MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health

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MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 has two targets:

5.A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR). The MMR is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. A related indicator is the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel who are trained to conduct deliveries and care for newborns.

5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health. These services cover advice on contraceptive methods and family planning, antenatal care, and transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. This target, which was introduced in the revised MDG framework of 2008, has no direct indicator and is measured by a set of four related indicators—contraceptive prevalence, adolescent birth rates or the age-specific fertility rate for women aged 15–19, antenatal care coverage, and unmet need for family planning.

Snapshots

• Developing Asia’s maternal mortality ratio declined by more than half, from 344 in 1990 to 133 per 100,000 live births in 2013, but fell short of the MDG target of three-quarters reduction.

• In more than half of the developing economies of Asia (23 out of 42), more than 95% of the births were attended by skilled health personnel, while in a quarter of economies (11 out of 42) at least a quarter of the births were unattended in recent years.

• In three-fourths of developing economies (35 out of 45), the adolescent birth rate has fallen during the MDG period. In 14 economies there are at least 50 births per 1,000 women in the age group 15 to 19 years.

Progress

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in developing Asia reduced by 61% from 344 in 1990 to 133 per 100,000 live births in 2013. Maternal mortality ratios declined by more than 50% in all the regions of developing Asia, with South Asia and East Asia achieving reductions by almost two-thirds between 1990 and 2013. These reductions translate into around 2.69 million maternal deaths in 1990 to around 1.49 million in 2013. This achievement is still short of the three-quarters target reduction for the MDGs, but better than the global average of 210 (Figure 5.1).

Few developing economies in the Asia and Pacific region (6 out of 39) have achieved the maternal mortality target of 75% reduction by 2013. About one-third economies (14 out of 39) have achieved at least 65% reduction in their MMR. None of the five most populated economies— Bangladesh, the People’s Republic of China (PRC), India, Indonesia, and Pakistan—have attained the target, though these economies have significantly reduced their maternal mortality since 1990 by over 50%. The PRC has a relatively low level for its MMR of just 32 and a low

150 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015150

baseline of 97 in 1990, compared with Bangladesh (170 with a baseline of 550), Pakistan (170 with a baseline of 400), India (190 with a baseline of 560), and Indonesia (190 with a baseline of 430). The highest MMR across Asia and Pacific economies is found in Afghanistan at 400, which has made significant reductions in maternal mortality from its baseline of 1,200 in 1990 despite prevailing conflict in the country. Relative to 1990 levels of the MMR, the four economies that have registered an increase in maternal mortality ratio are Brunei Darussalam, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and Tonga. In the case of Brunei Darussalam and the Republic of Korea, their baselines in 1990 were relatively low at 26 and 18, respectively.

Box 5.1 summarizes the progress of developing Asian economies in attaining the MDG target of reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters. Six economies have attained the target and if past trends continue, another 12 economies will meet the target in varying years between 2016 and 2030. Among the 16 economies that are not likely to meet the target by 2030, five already have relatively low MMRs of below 30—Armenia (29), Malaysia (29), Singapore (6), Sri Lanka (29), and Thailand (26).

Since 1990, 34 out of 41 developing economies of the region have improved access to maternal health care with 23 out of 42 economies having more than 95% of the births attended by skilled health personnel. In a quarter of developing economies (11 out of 42) however, at least a quarter of the births were unattended by skilled health

Source: Table 5.1.

1990 2013 Percent reduction from 1990 to 2013.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

World

Regional members

Developing member economies

Developed member economies

Central and West Asia

Southeast Asia

The Pacific

East Asia

South Asia 67

66

59

57

55

53

45

61

61

Figure 5.1: Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1990 and 2013 (deaths per 100,000 live births)

Box 5.1: Progress Toward Achieving the Maternal Mortality Reduction Target

Achievers/on trackBhutan MaldivesCambodia NepalLao PDR Timor-Leste

Off track - slow Expected to meet target between 2016 and 2020

Bangladesh KazakhstanChina, People’s Rep. of MyanmarIndia Viet Nam

Expected to meet target between 2021 and 2030 Afghanistan PakistanAzerbaijan SamoaIndonesia Solomon Islands

Expected to meet target after 2030Armenia Papua New GuineaFiji SingaporeGeorgia Sri LankaKiribati TajikistanKyrgyz Republic ThailandMalaysia TurkmenistanMicronesia, Fed. States of UzbekistanMongolia Vanuatu

No progress/regressingBrunei Darussalam PhilippinesKorea, Rep. of Tonga

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Source: Table 5.1.

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personnel in the latest reporting year. These include three populous economies of Pakistan (52.1%), Bangladesh (42.1%), and India (52.3%) (Figure 5.2). In 12 developing economies, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel has increased by 10 percentage points or more since 1990. In 7 economies, access was reduced but by no more than 3 percentage points.

The attendance of a skilled health attendant (medical doctor, nurse, or midwife) during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period reduces the risk

of maternal deaths. Hence, maternal mortality tends to be low in economies where access to maternal health care is high, and high in economies where the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel is low (Figure 5.2).

Box 5.2 shows the progress of economies in meeting the target for births attended by skilled health personnel. Among 40 economies, 19 have either achieved the target or are on track to reach the target by 2015. Fifteen economies are expected to reach the target but after 2015: two between 2021 and 2030,

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 5.1.

0 100 200 300 400 Singapore Australia

Japan New Zealand

Azerbaijan Kazakhstan

Thailand Korea, Rep. of

Brunei Darussalam Armenia Sri Lanka Malaysia Maldives

PRC Uzbekistan

Georgia Tajikistan Viet Nam

Samoa Fiji

Turkmenistan Mongolia

Kyrgyz Republic Vanuatu

FSM Bhutan

Philippines Tonga

Kiribati Solomon Islands

Pakistan Bangladesh

Cambodia India

Nepal Indonesia Myanmar Lao PDR

Papua New Guinea Timor-Leste Afghanistan

0 20 40 60 80 100 Singapore Australia

Japan New Zealand

Azerbaijan Kazakhstan

Thailand Korea, Rep. of

Brunei Darussalam Armenia Sri Lanka Malaysia Maldives

PRC Uzbekistan

Georgia Tajikistan Viet Nam

Samoa Fiji

Turkmenistan Mongolia

Kyrgyz Republic Vanuatu

FSM Bhutan

Philippines Tonga

Kiribati Solomon Islands

Pakistan Bangladesh

Cambodia India

Nepal Indonesia Myanmar Lao PDR

Papua New Guinea Timor-Leste Afghanistan

Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel, Latest Year (%)

Maternal Mortality Ratio, 2013(deaths per 100,000 live births)

Figure 5.2: Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel and Maternal Mortality Ratio, Latest Year


and 13 after 2030. Six economies have either made no progress or are regressing in reaching the target. It may, however, be noted that among the economies that are not likely to meet the target of reducing by three-quarters the percentage of unattended births by 2015, include economies with already more than 97% of the births attended: Armenia (99.5%), Azerbaijan (97.2%), Fiji (99.6%), the Kyrgyz Republic (98.4%), Thailand (99.6%), and Tuvalu (97.9%). These economies have already very high coverage rates in the baselines.

Box 5.2: Progress Toward Target for Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel

Achievers/on trackBhutan Marshall IslandsBrunei Darussalam Micronesia, Fed. States ofCambodia MongoliaChina, People’s Rep. of PalauCook Islands Sri LankaGeorgia TongaIndonesia TurkmenistanKazakhstan UzbekistanMalaysia Viet NamMaldives


Afghanistan Nepal Expected to meet target after 2030

Armenia PhilippinesAzerbaijan SamoaBangladesh Solomon IslandsIndia TajikistanLao PDR ThailandMyanmar Timor-LestePakistan

No progress/regressingFiji Papua New GuineaKiribati TuvaluKyrgyz Republic Vanuatu


In most Asia and Pacific economies (28 out of 34), at least half of the women with live births availed four or more antenatal care visits. Five of these economies, Armenia (92.8%), Fiji (93.6%), the Kyrgyz Republic (94.6%), Sri Lanka (92.5%), and Thailand (93.4%), have at least 90% of women aged 15–49 having attended four or more antenatal visits to any health service provider during pregnancy (Figure 5.3). The high level of antenatal care is reflected in their low MMRs. Economies with less than half of the pregnant women in the age group 15–49 that received

Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic.Note: Data for � 1 visit and 4 visits for Fiji refer to di�erent years.Source: Table 5.2.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

No visit 1–3 visits 4 or more visits

Afghanistan Bangladesh

Pakistan Lao PDR

India Nauru

Vanuatu Tajikistan

Papua New Guinea Timor-Leste

Samoa Nepal

Solomon Islands Azerbaijan

Tuvalu Tonga

Kiribati Viet Nam

Cambodia Marshall Islands

Palau Bhutan

Turkmenistan Indonesia

Philippines Maldives

Kazakhstan Mongolia Australia Sri Lanka Armenia Thailand

Fiji Kyrgyz Republic

Figure 5.3: Antenatal Care Coverage as a Percentage of Live Births, Latest Year

four or more antenatal care visits include Afghanistan (14.6%), Bangladesh (31.2%), India (37.0%), the Lao PDR (36.9%), Nauru (40.2%), and Pakistan (36.6%). The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of four antenatal care visits to ensure the well-being of mothers and their babies. During these antenatal care visits, women should receive a basic care package, including nutritional advice.

A cutoff of 95% is used to consider the attainment of MDG target for antenatal care coverage, which is considered attained when the births are preceded by at least one antenatal care visit with a skilled health worker (doctor, nurse, or midwife). Box 5.3 shows progress toward the target of at least one antenatal care visit. Of the 31 economies with available data, 18


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economies have attained the target or are expected to do so by 2015. Improving antenatal care coverage remains a challenge for economies with slow or no progress, especially for populous economies such as Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, where about 25%–40% of deliveries had no antenatal care visits.

Box 5.3: Progress Toward Achieving Antenatal Care Coverage (>= 1 visit) Target

Achievers/on trackArmenia Kyrgyz RepublicBhutan MalaysiaBrunei Darussalam MaldivesCambodia MongoliaChina, People's Rep. of PhilippinesGeorgia Sri LankaIndonesia ThailandKazakhstan UzbekistanKiribati Viet Nam


Azerbaijan Expected to meet target between 2021 and 2030

Afghanistan Expected to meet target after 2030

Bangladesh PakistanIndia Papua New GuineaLao PDR TajikistanMyanmar Timor-LesteNepal

No progress/regressingPalau Vanuatu


Since the 1990s, contraceptive prevalence has risen in three-fifths of developing economies in the region. In less than half of developing economies in Asia and the Pacific (20 out of 41), including four of the five most populous economies of Bangladesh, the PRC, India, and Indonesia, at least half the women between the ages of 15 and 49, married or in union, used contraception (Table 5.2). While in the fifth economy—Pakistan, contractive prevalence rate at 35.4% has more than tripled from its baseline of 11.8% in 1991.

About three-fourths of women of reproductive age, married or in union, have practiced any form of contraception in the PRC (85%); Hong Kong, China (80%); the Republic of Korea (80%); Thailand

(79%); and Viet Nam (76%). In contrast, only about a third or less of the women used contraception in Afghanistan (21%), Tajikistan (28%), and six Pacific economies: Kiribati (22%), Palau (33%), Papua New Guinea (32%), Samoa (29%), Timor-Leste (22%), and Tuvalu (31%).

In most (28 out of 33) developing economies, at least 10% of women of reproductive age, married or in union, have an unmet need for family planning. Women with unmet need are those who are fecund and sexually active who report not wanting any more children or desire to postpone childbearing, but who are not currently using a contraceptive method. The concept of unmet need points to a gap between women’s reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behaviour. Women with unmet need consist of two groups: those with an unmet need for limiting, and those with an unmet need for spacing. This unmet need adds further to the total demand for family planning (Figure 5.4).

In three-fourths of the developing economies (35 out of 45), the adolescent birth rate has fallen during the MDG period. The birth rate among adolescents fell in all but 10 economies since the 1990s (Figure 5.5). However, there were 14 economies where there were at least 50 births per 1,000 women in the age group 15 and 19 as evidenced from the most recent available data. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and the Maldives reduced the number of births to girls aged 15–19 by at least 90 per 1,000 adolescent women during the MDG period. The adolescent birth rates have increased in Azerbaijan, Kiribati, Mongolia, Nauru, the Philippines, Samoa, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Nauru has the highest adolescent birth rates in the latest year at 106 births per 1,000 women, followed by the Lao PDR (94) and Afghanistan (90).


Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People's Republic of China.Note: This indicator is the sum of contraceptive prevalence and unmet

need for family planning, and may refer to di�erent earliest and latest years.

Source: Table 5.2.

Earliest Year Latest Year

0 20 40 60 80 100

Timor-Leste

Pakistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan

Myanmar

Georgia

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Mongolia

Philippines

Indonesia

India

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Nepal

Viet Nam

Thailand

PRC

Figure 5.4: Proportion of Women Aged 15–49 Years with Demand for Family Planning, Earliest and Latest Year

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Sources: Table 5.2.

Latest year19900 50 100 150 200

Korea, Rep. of Singapore

Hong Kong, China Taipei,China

Japan PRC

Malaysia Maldives Australia

Brunei Darussalam Myanmar

Turkmenistan New Zealand

Armenia Sri Lanka

Uzbekistan Palau

Fiji Bhutan

Tonga Kazakhstan

FSM Viet Nam

India Samoa

Georgia Mongolia

Tuvalu Kyrgyz Republic

Tajikistan Indonesia

Azerbaijan Pakistan

Kiribati Timor-Leste Cook Islands

Cambodia Philippines

Thailand Solomon Islands

Papua New Guinea Vanuatu

Bangladesh Marshall Islands

Nepal Afghanistan

Lao PDR Nauru

Figure 5.5: Adolescent Birth Rate per 1,000 Women 15–19 Years, 1990 or Earliest and Latest Year


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Data issues and comparability

The most reliable information on maternal mortality comes from civil registration records. In many developing economies, however, registration records are not well-maintained or updated, since many births take place at home rather than in health facilities, and many are not attended by skilled health personnel. Mortality ratios for these economies are based on household surveys of varying reliability. The estimates presented are point estimates, and the lower and upper bounds reflect the range of uncertainty in the estimates.

Data on the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and on the proportion preceded by an antenatal care visit are usually collected through household surveys. It is difficult to achieve a standardized definition of skilled health personnel due to differences in training.

Data on adolescent birth rates are derived from vital registration systems which are capable of providing good quality and coverage, otherwise, these are estimated from the household surveys. The data from the latter may suffer from limitations such as misreporting of the mother’s age and exclusion of previous births.

Data on contraceptive prevalence rates are obtained mostly from demographic, health, or socioeconomic surveys.

Post-2015 agenda

As regards births, deaths, and health service coverage, there are vast inequalities not only across economies, but also in the sources of data. While developed economies can rely on vital registration systems or other administrative sources to provide data on adolescent birth, maternal deaths, and coverage of health services, developing economies have to rely on other data sources. The lack of data or the lack of quality data on maternal health and related issues hinder the formulation and implementation of proper actions. In some economies, the maternal mortality ratio is rising despite increasing public expenditures on health. While this may be arising due to variety of reasons, including changes in data quality in an economy or worsening health conditions of pregnant women due to improper nutrition especially among the poor, the post-2015 world should bridge the gap in the production of statistics on maternal health and mortality, and in the assurance of quality in these statistics. The civil registration systems and vital statistics generated from them need to be strengthened significantly for reliable measure of many of these indicators and to get much-needed disaggregates which cannot be produced from the household surveys without considerably enlarging the sample sizes.

156 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015Goal 5 Targets and Indicators

Table 5.1: Target 5.A—Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

Regional Member 5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio(per 100,000 live births)

5.2 Proportion of Births Attendedby Skilled Health Personnel

(%)1990 2000 2010 2013 Earliest Year Latest Year

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia a 383 358 201 171

Afghanistan 1,200 1,100 500 400 14.3 (2003) 38.6 (2011)Armenia 47 43 31 29 99.7 (1990) 99.5 (2010)Azerbaijan 60 57 27 26 97.3 (1990) 97.2 (2011)Georgia 50 60 42 41 96.6 (1990) 99.9 (2013)Kazakhstan 91 71 40 26 99.0 (1990) 99.9 (2011)Kyrgyz Republic 85 100 79 75 98.9 (1990) 98.4 (2014)Pakistan 400 280 190 170 18.8 (1991) 52.1 (2013)Tajikistan 68 89 48 44 90.3 (1991) 87.4 (2012)Turkmenistan 66 81 65 61 95.8 (1996) 97.2 (2000)Uzbekistan 66 48 40 36 97.5 (1996) 99.9 (2006)

East Asia a 95 61 36 32China, People's Rep. of 97 63 36 32 94.0 (1990) 99.9 (2013)Hong Kong, China …. …. …. …. …. ….Korea, Rep. of 18 19 21 27 98.0 (1990) 100.0 (1997)Mongolia 100 120 74 68 97.1 (1998) 98.9 (2013)Taipei,China 12 8 4 9 …. ….

South Asia a 558 364 215 186Bangladesh 550 340 200 170 9.5 (1994) 42.1 (2014)Bhutan 900 390 140 120 14.9 (1994) 74.6 (2012)India 560 370 220 190 34.2 (1993) 52.3 (2008)Maldives 430 110 38 31 90.0 (1994) 98.8 (2011)Nepal 790 430 220 190 7.4 (1991) 55.6 (2014)Sri Lanka 49 55 32 29 94.1 (1993) 98.6 (2007)

Southeast Asia a 324 222 152 139Brunei Darussalam 26 24 27 27 98.0 (1994) 99.9 (2009)Cambodia 1,200 540 200 170 34.0 (1998) 89.0 (2014)Indonesia 430 310 210 190 31.7 (1991) 87.4 (2013)Lao PDR 1,100 600 270 220 19.4 (2001) 41.5 (2012)Malaysia 56 40 31 29 92.8 (1990) 98.8 (2013)Myanmar 580 360 220 200 46.3 (1991) 70.6 (2010)Philippines 110 120 120 120 52.8 (1993) 72.8 (2013)Singapore 8 19 4 6 100.0 (1998) ….Thailand 42 40 28 26 99.3 (2000) 99.6 (2012)Viet Nam 140 82 51 49 77.1 (1997) 93.8 (2014)

The Pacific a 503 344 226 204Cook Islands …. …. …. …. 99.0 (1991) 100.0 (2008)Fiji 89 72 62 59 100.0 (1998) 99.6 (2013)Kiribati 250 200 140 130 72.0 (1994) 79.8 (2009)Marshall Islands …. …. …. …. 94.9 (1998) 99.0 (2010)Micronesia, Fed. States of 170 130 100 96 92.8 (1999) 100.0 (2009)Nauru …. …. …. …. …. 97.4 (2007)Palau …. …. …. …. 99.0 (1990) 100.0 (2010)Papua New Guinea 470 340 240 220 53.2 (1996) 53.0 (2006)Samoa 150 89 62 58 76.0 (1990) 80.8 (2009)Solomon Islands 320 210 140 130 83.5 (1994) 85.5 (2007)Timor-Leste 1,200 680 330 270 25.8 (1997) 29.3 (2010)Tonga 71 91 120 120 92.0 (1991) 97.9 (2012)Tuvalu …. …. …. …. 100.0 (1990) 97.9 (2007)Vanuatu 170 120 90 86 87.0 (1994) 89.4 (2013)

Developed Member Economies a 13 10 6 6Australia 7 9 5 6 100.0 (1991) 100.0 (1999)Japan 14 10 6 6 100.0 (1990) 100.0 (1996)New Zealand 18 12 12 8 95.0 (1994) 100.0 (1995)

DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES a 344 264 153 133REGIONAL MEMBERS a 338 258 150 131WORLD 380 330 230 210

…. = data not available at cutoff date, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

a Aggregates are derived for reporting economies only.

Sources: United Nations. Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (accessed 29 July 2015); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y066.pdf


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Goal 5 Targets and Indicators

Table 5.2: Target 5.B—Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

Regional Member5.3 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

(% of married women 15–49 years)5.4 Adolescent Birth Rate

(per 1,000 women 15–19 years)Earliest Year Latest Year 1990 Latest Year

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 4.9 (2000) 21.2 (2011) 194.0 (1993) 90.0 (2008)Armenia 56.0 (1991) 54.9 (2010) 74.6 22.7 (2013)Azerbaijan 55.1 (2000) 51.1 (2006) 25.6 47.2 (2013)Georgia 40.5 (2000) 53.4 (2010) 58.1 39.5 (2012)Kazakhstan 59.1 (1995) 51.0 (2011) 51.9 31.2 (2008)Kyrgyz Republic 59.5 (1997) 42.0 (2014) 45.3 42.4 (2012)Pakistan 11.8 (1991) 35.4 (2013) 73.3 (1992) 48.0 (2010)Tajikistan 33.9 (2000) 27.9 (2012) 40.5 47.0 (2010)Turkmenistan 61.8 (2000) 48.0 (2006) 24.0 21.0 (2006)Uzbekistan 55.6 (1996) 64.9 (2006) 44.0 25.5 (2006)

East AsiaChina, People's Rep. of 84.6 (1992) 84.6 (2006) 16.0 6.2 (2009)Hong Kong, China 86.2 (1992) 79.5 (2007) 5.7 3.7 (2011)Korea, Rep. of 79.4 (1991) 80.0 (2009) 4.0 1.8 (2012)Mongolia 57.3 (1994) 54.6 (2013) 36.4 40.4 (2012)Taipei,China …. …. 16.7 4.0 (2013)

South AsiaBangladesh 39.9 (1991) 61.8 (2013) 179.0 83.0 (2011)Bhutan 18.8 (1994) 65.6 (2010) 120.0 (1993) 28.4 (2012)India 40.7 (1993) 54.8 (2008) 76.0 (1991) 38.5 (2009)Maldives 29.0 (1991) 34.7 (2009) 106.0 13.9 (2012)Nepal 24.1 (1992) 49.6 (2014) 101.0 87.0 (2008)Sri Lanka 66.1 (1993) 68.4 (2007) 35.0 (1991) 24.1 (2006)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam …. …. 34.7 16.8 (2008)Cambodia 12.6 (1995) 56.3 (2014) 90.0 (1993) 57.0 (2013)Indonesia 49.7 (1991) 62.5 (2013) 66.0 (1992) 47.0 (2009)Lao PDR 18.6 (1993) 49.8 (2012) 115.0 (1992) 94.0 (2010)Malaysia 55.1 (1994) 49.0 (2004) 20.0 (1991) 13.3 (2011)Myanmar 16.8 (1991) 46.0 (2010) 29.0 16.9 (2006)Philippines 40.0 (1993) 55.1 (2013) 52.0 59.0 (2011)Singapore 65.0 (1992) 62.0 (1997) 7.5 2.6 (2013)Thailand 73.9 (1993) 79.3 (2012) 42.5 60.0 (2012)Viet Nam 65.0 (1994) 75.7 (2014) 38.0 (1991) 36.0 (2013)

The Pacific

Cook Islands 63.2 (1996) 43.2 (1999) 82.0 (1996) 56.0 (2011)Fiji …. …. 58.6 27.5 (2008)Kiribati 36.1 (2000) 22.3 (2009) 43.0 49.0 (2010)Marshall Islands …. 44.6 (2007) 105.2 (1995) 85.0 (2011)Micronesia, Fed. States of …. …. 54.0 (1994) 32.6 (2010)Nauru …. 35.6 (2007) 69.6 (1992) 105.5 (2011)Palau …. 32.8 (2003) 72.2 27.0 (2010)Papua New Guinea 25.9 (1997) 32.4 (2007) 77.0 (1994) 65.0 (2004)Samoa 24.5 (1998) 28.7 (2009) 25.0 (1991) 39.2 (2011)Solomon Islands …. 34.6 (2007) 111.0 62.0 (2008)Timor-Leste 25.1 (1991) 22.3 (2010) 85.0 (1992) 54.0 (2007)Tonga …. 34.1 (2012) 25.2 30.0 (2011)Tuvalu …. 30.5 (2007) 41.3 (1991) 42.0 (2007)Vanuatu 39.0 (1995) 49.0 (2013) 92.0 (1999) 78.0 (2011)

Developed Member Economies

Australia 66.7 (1995) 72.3 (2005) 21.4 14.1 (2013)Japan 57.9 (1990) 54.3 (2005) 3.6 4.3 (2012)New Zealand 75.0 (1995) …. 33.5 21.6 (2013)

continued

158 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015Goal 5 Targets and Indicators

Table 5.2: Target 5.B—Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health (continued)

Regional Member5.5 Antenatal Care Coverage

(% of live births )5.6 Unmet Need for Family Planning

(% of women aged 15-49 years who are married or in consensual union)>_ One Visit >_ Four Visits Earliest Year Latest Year

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 47.9 (2011) 14.6 (2011) …. ….Armenia 99.1 (2010) 92.8 (2010) 18.1 (2000) 13.5 (2010)Azerbaijan 91.7 (2011) 66.1 (2011) 11.5 (2001) 15.4 (2006)Georgia 97.6 (2010) 84.6 (2013) 23.8 (2000) 12.3 (2010)Kazakhstan 99.2 (2011) 87.0 (2011) 16.3 (1995) 11.6 (2011)Kyrgyz Republic 98.4 (2014) 94.6 (2014) 11.8 (1997) 18.0 (2012)Pakistan 73.1 (2013) 36.6 (2013) 30.5 (1991) 20.1 (2013)Tajikistan 78.8 (2012) 52.5 (2012) …. 22.9 (2012)Turkmenistan 98.1 (2000) 82.8 (2000) …. 13.1 (2000)Uzbekistan 99.0 (2006) 78.5 (1996) 13.7 (1996) ….

East AsiaChina, People's Rep. of 95.6 (2013) …. 3.3 (1992) 2.3 (2001)Hong Kong, China …. …. …. ….Korea, Rep. of …. …. …. ….Mongolia 98.7 (2013) 89.6 (2013) 9.9 (1998) 16.0 (2013)Taipei,China …. …. …. ….

South AsiaBangladesh 63.9 (2014) 31.2 (2014) 21.6 (1994) 13.9 (2013)Bhutan 97.9 (2012) 81.5 (2012) …. 11.7 (2010)India 74.2 (2006) 37.0 (2006) 20.3 (1993) 20.5 (2008)Maldives 99.1 (2009) 85.1 (2009) …. 28.6 (2009)Nepal 68.3 (2014) 59.5 (2014) 27.7 (1992) 27.5 (2011)Sri Lanka 99.4 (2007) 92.5 (2007) 18.2 (2000) 7.3 (2007)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 99.0 (2009) …. …. ….Cambodia 95.3 (2014) 75.6 (2014) 33.0 (2000) 12.5 (2014)Indonesia 95.4 (2013) 83.5 (2013) 17.0 (1991) 11.4 (2012)Lao PDR 54.2 (2012) 36.9 (2012) 39.5 (2000) 19.9 (2012)Malaysia 98.0 (2013) …. …. ….Myanmar 83.1 (2010) 73.4 (2007) 20.6 (1991) 19.1 (2001)Philippines 95.4 (2013) 84.3 (2013) 30.2 (1993) 17.5 (2013)Singapore …. …. …. ….Thailand 98.1 (2012) 93.4 (2012) 3.1 (2006) 6.9 (2012)Viet Nam 95.8 (2014) 73.7 (2014) 8.4 (1997) 6.1 (2014)

The Pacific

Cook Islands 100.0 (2008) …. …. ….Fiji 100.0 (2008) 93.6 (2013) …. ….Kiribati 88.4 (2009) 70.8 (2009) …. 28.0 (2009)Marshall Islands 81.2 (2007) 77.1 (2007) …. 8.1 (2007)Micronesia, Fed. States of 80.0 (2008) …. …. ….Nauru 94.5 (2007) 40.2 (2007) …. 23.5 (2007)Palau 90.3 (2010) 81.0 (2010) …. ….Papua New Guinea 78.8 (2006) 54.9 (2006) …. 27.4 (2007)Samoa 93.0 (2009) 58.4 (2009) …. 47.7 (2009)Solomon Islands 73.9 (2007) 64.6 (2007) …. 11.1 (2007)Timor-Leste 84.4 (2010) 55.1 (2010) 18.3 (1991) 31.5 (2010)Tonga 99.0 (2012) 70.4 (2012) …. 25.2 (2012)Tuvalu 97.4 (2007) 67.3 (2007) …. 24.2 (2007)Vanuatu 75.6 (2013) 51.8 (2013) …. 24.2 (2013)

Developed Member Economies

Australia 98.3 (2008) 92.0 (2008) …. ….Japan …. …. …. ….New Zealand 95.0 (1994) …. …. ….

…. = data not available at cutoff date, >_ = greater than or equal to, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: United Nations. Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (accessed 29 July 2015); for Taipei,China: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. http://eng.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/ y017.pdf

Documents

MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health