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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ME 410 ‐Mechanical Engineering Systems Laboratory
Experiment 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
Asst.Prof.Dr. Tuba OKUTUCU, A‐143
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
AIR‐CONDITIONING (A/C)
Goal: Control temperature and humidity
Types:1. Comfort2. Industrial
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
AIR CONDITIONINGHuman comfort primarily depends on:
The (dry‐bulb) temperature (22‐27°C),
Relative humidity (40‐60%), and
Air motion (enhances heat transfer by convection and evaporation)speed ≈ 15 m/min
e.g. Environment at 10°C with 48 km/h wind feels as cold as ‐7°C and 3 km/h wind as a result of body‐chilling effect (the wind chill factor)
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
AIR‐CONDITIONING (A/C)
Human comfort conditions stated by ASHRAE*:
*American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air‐conditioning Engineers)
Temperature Relative Humidity
Winter 20‐23°C 50±20%Summer 24‐27°C 50±20%
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
BASICS
Atmospheric air: The air in the atmosphere that normally
contains some water vapor (moisture).
Dry air: Air that contains no water vapor.
amount of water vapor in the air is small, butit plays a major role in human comfort.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
BASICSIn A/C applications,
‐10°C < T < 50°C
In this range: Air ≈ IDEAL GAS with constant specific heat.
Enthalpy and enthalpy change of dry air:
T : air temperature in °C
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
BASICSWater vapor in the air => ideal gas (Pv = RT, h = h(T))(behaves as if it existed alone)
Atmospheric air: an ideal gas mixture
Its pressure = sum of the partial pressures of air and water vapor.P = Pa + Pv (kPa)
subscriptsa: dry air v: water vapor
pressure water vapor would exert if it existed alone at the temperature and volume of the mixture
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
BASICS
hv(T, low P) ≈ hg(T)
• At 0°C, enthalpy of water vapor = 2501.3 kJ/kg
• Average cp of water vapor in ‐10°C < T < 50°C
cp = 1.82 kJ/(kg.°C)
hg(T) ≈ 2501.3 + 1.82 T (kJ/kg) T in °C.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
Absolute (specific) humidity (humidity ratio):The mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry air, ω.
Using the ideal gas relations
or
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Saturated air:• As more vapor or moisture is added, thespecific humidity will keep increasing until theair can hold no more moisture.
• At this point, the air is said to be saturatedwith moisture, and it is called saturated air.
• Any moisture introduced into saturated air willcondense.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
• Comfort level depends on the amount ofmoisture the air holds (mv) relative to themaximum amount of moisture the air canhold at the same temperature (mg).
• The ratio of the two is called the relativehumidity.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
RELATIVE HUMIDITYRelative humidity:
Relative humidity in terms of the specific humidity:
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ENTHALPY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
• Total enthalpy:
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
TEMPERATURE• Dry bulb temperature: The ordinary temperature of atmospheric
air.• DEW POINT: Tdp, the temperature at which condensation begins if
the air is cooled at constant pressure.
Tdp is the saturation temperature of water corresponding to the vapor pressure:
Tdp = Tsat@Pv
Knowing the dew point we can determine the vapor pressure and thus relative humidity.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESSLong, insulated channel containing a pool of waterSteady stream of unsaturated air.As air flows over water, some water will evaporate and mix with the air stream.Moisture content of air ↑Temperature of air ↓(evaporative cooling)Long enough channelo Saturated air at the exito Φ = 100%o T2 = Adiabatic saturation
temperature
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS
Mass balance:
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS
Energy balance:
per unit mass of dry air
12:31
ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESSThe specific humidity at the inlet,
and at the exit (Φ = 100%),
Absolute and relative humidities can be obtained just by measuring the temperature and pressure of the air stream at the inlet and exit of an adiabatic saturator.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
A more practical way of achieving saturation conditions.
Temperature measured this way is called the wet bulb temperature, Twb
Twb ≈ Tadiabatic saturation
12:31
ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
State of the atmospheric air at a given total pressure can be determined by two independent intensive properties.
The rest can be calculated using above equations.
A more practical way is to use charts called psychrometric charts.
h in kJ/kg dry airFor saturated air Tdb = Twb = Tdp
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO. 5
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
Tdb (°C)
ω(g m
oisture / k
g dry air)
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
EXPERIMENTAL SET‐UP
Schematic drawing of the experimental set‐up
Fan
Mixer
Compressor condenser unit
Liquid
Receiver
Feed Water
Condensate
Inlet
Evaporator
Mixer
Rotating vane anemometer
Boiler
Reheaters
(3.6 kW)
Steam Injection
PreHeaters
(2.88 kW)
Drier
Discharge
T.E.V.
34
5
2
Mixer
d
1
1.44 kW
2.5 kW 1.44 kW
12:31
ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
SIMPLE HEATING AND COOLING
Heating
Cooling
h1, h2 : enthalpies per unit mass of dry air at the inlet and the exit respectively12:31
ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
HEATING WITH HUMIDIFICATION
• In simple heating, relative humidity, Φ↓• To eliminate this problem, heated air is humidified.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
HEATING WITH HUMIDIFICATION
• If steam is introduced in the humidification section => additional heating.
• If humidification is accomplished by spraying water into the airstream => cooling of the heated airstream.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
COOLING WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION
It may be necessary to remove some moisture from the air, i.e., to dehumidify it.
This requires cooling the air below its dew‐point.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
EVAPORATIVE COOLINGIn desert (hot and dry) climates, the high cost of cooling can be avoided by using evaporative coolers.
As water evaporates, the latent heat of vaporization is absorbed from the water body and the surrounding air.
As a result, both the water and the air are cooled during the process
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC MIXING OF AIR STREAMS
Many air conditioning applications require the mixing of two airstreams.
This is particularly true for large buildings, most production and process plants, and hospitals,
which require that the conditioned air be mixed with a certain fraction of fresh outside air before it is routed into the living space.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ADIABATIC MIXING OF AIR STREAMS
Mass and energy balances
Eliminating
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
IDEAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Each component is a steady‐flow device.
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
IDEAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
For each component in the cycle:
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
P ‐ h diagram for R‐12
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ME 410 ‐ Exp. 3 ‐Mass and Energy Balances in Psychrometric Processes
REFERENCES
1. Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, Third Edition, Yunus A. Çengel, Michael A. Boles, McGraw Hill, 1998.
2. ASHRAE 1989 Fundamentals Handbook (SI)3. ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 5
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