greece. If a mediaeval fortificationhas been reported at or near the site, the fact is duly noted. The commen-tary relies heavily, s we all must henceforward, on Professor Bon'smagnum opus\ it also rehearses many details from a recent book by adiligent amateur, Joannes Sphekopoulos. They will provide the interestedreader with references to the older literature. For each region a final para-graph summarizes the geographical order of the sites, quotes parallelsfrom the other lists, and suggests the general location of the unidentifiednames.

The writer assumes that several entries in the list are corrupt: Pazodafor Payada (col. l, 6); Alinori for Aginori (col. 1,7); Diacastro for Dia-cofto (col. 2, i); Chestena for Phostena (col. 3, 6); Guevano for Grevano(col. 3, 10); Piada for Piana (col. 2, 18); Limisana for Dimisana (col. 3,16); Tradici for Gradici (col. 2, 36). It wants no great Imagination to seehow these names were miscopied, unfamiliar s they were to the VenetianChancery scribes or to Stefano Magno.

The editio princeps was copied from an apograph of Stefano Magno inthe Imperial Library of Vienna, Ms. Foscarini no. 6216, fol. 394 v.-395 v.;but Hopf adds (205, n. 3), "Le meme catalogue se trouve aussi dans:Stefano Magno, Cronaca Veneta (Cod. Marcian. Ital. Cl. VII, no. 518),Tom. VI, fol. 38v.~39r. et date de 1469 dans les 'Genealogica varia*(Cod. Marcian. Ital. Cl. VII, no. 90), fol. 31 r. v." The present notedepends entirely on the published transcriptions, without inspection ofthe Originals.1

1 This note was prepared while the writer was Holding a Canada Council Leave

Fellowship in Athens. He wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Antoine Bon forencouragement. The following works are cited by the names of their authors: Alberghetti= Breve descrizzione corografica del Peloponneso o Morea, con l'origine de primihabitanti, serie de prencipi, titolo di ciascheduna provincia, possessori di quelle, naturade paesi, costumi de popoli, principio e fine d'ogni loro avvenimento, con suoi testi latini,con geroglifici, imprese, medaglie, & armi gentilitie d'ogni provincia: Estratta dalvolume di D. Pier' Antonio Pacifico; Aggiuntovi la Notizia delle quattro provincie, divisein ventiquattro territorii, con li nomi topografici delle ville, fatta dal Sig. Giusto Alber-ghetti (Venice 1704) 117-135; Kevin Andrews, Castles of the Morea (GennadeionMonographs 4, Princeton 1953); Antoine Bon, La Moree franque: Recherches histori-ques, topographiques, et archeologiques sur la principaute d'Acha'ie (1205-1430) (B. E.F. A. R. 213, Paris 1969); Demetrius J. Georgacas-William A. McDonald, Place Namesof Southwest Peloponnesus: Register and Indexes (Supplement to Peloponnesiaka vol. 6;Athens 1967); J. Longnon - P. Topping, Documents sur le Regime des Terres dans laprincipaute de Moree au xive siecle (Documents et Recherches sur Teconomie des paysbyzantins, islamiques, et slaves, et leurs relations commerciales au moyen ge 9; Paris1969); Joannes Th. Sphekopoulos, (Athens 1968).

For the current names of communities in Greece, the writer has followed the officiallist published by the National Statistical Service of Greece, ,



W. McLeod, Castles of the Morea in 1467[Fol. 394 v]

1467 de settembrio questi sono Castelli sono in la Morea;quelli hanno davanti una f sono della Signoria, et quellihanno R sono rovinadi, el r es t o sono del Turco.

355

Coranto.Vasilica.

[Fol. 395 r]S. Zorzi Tropico.

R S. Vassili.R Silo Castro.

Pazoda.R Alinori.R Fanari.

f R Damala.R Angelo Castro.

Sero Castelia.Questi fin qui

sono di Coranto.Greban.

R Aito.R S. Lauro.R Janina.

Arcadia.R Neocastro. fR LoiR Adruisa.R Spedal.R Lila.

^R Apidimia.t R Maina."j* R Calamita.

R Stamiro.[Fol. 395 v]

f Chilidoni.f Vumero.

Cusibeni.

R Diacastro.R Vistizza.

R Listrena.Selmenico.Patras.

R Saravali.R Sidro Castro.

Curnaro Castro.Castrizzi.Paulo Castro.

R Camenonia.Riolo.

Mucli.

R Zipiana.R Proiteri.R Droboliza.R Silimo.R Piada.

Tavia."f* Arziro castro. f

Posenichi.Candela Catafigo.

R Vestra Catrona.R Castelli.

Ruballo.

R Arvano Castro.

Acumba.R Mondriza.R Zoia.

Tricalia. Gardichi.Tarses. S. Elia.

R F ne a.Calavita.

R Calandrezza.R Chestena.

Selevizza.S. Dameri.Pertes.Guevano.Xironeo Castro.S. Biasio.

Ajuto pandatoriaCasali.

Trisotenia.Acoua.Limisana.Caricena.S. Zorzi Scorta.Lendari.

R Diracchi.Gordichi salo.

R Acovo.Siminia Casal.Longanico.

Chiaramonte.f Olena.

Fanari.R Diminiza.R Vunargo.

5

10

15

20

25(25)

, , 1961, 31. 12. 1961 (Athens 1963) The following additional abbrevia-tions are used: d. = demos; e. = eparchia; k. = koinotes; M K = mediaeval fortifi-cation; n. = nomos; v. = village or settlement; 1463 A = Stefano Magno's first listof 1463; 14636 = Stefano Magno's second list of 1463; 1471 = Moustoxydes' list of1471 (in which an asterisk denotes castles in Venetian hands; r. = rovinata).



356 Abteilung

Demeco. f &e Iveder. Araclavo. 30Gardizi. Crivo Cori. R Pari a.

R Spoliza. Strovizi. Sidro Castro.

t Serenes. R Manconico. f Malvasia.f R Castri. R Lico castro. f Astro.

f Verdonia. R Teologo. *)* Astrizi. 35Misitra. Tradici grando. R Platanos villa.Asopes. Zerachi. f R Gariposti overo Garipoli.

f Vadica. R Ales Linidi. f CochichiaoverColichitia.t Arnavilla. f Mantegna. t Mainagrande.

t RJanizza. f Comusta villa. f Lefco. 40ARGOLIDOCORINTHIA (col. i, 1-12)

Coranto: Archaia Korinthos (formerly Palaia Korinthos), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n.Korinthia. On the M K, see Antoine Bon, "The Medieval Fortifications of Acrocorinthand Vicinity," Corinth II 1.2: The Defenses of Acrocorinth and the Lower Town (Cam-bridge, Mass. 1936) 128-281.

Vasilica: Vasilikon (now Sikyon), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K notpreserved; Bon 481-482; Sphekopoulos 72.

S. Zorzi Tropico: Hagios Georgios (now Nemea), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia.M K about two kilometres south, on the summit of Mount Panagia (formerly Polyphen-gos); Bon 482-483, 648. Cf. S. Zorzi Scorta (col. 3, 18).

S. Vassili: Hagios Vasileios, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K south of thevillage; Bon 483-484, 635-636, with plan, pl. 128.

Silo Castro: Xylokastron, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K not preserved;Sphekopoulos 79.

Pazoda: ? Piada (now Nea Epidauros), v. and k., e. Nauplia, n. Argolis. The villageis built on the south slope of a hill which bears at its top a M K; Bon 485-486; Longnon-Topping 257-258; Sphekopoulos 110-111.

Alinori'. ? Hagionorion, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K described by Bon658-661 with plan, fig. 21; cf. 483-484.

Fanari: Ano Phanarion, v. and k., e. Troizenia, n. Peiraieus. The village is built on theslope of a hill which is crowned by a classical fortification reused in mediaeval times;Bon 490; Sphekopoulos 116-117. Cf. Fanari (col. 3, 27).

Damala: Samalas (now Troizen), v. and k., e. Troizenia, n. Peiraieus. M K less thana kilometre west of the village, at the summit of the ancient acropolis; Bon 490-491, 648;Sphekopoulos 114-115. Plan (schematized), Gabriel Welter, Troizen und Kalaureia(Berlin 1941) pl. 2.

Angelo Castro: Angelokastron, v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. The village isbuilt on the slope of an ancient acropolis which later served s a M K; Bon 484, 662;Longnon-Topping 258; Sphekopoulos 75-76.

Sero Castelia: Xerokasteli was the unofficial name in the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies of the Monastery of Hagios Demetrios (also known s Karakala), in the k. Ha-gios Hadrianos, e. Nauplia, n. Argolis (Zakythenos, Hellenika 4 [1931] 387; Longnon-Topping 258). In the early nineteenth Century the name Xero-Castelli was also applied tothe classical fortification now known s Kasarma, four and a half kilometres southeastof the monastery (J.-A. Buchon, La Grece continentale et la Moree [Paris 1843] 376-377);the fortification was evidently used in the mediaeval period; Bon 485; Sphekopoulos106-107.



W. McLeod, Castles of the Morea in 1467 357Questi fin gut sono di Coranto. [The area covered in these twelve entries corresponds

roughly to the Castellany of Corinth under the Acciaiuoli; see the accounts of the Castel-lany in 1365, Longnon-Topping 157-192, and the list of its castles in 1377, Bon 691. TheCastellany did not extend so far northwest (Xylokastro), nor southeast (Phanari, Da-mala). The present catalogue follows no particular order, except t hat the five castles tothe northwest precede the six to the southeast. Cf. Coranto - Vasco - San-Zorzi Tropico -Vassili, rovin. - Sillo-Castro, rov. - Lirota - Altori, r. (1471); Vasilica sivl Valica -S. Zorzi Tropico (i403A).]NORTHERN ACHAIA (col. 2, 1-12)

Diacastro'. ? Diakopton, v. and k., e. Aigialeia, n. Achaia. Sphekopoulos 134 tentati-vely locates the M K at the v. Kastron, five and a half kilometres south, where ErnstMeyer had noted an ancient city wall and a mediaeval building (Peloponnesische Wande-rungen [Z rich 1939] 135).

Vistizza: Vostitsa (now Aigion), d., e. Aigialeia, n. Achaia. One of the original elevenbaronies of the Principality. M K not preserved; Bon 463-466; Sphekopoulos 135-137.

Listrena'. N. G. Lekkas, , - (Athens 1916) 93-96, n. l,associates the name with a hill east of the v. Graikas, in the homonymous k., e. Aigialeia,n. Achaia; cf. Sphekopoulos 138-139.

Selmenico'. Salmenikos, w. (Ano, Kato) and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. Lekkas, op. cit.64-74, associates the name with an acropolis above the region of Mesochori, close toAno Salmenikos; cf. Sphekopoulos 140-142.

Patras'. Patrai, d., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. One of the eleven original baronies. On theM K, see Bon 670-673, with plan, fig. 23; cf. 449-453.

Saravali'. Saravalion, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 454. Sphekopoulos 159-160reports a M K at the west of the village.

Sidro Castro: Siderokastro, noted on the map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree,near the Monastery of Omplos, k. Krene, e. Patrai, n. Achaia. The name is no longercurrent; Bon 454; Sphekopoulos 161-162. Cf. Sidro Castro (col. 3, 32).

Curnaro Castro'. Pournarokastron, v. in k. Elikistra, e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 455;Sphekopoulos 157-158. Alberghetti 121 gives Curnaro-Castro s a villa in the Territoriodi Patrasso.

Castrizzi: Kastritsion, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato), e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 455;Sphekopoulos 146.

Paulo Castro'. Pavlokastron, v. in k. Thea (formerly Tsaplanaiika), e. Patrai, n.Achaia. The map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree notes a palaiokastro on thehill to the east; Bon 454; Sphekopoulos 163.

Camemonia'. Kamenitsa, v. in k. Alissos, e. Patrai, n. Achaia. M K not preserved; Bon454-455; Sphekopoulos 164.

Riolo: Riolos, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Acha'ia. M K not preserved; Bon 333; Spheko-poulos 167.

[The twelve entries are arranged in a line across northern Achaia from the borders ofCorinthia to the confines of Elis, with a single loop in the vicinity of Patras. Cf. Dracofeo,r. -Justizza, r. (1471); Listrena, r. - Salmenico - Patrasso - Sanavalli - Sidero-Castro Cuzanaro-Castro - Castrizi (1471); Sidero Castro - Camer o Castro vel Cumero Castro(1463 A); Paulo-Castro - Camomenitza, r. (1471).]SOUTHERN ACHAIA (col. 3, 1-12)

Tricalia'. Trikala, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato, Mese Synoikia Trikalon), e. Korinthia,n. Korinthia.

Tarses'. Tarsos, vv. (Ano, Kato) and k. (Kato), e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. M K notpreserved; Sphekopoulos 78.24 Byant. Zeitschrift (65) 1972



I- Abteilung

Fonea: Phonias (now Panorama), v. and k., e. Korinthia, n. Korinthia. A ruined toweris noted by Sphekopoulos 77-78.

Calavita: Kalavryta, d., e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. One of the eleven original baronies.The M K of Tremola, two kilometres east, is described by Bon 634, with plan, pl. 116;cf. 466-469.

Calandrezza: Chalandritsa, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. One of the eleven originalbaronies. The only vestige of the M K is a tower in the village; Bon 458-461; Spheko-poulos 181-182.

Chestena: ? Phostaina, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia; Bon 458.Selevizza: tmidentified. Stellt Levizza vel Seliviza (1463 A); Salluizza (1471).S. Dameri: Santomerion, v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. On the MK, see Bon 342-343,

646-648; Longnon-Topping 236; Sphekopoulos 173-175.Pertes: Portes (now Portai), v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Achaia. M K not preserved; Bon

343; Sphekopoulos 175.Guevano: Grevenon (now Spartia), v. and k., e. Patrai, n. Acha'ia; Bon 343; Spheko-

poulos 178.Xironeo Castro: unidentified. Xerso (1471).S. Biasio: Hagios Vlasios, v. in k. Glastra (formerly Vrostena), e. Kalavryta, n.

Achaia.[The ten identified places are in a line which begins by running roughly from east to

west from the western Corinthia to the edge of Elis; it then turns south and returns east-ward. Cf. Farcalle - Farsas - Foura, r. Callarita (1471); Calladrizza - Postena (1471);Salluizza - Sandameri - Portes - Greveno - Xerso - San Biaso (1471); Santameri velSantomari - Porsos vel Pertes (1463 A). Of the unidentified places, Selevizza should bein western Achaia, south of Phostaina and north of Santomerion; Xironeo Castro, insouthern Achaia, east of Grevenon and west of Hagios Vlasios.]

LOCATION UNCERTAIN (col. 4, 1-2)Gar dicht: unidentified. Cf. Gor dicht salo (col. 3, 21); Gardizi (col. l, 31); Tradici

grando (col. 2, 36).S. E Ha: unidentified.[The names Gardiki and Hagios Elias are both common in Greece. The former is

derived from a Slavonic word meaning "fortification"; see Max Vasmer, Die Slaven inGriechenland (Abh. Berlin, Phil.-Hist., 1941, no. 12) index, s. v. The latter is particularlyassociated with heights. Both occur in Messenia: a village Hagios Elias, now no longercxtant, is noted on the map of the Expedition scientifique de Moree, in k. Chandrinos,e. Pylia (Bon 432-433); and the name Gardiki was formerly given to vv. (Ano, Kato) andk. (now officially called Ampheia), e. Kalamai (Bon 423-424; Sphekopoulos 317-318).But it is likely that the two names occurred also in other regions. In 1471, the namesGar dicht - Skalia immediately follow San Biasio; this might indicate that the sites areto be sought in southern Achaia.]

MESSENIA (col. i, 13-25)Greban: Krebene, a height above Melpeia, w. and kk. (Ano, Kato), e. Messene,

n. Messenia. The nearby MK is described by Bon 654; cf. 440-441; Longnon-Topping244-245.

Aito: Aitos (officially Aetos), v. and k., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. South of the villageis a MK, described by Bon 650, with plan, fig. 16; cf. 417; Georgacas-McDonald no. 303.

S. Lauro: Saflaouros, the name of a height with a M K, in k. Koromelea, e. Messene,n. Messenia; Bon 439; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6999.

Janina: unidentified. Tonava vel Janina (1463 A).



W. McLeod, Castles of the Morea in 1467 559Arcadia: Arkadia (now Kyparissia), d., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. On the M K, see

Bon 669-670, with plan, pl. 99; cf. 412-414; Georgacas-McDonald no. 677.Neocastro: The Frankish castle of Chteau neuf; almost certainly to be identified with

the M K immediately north of Mila, v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia; Bon 656-658 withplan, fig. 19; cf. 439-440; Longnon-Topping 242.

Lot: Loi (now Diodia), v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K not preserved; Sphe-kopoulos 315-316; Georgacas-McDonald no. 4153.

Adruisa: Androusa, d., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K described by Bon 637-639 withplan, pl. 94; cf. 411-412.

Spedal: Spitalion, v. and k., e. Messene, n. Messenia.Lila: Nesi (now Messene), d., e. Messene, n. Messenia. M K not preserved; Bon

410-411.Apidimia: Pedema, v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia. M K described by Bon

654-656 with plan, fig. 18; cf. 438-439-Maina: Mikromane, v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia; Bon 438; Longnon-Topping

246. Cf. Maina grande (col. 3, 39).Calamita: Kalamata (the old name has now officially replaced Kalamai), d., e. Kala-

mai, n. Messenia. On the M K, see Bon 666-668 with plan, pl. 92; cf. 408-410.[The twelve identified sites are arranged roughly from north to south, from the edge

of Triphylia to the edge of the Mani; a line joining them makes a loop at Kyparissia, andthen proceeds southeastward in an irregulr zigzag. Cf. Pidimia - Maina Calamata(1463 B). The site of Janina should be towards northwestern Messenia, east of Kyparissiaand west of Saflaouros.]EASTERN ARCADIA (col. 2, 13-25)

Mucli: Palaiomouchli, a mountain on the border between k. Achladokampos, e. Argos,n. Argolis, and k. Hagiorgitika, e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. On the MK, see Bon 524;Sphekopoulos 122-126.

Zipiana: Tsipiana (now Nestane), v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia.Proiteri: unidentified.Droboliza: Tripolitsa (now Tripolis), d., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. M K not preserved;

Sphekopoulos 208.Silimo: Silimna, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby is a MK; Bon 405-406;

Sphekopoulos 247.Piada: ? Piana, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby is a MK; Bon 406;

Sphekopoulos 221-222.Tavia: Davia, v., in k. Tselepakos, e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Nearby, a MK; Bon

406; Sphekopoulos 220.Arziro Castro: Argyrokastro, a mountain above Magouliana, v. and k., e. Gortynia,

n. Arkadia. There is a MK here; Bon 404-405; 648; Sphekopoulos 213-214.Posenichi: Bezenikos (now Vlacherna), v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia. Four

kilometres west is a M K, identified s Bocenico; Bon 403-404; Sphekopoulos 210-211.Candela Catafigo: Kandela, v. and k., e. Mantineia, n. Arkadia; Sphekopoulos

127-128.Vestra Catrona: ? Palaiokatouna, v. in k. Mostitsion (now Drymos), e. Kalavryta,

n. Acha'ia.Castelli: Kastellion, v. and k., e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. Sphekopoulos 193-194 reports

aMK.Ruballo: Rouvali (now Nea Chora), v. and k., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia (but see the

next paragraph).



j6o /. Abteilung[Of the identified sites, the first eleven are arranged roughly from south to north, be-

ginning near the border with the Argolid above Lerna, then swinging west, north, andeast, and returning northwest to the edge of Achaia. The twelfth site is situated south ofthe beginning of the line - a fact which may lead to reservations about its Identification.Chalcocondyles 445.18 Bonn records a fortress of Roupele in Phliasia, captured by theSultan in 1458; the notice is unique, the site is unidentified, but the location is right. Cf.Castelli, r. - Rubelli (1471). The unknown site of Proiteri should be near the plain ofMantineia, southwest of Nestane and northeast of Tripolis.]WESTERN ARCADIA (col. 3, entries 13-24)

Ajutopandatoria Casali: this rubric, or pair of names, Aito-Pedetoria - Casalli, recursin 1471 betwten Justzzza (Vostitsa) and Listrena, which are both in northern Achaia.

Trisotenia: Tripotama vel Trisetenia (1463 A): Tripotama, w. (Tripotama, Ano T.,Kato T.), in k. Psophis, e. Kalavryta, n. Achaia. On the ancient fortification, reused inmediaeval times, see Bon 401-402, 662.

Acoua: Akova, one of the original eleven baronies. Generally recognized in a hill nearVyzikion, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. The name Akoves was applied to the vicinityinto the nineteenth Century. On the M K, see Bon 634-635, with plan, pl. 83; cf. 393-396.

Limisana: ? Demetsana, v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. Ancient, but no mediaeval,remains are reported; Sphekopoulos 222.

Caricena: Karitaina, one of the eleven baronies. v. and k., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia. Onthe M K see Bon 629-633 with plan, pl. 66; cf. 366-369.

S. Zorzi Scorta: The castle of Saint George in Skorta is discussed by Bon 386-389.He hesitates between two candidates: Ai Psilo Georgi, a M K between Kourounios, v. andk., e. Gortynia, n. Arkadia and Ano Karyai, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia; andHagios Georgios or Stala, in k. Lykosoura, e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. He inclines to thelatter; in a brief paper Thanos Vaghenas, "Three Castles of the Morea Identified,"Neo-Hellenika l (1970) 23-29, argues vigorously for the former.

Lendari: Leontarion, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. M K noted, Bon 646;Sphekopoulos 243.

Diracchi: Dirrachion, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia. Sphekopoulos 248 notesa M K, now called Paliopyrgos, two kilometres east of the village.

Gor dicht salo: Gradizzi-Piccolo (1471): The name Gardiki is applied by Buchen, LaGrece continentale et la Moree 486-488, to a M K in the vicinity known in his time sKokkala, in k. Merope, e. Messene, n. Messenia; Bon 423-425; Longnon-Topping 244.

Acovo: Akovos, v. and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arcadia.Siminia Casal: unidentified. Semiza-Casal (1471).Longanico: Longanikos v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia; Bon 512; Sphekopoulos

362-363.[The ten identified sites are arranged roughly from north to south; the first seven are

in a straight line, which then Swings west, and finally crosses over to the east, ending innorthern Laconia. Both candidates for Saint George in Skorta fit equally well. Cf. Acora-Dimizana - Caritena - San-Zorzi (1471); Caritena vel Carizena - S. Zorzi de Scorta(i463A); Vendari - Dirachi* - Gradizzi-Piccolo (1471); Semiza-Casal - Longatigo*(1471). Siminia Casal might best be sought in the south of this region, northeast ofAkovos and southwest of Longanikos.]ELIS AND TRIPHYLIA (cols. i and 2, 26-32; col. 3, 25-32)

Stamiro: a well attested Frankish castle. Alberghetti 124 gives Stamerb Canzides sa villa in the Territorio di Gastugni. The name is no longer current; but it was probablylocated somewhere in the Elean plain; Bon 336-337.

Chilidoni: Chelidonion, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. MK not preserved; Bon 344;Sphekopoulos 277.



W. McLeod, Castles of the Morea in 1467 361Vumero: Goumeron, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On a nearby hill called Palaiokastro is

a MK; Bon 344; Sphekopoulos 274-276.Cusibeni: unidentified.Demeco : unidentified.Gardizi: Garditsa (now Perivolia), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Georgfacas-Mc-

Donald no. 1321.Spoliza: Pavlitsa (now Phigaleia), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Bon 337-338;

Georgacas-McDonald no. 6271.Arvano Castro: Alvaina (now Minthe), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. If so, the MK

is probably the one known s Chrysouli, described by Bon 648-649 with plan, fig. 15;cf. 374; Sphekopoulos 291-296; Georgacas-McDonald no. 337.

Acumba: Paliakoumba, the name of a height above Platiana (now Platana), v. and k.e. Olympia, n. Eleia. There is a MK here; Bon 391, 648; Sphekopoulos 288-290; Georga-cas-McDonald no. 5872.

Mondriza: Moundritsa (now Gryllos), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not pre-served; Bon 349; Sphekopoulos 300; Georgacas-McDonald no. 4934.

Zoia: Tzogias (now Prasinon), v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved; Bon346-347; Sphekopoulos 302-303.

Belveder: the Frankish castle of Beauvoir, near Katakolon, v. and k.,e. Eleia, n. Eleia.On the castle, see Bon 663-665 with plan, fig. 22; cf. 328-330.

Crivo Cori: the Frankish castle of Creve Coeur; identified with the ruins on the summitof Mount Palaiokastro, on the border between k. Phanarion and k. Linistaina, e. Olympia,n. Eleia; Bon 388, 648; Sphekopoulos 297-298.

Strovizi: Strovitsi (now Lepreon), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved;but the hill of Hagios Demetrios, southeast of the village, is a likely site for it; Bon 389;Longnon-Topping 239-240; Georgacas-McDonald no. 7537.

Chiaramonte: the castle of Clermont (Chlemoutsi), in the v. and k. Kastron, e. Eleia,n. Eleia. On the MK, see Bon 608-629 with plans, PL 33-35; cf. 325-328.

Olena: Olene, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. On the M K, see Bon 652; cf. 344-346;Sphekopoulos 273-274.

Fanari: Palaiophanaro, a height in k. Phrixa, e. Olympia, n. Eleia. M K not preserved:Bon 347-348; Longnon-Topping 238; Georgacas-McDonald no. 6027.

Diminiza: ? Dimenistra, toponym near Graikas, v. and k., and again near Zakha (nowKallithea), v. and k.,both in e. Olympia, n. Eleia; Georgacas-McDonald nos. 1908-1909.

Vunargo: Vounargon, v. and k., e. Eleia, n. Eleia. M K not reported; Bon 337;Sphekopoulos 272.

Araclavo: the well documented castle of Araklovon; its location is disputed. Aftera fll review of the evidence for its position and the previous proposals for its identifica-tion, Bon concludes that the necessary conditions are best met by a MK near Smerna,v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia; described by Bon 646 with plan, fig. 14; cf. 369-377,Thanos Vaghenas, "Three castles of the Morea identified," Neo-Hellenika \ (1970)23-29, writing before Bon's book was available, identifies Araklovon with the MK ofLiodoros, near v. Palaiokastron, k. Sarakinion (formerly Palaiokastron), e. Gortynia,n. Arkadia.

Poria: ? Poria, a toponym near Strovitsi (Lepreon), v. and k., e. Olympia, n. Eleia;Georgacas-McDonald no. 6589.

Sidro Castro: Siderokastron, v. and k., e. Triphylia, n. Messenia. On the M K, see Bon390-391, 648; Longnon-Topping 240; Sphekopoulos 308-309; Georgacas-McDonaldno. 7063.

[The order of names here is less clear than in the earlier parts of the list. Col. l beginswith three sites in the northeast of Elis, which are followed by two unrecognizable names;



362 I. Abteilung

Col. 2 begins with five places towards the south of Elis and in northern Triphylia, in a linefrom south to north. In Col. 3 the first five names are in a group situated between thenames at the beginning of Col. l, and those et the beginning of Col. 2. The last twonames of Col. i, the last two of Col. 2, and the last three of Col. 3, are all in the extiemesouth of Triphylia, if one accepts Bon's identification of Araklovon. Cf. Stamero velStamiro - Chilidoni vel Clidoni- Vumeri(\46^ A; in inverse order); Chilidoni~ Vumero(1463 B). One might look for Cusibeni and Demeco in the northeast of Elis.]LACONIA (Cols. i, 2, and 3, 33-40)

Serenes: Serones vel Seraphena (14633): ? Zaraphona (now Kallithea), v. and k.,e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. On the M K, see Bon 512, 661.

Castri: Kastrion, v. in k. Kastoreion, e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. The M K is men-tioned by Bon 512; Sphekopoulos 365-366.

Verdonia: Vordonia, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. Traces of MK; Spheko-poulos 364-365.

Misitra: Mystras, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. On the castle see Bon 639-642,with plan, pl. 142; 500-501.

Asopes: ? Asopos, an ancient city on the peninsula of of Xyli, k. Pappadianika, e. Epi-dauros Limera, n. Lakonia; Pausanias 3.22.9 and Frazer III 382; Sphekopoulos 390.

Vadica: Vatika (now Neapolis), v. and k., e. Epidauros Limera, n. Lakonia; M K,Sphekopoulos 391; Heien Waterhouse-R. Hope Simpson, B. S. A. 56 (1961) 144.

Arna villa: Arna, v. and k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia.Janizza: Gianitsa (now Elaiochorion), v. and k., e. Kalamai, n. Messenia.Manconico: unidentified. Mayayiado vel Maconico (1463 A); Moncinuiaco (1471).Lico Castro: Sphekopoulos 363-364 applies the name Lykokastron to the ancient forti-

fication of Sellasia, on the hill of Hagios Konstantinos, east of the v. Vroulias (nowSellasia), in the homonymous k., e. Lakedaimon, n. Lakonia. The ancient fortificationwas reused in mediaeval times.

Teologo: Theologos, k. (with v., Hagios Joannes Theologos), e. Lakedaimon, n. La-konia.

Tradici grando: presumably Gardici Grando. Possibly Gardiki (now Anavryton), v.and k., e. Megalopolis, n. Arkadia.

Zerachi: Geraki, one of the eleven original baronies. Gerakion, v. and k., e. Lakedai-mon, n. Lakonia. On the M K, see Bon 642-645 with plan, fig. 13; cf. 510511.

Ales Linidi: Leonidion, d., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia; Sphekopoulos 202.Mantegna: Mantineia, vv. (Mikra, Megale) and k. (Mikra), e. Kalamai, n. Messenia.

M K not preserved; Sphekopoulos 329.Comusta villa: Koumousta (now Pentavloi), v. in k. Xerokampion, e. Lakedaimon,

n. Lakonia.Malvasia: Monemvasia, v. and k., e. Epidauros Limera, n. Lakonia. On the M K,

see Andrews 192-210; Sphekopoulos 390-391.Astro: Astros, w. and kk. (Astros, Paralion A.), e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia. There is a

fort at the coastal site, but it is post-mediaeval; Bon 515-516.Astritsi: unidentified. Presumably near Astros, since the two are usually mentioned

together.Platanos villa: Platanos, v. and k., e. Kynouria, n. Arkadia.Gariposti overo Garipoli: Karyoupolis, v. and k., e. Gytheion, n. Lakonia. Three

kilometres north is the MK of Passava; Bon 508-509; Sphekopoulos 383.Cochichia over Colichitia: Kolokythia, the name of a bay, off the k. Kotronas, e.

Gytheion, n. Lakonia. A peninsula in the bay has traces of a MK; Bon 508.



W. McLeod, Castles of the Morea in 1467 363Maina grande: the Frankish castle of Grand Maina, which was evidently located in

the southern Mani; its precise location is disputed. The name has been applied to acastle near the harbour of Porto-Kagio, k. Lagia, e. Gytheion, n. Lakonia, and to remainson Cape Tegani, k. Kounos, e. Oitylos, n. Lakonia; Bon 502-504 shows that the mostlikely site is the Chteau de la Belle, on Capo Grosso, further south in k. Kounos.

Lefco: Leftron (officially Lefktron), v., in k. of Neochorion, e. Kalamai, n. Messenia.The M K of Leutron (Beaufort) is described by Bon 650-652 with plan, pl. 147; cf. 504.

[Once again the order is not s clear s one could wish. Col. l begins with six names inan oblique band across Laconia from northwest to southeast. In Col. 2 the first fiverecognizable names are north and east of this band. In Col. 3 the first four names are onor near the east coast of Laconia and Cynuria. The last four names of col. 3 are in theMani; the last two of both col. i and col. 2 are north of the Mani. Cf. Serones vel Sera-phena - Castri - Verdonia (1463B); Castri vel Castriti - Verdognia (1463 A); Castro* -Verdonia* - Mistra (1471); Arnavilla* -Janina-Villa (1471); Moncinuiaco* - Vico-Castro* - Teologo* (1471); Zeraschi Alosisani (1471); Malvasia* Astro* - Astrissi -Paltanos Villa - Garipoli* (1471); Astro - Astrizi (1463 A); Astro - Astrid - Platanosvile - Cariposti sive Caropoli in brazzo di Maina - Cocchochia sive Colochita ut supra(14636); Maina grande in brazzo ut supra - Lefro (14636). One might expect thatManconico would be in northeastern Laconia.]

