M.E. Power Systems Part-Time 05-11-07

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ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

M.E. (POWER SYSTEMS) DEGREE PROGRAMME

(PART-TIME)

(Choice Based Choice System)

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS

REGULATIONS

R1. CONDITIONS FOR ADMISSION

Candidates for admission to the 4 Semester M.E.

Degree programme in Power System Engineering and shallbe required to have passed the B.E/B.Tech. Electrical and

Electronics Engineering or Graduates of any other

authority accepted by the syndicate of this University as

equivalent thereto. They shall satisfy the conditions

regarding qualifying marks, age and physical fitness as

may be prescribed form time to time by the syndicate of

the Annamalai University. The candidates who underwent

the degree course under a Part-Time scheme, should

possess two years of professional experience after passing

the B.E/B.Tech. degree examination. Admission to

M.E.Part time programmes are restricted to those working

with in a redial of 75 km of the from Annamalainagar.

R2. CREDITS

ME full-time programme will have a duration of four

semesters. ME part-time programme will have a duration

of six semesters.

The number of credits for each semester for the full-

time programme shall be as follows:

First and Second Semesters: 20 credits per semester

Third Semester : 12 credits

Fourth Semester : 13 credits

The number of credits for each semester of the part-

time programme shall be as follows:First to Fourth semesters : an average of 10 credits

per semester

Fifth Semester : 12 credits

Sixth semester : 13 credits



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The total credits for both the programmes will be 65

each. For the award of the degree, a student has to earn a

minimum of 65 credits.

R3. DURATION OF THE PROGRAMME

A student is normally expected to complete the full-

time programme in four semesters but in any case not

more than four years from the time of admission.

A student is normally expected to complete the part-

time programme in six semesters but in any case not more

than six years from the time of admission.

R4. REGISTRATION FOR COURSES

A student newly admitted will automatically be

registered for all the courses prescribed for the first

semester, without any option.

Every other student shall submit a completed

registration form indicating the list of courses intended to

be credited during the next semester. This registration will

be done a week before the last working day of the current

semester. Late registration with the approval of the Dean

on the recommendation of the Head of the Department

along with a late fee will be done up to the last workingday. Registration for the thesis phase - I and phase - II

shall be done at the appropriate semesters.

R5. ASSESSMENT

The break-up of assessment and examination marks

for theory and practical subjects is as follows.

First Assessment (I Mid Term Test) : 15

Second Assessment (II Mid Term Test) : 15

Third Assessment : 10

Examination : 60

The thesis phase-I will be assessed for 40 marks by a

committee consisting of the Head of the Department, the

guide and a minimum of two members nominated by the

Head of the Department. The Head of the Department will

be the chairman. 60 marks are allotted for the thesis work

and viva voce examination at the end of the prefinal



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semester. The same procedure will be adopted in the final

semester also.

R6. COUNSELLOR

To help the students in planning their course of

study and for general advice on the academic programme,

the Head of the Department will attach a certain number

of students to a member of the faculty who shall function

as counsellor throughout their period of study. Such

counsellors shall advise the students, give preliminary

approval for the courses to be taken by the studentsduring each semester and obtain the final approval of the

Head of the Department.

R7. CLASS COMMITTEE

For each semester, separate class committees will be

constituted by the respective Heads of the Departments.

The composition of the class committee for each

semester except the final semester shall be as follows:

TEACHERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL COURSES

A project co-ordinator (in the prefinal and final

semester committee only) who shall be appointed by the

head of the department from among the projectsupervisors.

One Professor or Reader, preferably not teaching the

concerned class, appointed as chairman by the Head of

the department. The Head of the department may opt to

be a member or the chairman.

All counsellors of the class, and the Head of the

Department (if not already a member) and any staff

member nominated by the Head of the Department may

serve as special invitees.

The class committee shall meet four times during the

semester.

The first meeting will be held within two weeks from

the date of commencement of the class to decide the type

of assessment like test, assignment etc. for the third

assessment and the dates of completion of the

assessments.



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The second and third meetings will be held within a

week after the completion of the first and second

assessments respectively to review the performance and

for follow-up action.

The fourth meeting will be held after on completion of

all the assessments except the semester examination and

at least one week before the commencement of the end

semester examinations.

During this meeting the assessment on a maximum

of 40 marks will be finalised for every student andtabulated and submitted to the Head of the Department

for approval and transmission to the Controller of

Examinations.

R8. WITHDRAWAL FROM A COURSE

A student can withdraw from a course at any time

before a date fixed by the Head of the Department prior to

the second assessment, with the approval of the Dean of

the faculty on the recommendation of the Head of the

Department.

R9. TEMPORARY BREAK OF STUDY

A student can take a one-time temporary break ofstudy covering the current semester and/or the next

semester with the approval of the Dean on the

recommendation of the Head of the Department, not later

than seven days after the completion of the second

assessment test. However, the student must complete the

entire programme within the maximum period of four

years for full-time and six years for part- time.

R10. MOVEMENT TO THE PRE FINAL SEMESTER

A minimum of 24 credits must be earned by the

student to move to the prefinal semester. The results of

the final semester will be withheld until the student

passes all the previous semester examinations.R11. SUBSTITUTE ASSESSMENTS

A student who has missed one or more of the

assessments of a course other than the end of semester

examination, for genuine reasons accepted by the Head of

the Department, may take a substitute assessment for any



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one of the missed assessments. The substitute assesment

must be completed before the date of the fourth meeting of

the respective committees.

A student who wishes to have a substitute

assessment must apply to the Head of the Department

within a week from the date of the missed assessment.

R12. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS

To be eligible to appear for the examination in a

particular course, a student must put in a minimum of

80% of attendance in that course. However, if theattendance is 75% or above but less than 80% in any

course, the authorities can permit the student to appear

for the examination in that course on payment of the

prescribed condonation fee.

A student who withdraws from or does not meet the

minimum attendance requirement in a course must re-

register for and repeat the course.

R13. PASSING AND DECLARATION OF EXAMINATIONRESULTS

All assessments of all the courses on an absolute

marks basis will be considered and passed by the

respective results passing board in accordance with the

rules of the University. The marks for each course shall be

converted to the corresponding letter grade as follows.

Threafter, computation of the Grade Point Average(GPA)

and Cumulative Grade Point

Average (CGPA) shall be done.

90 to 100 marks : Grade 'S'

80 to 89 marks : Grade 'A'

70 to 79 marks : Grade 'B'

60 to 69 marks : Grade 'C'

55 to 59 marks : Grade 'D'

50 to 54 marks : Grade 'E'

Less than 50 marks : Grade 'F'

Insufficient attendance : Grade 'I'

Withdrawn from the course : Grade 'W'



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In order to pass a course the student has to score

24 marks out of 60 (end semester examination) and 50

marks out of 100 (total marks).

A student who earns a grade of S,A,B,C,D or E for a

course is declared to have successfully completed that

course and earned the credits for that course. Such a

course cannot be repeated by the student.

A student who obtains letter grades I or W in a

course must re-register for and repeat the course.

A student who obtains letter grade F in a course hasto reappear for the examination in that course.

A student who obtains letter grade I or W or F in

thesis phase - I must reregister in the next semester.

Registration for thesis phase - II for such students can be

done in the subsequent semesters.

The following grade points are associated with each

letter grade for calculating the GPA and CGPA.

S - 10; A - 9; B - 8; C - 7; D - 6; E - 5; F - 0

Courses with grades I and W are not considered for

calculation of grade point average or cumulative grade

point average. F grade will be considered for computingGPA and CGPA.

A student can apply for retotalling of one or more of

his/ her examination answer papers within a week from

the date of issue of grade sheet to the student on payment

of the prescribed fee per paper. The application must be

made to the Controller of Examinations with the

recommendation of the Head of the Department.

After results are declared, grade cards will be issued

to the students. The grade card will contain the list of

courses registered during the semester, the grades scored

and the grade point average for the semester.

GPA is the sum of the products of the number of

credits of a course with the grade point scored in that

course, taken over all the courses for the semester, divided

by the sum of the number of credits for all courses taken



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in that semester. CGPA is similarly calculated considering

all the courses taken from the time of admission.

The results of the final semester will be withheld

until the student obtains passing grades in all the courses

of all the earlier semesters.

After successful completion of the programme, the

degree will be awarded with the following classification

based on CGPA.

For First Class with Distinction the student must

earn a minimum of 65 credits within four semesters forfull-time and six semesters for part-time from the time of

admission, pass all the courses in the first attempt and

obtain a CGPA of 8.25 or above.

For First Class, the student must earn a minimum of

65 credits within two years and six months for full-time

and three years and six months for part-time from the

time of admission and obtain a CGPA of 6.75 or above.

For Second Class the student must earn a minimum

of 65 credits within four years for full-time and six years

for part-time from the time of admission.

R14. RANKING OF CANDIDATES The candidates who are eligible to get the

M.E. degree in First Class with distinction will be ranked

together on the basis of CGPA for all the courses of study

from I to IV Semester for M.E. Full time and from I to VI

Semester for M.E. Part-Time.

The candidates passing with First class and with out

failing in any subjects from the time of admission will be

ranked next to those with distinction on the basis of CGPA

for all the courses of study form I to IV semester for

M.E. Full time and from I to VI Semester for M.E. Part-Time.

R15. ELECTIVES

Apart from the various elective courses offered in thecurriculum of the branch of specialisation, a student can

choose a maximum of two electives from any specilisation

under the faculty during the entire period of study, with

the approval of the Head of the Department and the Head

of the Department offering the course.



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R16. TRANSITORY REGULATIONS

If a candidate studying under the old regulations

could not attend any of the courses in his/her

programme, shall be permitted to attend equal number of

courses, under the new regulation and will be examined in

those courses. The choice of courses will be decided by the

concerned Head of the Department. However he/she will

be permitted to submit the thesis as per the old

regulations. The result of such candidates will be passed

as per the old regulations. The University shall have the power to revise or

change or amend the regulations, the scheme of

examinations, the courses of study and the syllabi from

time to time.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS

FIRST SEMESTER

Code CoursesPeriods /

WeekCredits

PSEC101 Applied Mathematics 4L 3

PSEC102 Digital Simulation of Power Systems 4L

3

PSEE103 Elective – I 4L 3

Total Periods : 12 12L 9

SECOND SEMESTER

Code CoursesPeriods/ Week

Credits

PSEC201 Power System Economics Control 4L 3

PSEC202 Power System Dynamics 4L 3

PSEE203 Elective – II 4L 3

Total Periods : 12 12L 9

# L – Lecture

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,60 for examination)

# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject



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THIRD SEMESTER


WeekCredits

PSEC301 State Estimation and Security Controlof Power Systems

4L 3

PSEE302 Elective – III 4L 3

PSEE303 Elective – IV 4L 3

PSEP304 Software Design and ComputationsLaboratory–I

3P 2

Total Periods : 15 12L+3P 11

FOURTH SEMESTER

Code CoursesPeriods/ Week

Credits

PSEC401 Static Relaying and Protection inPower Systems

4L 3

PSEE402 Elective – V 4L 3

PSEE403 Elective – VI 4L 3

PSEP404 Software Design and ComputationsLaboratory–II

3P 2

Total Periods : 15 12L+3P 11

FIFTH SEMESTER


WeekCredits

PSEE501 Elective VII 4L 3

PSEE502 Elective VIII 4L 3

PSET503 Thesis Work and Seminar (Phase I) 6

Total: 15 8L 12

# L – Lecture P – Practical S – Seminar

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,

60 for examination)

# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject# Examination for Subject 503: in the form of viva voce and/or

Demonstration



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SIXTH SEMESTER


WeekCredits

PSET601 Thesis Work and Seminar (Phase II) - 13

Total - 13

# L – Lecture S – Seminar

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,

60 for examination)

# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject# Examination for Subject 601: in the form of viva voce and/or

Demonstration

LIST OF ELECTIVES

GROUP–A

1) REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

2) POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

3) POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

4) EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION

5) APPLICATION OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN POWER

SYSTEMS

6) HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING TECHNIQUES

7) WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

8) POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES

9) POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION

10) INSULATION TECHNOLOGY AND HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING

11) FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS



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GROUP – B

1) OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUIES

2) SOLID STATE CONTROLLED ELECTRIC DRIVES

3) ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS

4) EXPERT SYSTEMS and THEIR APPLICATION TO

POWER SYSTEM PROBLEMS

5) NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC

6) PATTERN RECOGNITION

SYLLABUS

PSEC 101 : APPLIED MATHEMATICS

AIM

To strengthen the mathematical background of the

students and expose him to the latest areas required in

the field of study of power systems.

OBJECTIVES

The course is offered to enable the student to buildup his mathematical ability and acquire the knowledge to

understand the concepts with a sense of applicability.

A review of matrix methods to solving problems is

expected. An emphasis is to be laid on the study of

operations research with specified reference to quadratic

programming. The importance of statistical analysis is to

brought out. A course on time series analysis is envisaged.

Techniques used to solve higher order equation with more

than one variable are to be explained.

The student will be able to exploit the use of

mathematical skill for design analysis and simulation of

power systems.

Matrices

Computation of the greatest and the lst eigen values

of a matrix by power method - Modal matrix and spectral

matrix - Hermitian form - Canonical form.



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Operations Research

Linear programming - Graphical method - Simplex

method - Nonlinear programming with special reference to

quadratic programming - Kuhn Tucker conditions -

Wolfe's method - Dynamic programming - Bellman's

principle of optimality.

Statistics

Probability - Baye's theorem for conditional

probability - Random variables -Distribution function -

Density function - Variance and covariance - Stochasticprocess - Auto correlation and auto covariance - Cross

correlation and cross covariance - Stationary process -

Auto correlation and cross correlation functions - Power

spectrum.

Time Series Analysis

Methods of forecasting - Significance of time series

analysis - Components of time series - Secular trends -

Linear trend - Graphical method - Semi average method -

Method of least squares - Nonlinear trends - Moving

average method - Method of least squares - Seasonal

variations - Seasonal index - Method of simple averages -

Ratio to trend method - Ratio to moving average method -

Cyclical variations - Smoothing with moving averages -

Irregular variations .

Boundary Value Problems

a) Special functions and multiple Fourier series:

Orthogonal functions, Bessel functions and Legendre

polynomials - Generalised Fourier series expansions of an

arbitrary function in terms of orthogonal functions, Bessel

functions of order zero and Legendre polynomials - Fourier

series expansions of functions of two and three variables.

b) Partial Differential Equations: Solution of wave

equation, diffusion equation, Poisson equation andLaplace equation by the method of separation of variables

- Transverse vibration of rectangular and circular

membranes - Potentials due to charged circular rings,

circular plates and spheres.



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Reference Books

1) Shanti Narayan, A Text Book of Matrices, S. Chandand Co.

2) Swarup, K., Gupta, P.K. and Man Mohan, OperationsResearch, Sultan Chand and Sons.

3) Papoulis, A. Probability, Random Variables andStochastic Processes, McGraw Hill.

4) Gupta, S.P. and Gupta, M.P., Business Statistics ,Sultan Chand and Sons.

5) Raymond E. Willis, A Guide to Forecasting for Plannersand Managers, Prentice Hall.

6) Venkataraman, M.K., Higher Mathematics forEngineering and Science, The National Publishing Co.

7) Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,Wiley Eastern.

8) Louis A. Pipes and Hartill, Applied Mathematics forEngineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill.

PSEC 102 : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEMS

AIM To explain to the student the basic concept related to

analysis of power systems and enable him to understand

the newer algorithms.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the basic studies in the area of power

systems is expected. Improvements that enable the

effective use of computers for large power networks is to

be highlighted. An emphasis of how the power system

models are built for different types of studies is to be laid.

The course will pave the way for a student to

incorporate the use of intelligent techniques in the area ofpower system analysis.

Introduction

Importance of basic power system studies (power

flow, short circuit and stability) in the planning and

operation of power system - distinction between steady



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state, quasi steady state and transient modelling of power

system.

Sparsity Oriented Network Solution

Solution of network equation - Exploiting sparsity of

bus admittance matrix - compact storage, optimal

ordering, triangular factorization and solution using the

factors - Solution using Gaussian elimination.

Power Flow Studies

Power flow model using bus admittance matrix - Fast

decoupled power flow method (FDPF) - with voltagecontrolled buses using sparsity technique - Multiarea

power flow analysis with tie-line control - AC/DC power

flow analysis using sequential FDPF method, contingency

analysis, sensitivity analysis - Load flow based on sparsity

oriented solution of I = YV. Special purpose power flow

studies - harmonic power flow - three phase load flow -

distribution power flow - interactive load flows.

(Qualitative treatment only)

Short Circuit Studies

Short circuit analysis of a multi-node power system

using bus impedance matrix ZBUS - Building algorithm

for ZBUS - Algorithm for symmetrical fault analysis using

ZBUS - Development of voltage and current equations

under unsymmetrical faults using symmetrical

components and algorithm for unsymmetrical fault

analysis using ZBUS - Use of sparse factors of YBUS for

obtaining the columns of ZBUS.

Stability Studies

Mathematical model for stability analysis of a

multimachines system with exciters and governors -

solution of state equation by modified Euler method/4th

order R.K. method.

Reference Books

1) Elgerd, O.I., Electric Energy Systems Theory - AnIntroduction, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.

2) Stagg, G.W. and El-Abiad, A.H., Computer Methods inPower System Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co, 1985.



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3) Pai, M.A., Computer Techniques in Power SystemAnalysis, Tata McGrawHill, 1986.

4) Murthy, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control, Tata McGraw Hill.

5) Allen J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg, PowerGeneration, Operation and Control, John Wiley andSons, Inc., 1984

6) Brown, H.E., Solution of Large Networks by MatrixMethods , John Wiley and Sons.

7) Arrillaga, J. and Arnold, C.P., Computer Modelling ofElectrical Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons, 2001.

8) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis, PHI, 1989.

9) Heydt, T., Computer Techniques in Power SystemAnalysis,1986.

PSEC 201 : POWER SYSTEM ECONOMICS AND CONTROL

AIM

To bring out the need for operating the power system

in a viable and affordable manner.OBJECTIVES

A review of the dispatch studies in power system

networks is expected. An emphasis on the development of

algorithms suitable for efficient operation is to be laid.

Techniques used to solve mathematical formulations is to

be explained. The basic idea of unit commitment schedule

and its significance is to be pointed out. The problems

associated with interconnected networks, the need for

maintaining co-coordinated actions and the use of

controllers in augmenting these actions is to addressed.

The student will derive the benefit of having

understood the credentials of smooth and satisfactoryoperation of power systems.

Optimum economic dispatch - Review of the

lossless case - Optimum dispatch considering losses -

Analysis of two bus and n bus systems - Incremental



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transmission loss - I.T.L's for two bus and n bus cases -

computational procedure.

Optimum dispatch problem as an optimisation

problem - cost function, equality constraints, Kuhn

Tucker conditions, inequality constraints on control and

dependent variables, penalty function for constraint

violations - Introduction to gradient search and dynamic

programming methods.

Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal systems -Mathematical formulation, solution technique and

algorithm.

Unit commitment - various constraints - priority list

solution methods - dynamic programming solution.

Load frequency control - Flat frequency control –

power balance – interconnected operation – flat frequency

control of interconnected stations – flat tie line and flat

frequency control – tie line bias control – supplementary

control – transfer function of single area system –

interconnected areas – PID controllers – steady state

errors in two area system – implementation of LFC – state

variable models for three, two and single area systems –

optimal load frequency control of single area system –

digital load frequency controllers – decentralised control.

Reference Books

1) Elgerd, O.I., Electric Energy Systems Theory - AnIntroduction, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.

2) Nagrath and Kothari, Modern Power SystemsAnalysis, Tata McGraw Hill.

3) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control, Tata McGraw Hill.

4) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operationand Control, John Wiley and Sons,1984.

5) Kirchmeyer, Economic Operation of Power Systems.

6) Kirchmeyer, Economic Control of InterconnectedSystems.



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7) Mahalanabis, Kothari and Ahson, Computer AidedPower System Analysis and Control, Tata McGrawHill, 1991.

8) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis, PHI, 1989.

PSEC 202 : POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS

AIM

To create an awareness of the need for stability of the

system when it is subjected to disturbances and study its

performance under such exigencies.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the mathematical background that

enables the operator to build the system model during

various operating states is expected. State space

algorithms that extract the system behavior are to be

discussed. An emphasis on the need of mechanisms for

connecting the system state through the use of closed loop

operation is to be laid.

The influence of the use of regulators and excitors

and methods to study the overall system performance areto be probed.

Approach that facilitates extension of the existing

techniques to multi machine systems are to be explained.

The students will realize the significance of stability

analysis and be capable of including its effects in the

design of newer systems, besides being to able to suggest

preventive measures in the event of occurrence of a

disturbance.

Introduction

Distinction between transient and dynamic stability -

complexity of stability problem in large system - need for

reduced models - stability of interconnected systems.

Synchronous Machines

Park's transformation - flux linkage equations -

current space model - per unit conversion - normalizing

the equations - equivalent circuit - flux linkage state space



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model - subtransient and transient inductances and time

constants - simplified models (two axes, one axis, and

constant flux linkage) - steady state equations and phasor

diagrams - calculation of machine parameters from

manufacturer's data.

Machine Controllers

Exciter and voltage regulator - function of excitation

systems - typical excitation system configuration - block

diagram and state space representation of IEEE type 1

excitation system - saturation function - stabilisingcircuit. Function of speed governing systems - Block

diagram and state space representation of IEEE

mechanical hydraulic governor for hydro turbines and

electrical hydraulic governors for steam turbines.

Dynamic Stability

System response to small disturbances - linear model

of the unregulated synchronous machine and its modes of

oscillation - regulated synchronous machine - distribution

of power impact - linearization of the load equation for the

one machine problem - simplified linear model - effect of

excitation on dynamic stability - approximate system

representation - supplementary stabilizing signals - linear

analysis of stabilized generator - linearized model for the

network - dynamic stability analysis of multimachine

system using linearized model of generator regulators and

network.

Reference Books

1) Anderson, P.N. and Fouad, A.A., Power SystemControl and Stability, Galgotia Publication, New Delhi,1984.

2) Yao-nan Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics, Academic Press.

3) Pai, M.A. and Sawer, Power System Stability, North

Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.

4) Stagg, G.W. and El-abiad, A.H. Computer Methods inPower System Analysis, McGraw Hill, New York,1985.

5) Kimbark, E.W., Power System Stability , Vol.I and III. John Wiley, 1948.



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6) Crary, S.B., Power System Stability, Vol.I and II. JohnWiley, Newyork, 1945.

7) Concordia, C., Synchronous Machines, Wiley, 1955.

PSEC 301 : STATE ESTIMATION AND SECURITY CONTROL

OF POWER SYSTEMS

AIM

To impart to the students the need for power system

monitoring and highlight the significance of estimationand enhancement with the use of SCADA systems.

OBJECTIVES

A review of SCADA, measurement techniques,

concept of data transmission and telemetry is expected.

Algorithms for state estimation and methods of

computing the states of the system is to instilled in the

needs of the students.

The requirement of the system to be secure even

during contingent conditions is to be explained. Measures

that the operator will have to initiate are to be highlighted.

The student will be able to incorporate security

procedures not only in the design of power systems butalso when he attempts to build newer techniques.

Introduction

Concept of power system security - factors affecting

security - functions of security control - system

monitoring, state estimation, security assessment and

security enhancement.

System Monitoring

Power system control centres: equipment and

interfaces - dual computer configuration, organisation and

functions - SCADA system.

Data Transmission and TelemetryAmplitude modulation - frequency modulation -

frequency shift keying - modems - PLCC equipment.

Data Acquisition

Block diagram of a typical microprocessor based data

acquisition system for power systems - analog and digital



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signal acquisition modules - interface -microprocessor

system - software - display devices.

Power System State Estimation

Static state estimation : Maximum likelihood

weighted least squares estimation algorithm - active and

reactive power bus measurements - active and reactive

power line flow measurements - line current

measurements - bus voltage measurements -measurement

redundancy - accuracy and variance of measurements -

variance of measurement residuals - detection,identification and suppression of bad measurements.

Computational aspects - approximations to reduce

computations - external system equivalencing -fast

decoupled state estimation - state estimation using d.c.

model of power system. Weighted least absolute value

state estimation - comparison with WLSE. Network

observability - psuedo measurements - virtual

measurements. Stability and robustness of estimation

algorithms. tracking state estimation: algorithm -

computational aspects.

Security Assessment

Classification of security states: Normal, alert,

contingency, emergency and restorative modes. Network

equivalent for external system. Contingency analysis: a.c.,

linearised a.c. and linearised d.c. models of power systems

for security assessment - line outage distribution factors

and generation shift factors for d.c. and linearised a.c.

models - single contingency analysis using these factors -

double line outage analysis techniques using bus

impedance matrix and factors of bus admittance matrix.

Fast contingency algorithms for nonlinear a.c. models.

Contingency ranking, security indices.

Security EnhancementCorrecting the generator dispatch for security

enhancement using linearised d.c. models - methods

using sensitivity factors - compensated factors -

optimisation methods. Emergency and restorative control

procedures.



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Reference Books

1) Mahalanabis, Kothari and Ahson, Computer AidedPower System Analysis and Control, Tata McGrawHill, 1991.

2) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis,Prentice Hall of India, 1989.

3) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operationand Control , John Wiley and Sons, 1984.

4) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control ,

Tata McGraw Hill.

PSEP 304 : SOFTWARE DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONSLABORATORY – I

AIM

To develop programming skills and expose to the

usage of software packages necessary for simulation and

analyses of Power System, required for its planning,

operation and control.

OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the student will become

proficient in the development of C++ programs and in theusage of software packages for solving problems in Power

System planning, operation and control.

PSEC 401 : STATIC RELAYING AND PROTECTION IN

POWER SYSTEMS

AIM

To instill in the minds of the students the need and

significance of protection for a safe operation of the power

systems.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the operating principles of conventionalrelays is expected. The construction, characteristics

features and use of current and potential transformers are

to be discussed role of electronic circuits for effective

realization of the protective schemes is to be brought out.



22

Different types of relay schemes and their use under

different circumstances are to be explained.

The use of digital techniques and their merits in

implementing protective schemes are to be highlighted.

The student will be able to understand the growing

need for protective strategies and be able to innovate

better schemes in future designs.

Current Transformers

Review of electromagnetic relays and protective

schemes - effects of power swing.Composite error and accuracy limit factor – short

time rating – transient primary fault current – transient

secondary current – flux swing in the core – adverse

effects and their avoidance – modern trends in design.

Voltage Transformers

Transient in primary voltage – flux swing under

transient – modern trends in design – capacitor type

voltage transformer, equivalent circuit, ratio and phase

angle errors, burden, effect of frequency variation on

performance. static relaying:advantages – Review of

components and circuits for static relays. Two - input

comparators and associated elements – transfer

impedance – mixing transformers or circuits – phase and

amplitude comparators – rectifier bridge comparators,

circulating current type, opposed voltage type and direct

comparators – coincident circuit type phase

comparators,direct or block spike phase comparator,

phase splitting technique, integrating type phase

comparator with transistor AND gate, rectifier phase

comparator and its use as an integrating comparator, time

bias type comparator – Hall effect type and magneto

resistivity type vector product devices – zener diode phase

comparators – design principles of transistor relays,advantages of block average comparison.

Directional Relays

Phase comparator units – amplitude comparator

units – inputs for maximum output – polyphase

directional relays, applications.



23

Overcurrent Relays

Instantaneous relay – time- current relays –

applications of different time-current characteristics –

basic principles and practical circuits for time overcurrent

relays – an example of a static overcurrent relay with

IDMT characteristic – an example of a static directional

overcurrent relay with IDMT characteristic.

Differential Relays

Operating and restraining characteristics – unbiased

and percentage biased types – equations for static type –static relay schemes, principles of harmonic restraint and

harmonic blocking differential relays for transformer

protection.

Distance Relays

Review of the various characteristic types and

applications – static distance relay schemes – rectifier

phase comparator as distance relay, switched distance

schemes, static fault detectors in switched distance

schemes. Pilot wire schemes – review of directional

comparison, phase comparison, transferred tripping and

current differential schemes – characteristics – problems

with telephone pilots – pilot supervision – starting relays.

Carrier Current Schemes

Review – coupling of carrier signal to power line,

bandwidth, attenuation, safety requirements. Solid state

phase comparison carrier protection – principle, spurious

phase shifts, relaying signals, solid state phase

comparison carrier protection.

Introduction to multi input comparators and their

use in distance protection. Under frequency relays, under

and over frequency relays. Reliability, testing and

maintenance. Digital protection techniques – introduction,

advantages, digital protection processes, basic protectionschemes, algorithms, microprocessor applications to

protective relays.



24

Reference Books

1) Madhava Rao, Power System Protection Static Relays, Tata McGraw Hill.

2) Patra, Basu, Choudhuri, Power SystemProtection,Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.

3) Ram, B., Microcomputers and Microprocessors.

4) Kimbark, Power System Stability, Vol.II. WileyEastern, 1950.

5) Mason, C.R., The Art and Science of ProtectiveRelaying, Wiley Eastern

6) Protective Relaying, Theory and Practice, Vol. I and II:Van Warrington: Chapman and Hall.

PSEP 404 : SOFTWARE DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONS

LABORATORY – I

AIM

To develop programming skills and expose to the

usage of software packages necessary for simulation and

analyses of Power System, required for its planning,

operation and control.OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the student will become

proficient in the development of C++ programs and in the

usage of software packages for solving problems in Power

System planning, operation and control.



25

ELECTIVES

GROUP – A

1. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

AIM

To bring out the need for compensation in

transmission systems and highlight the performance of

compensators.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the characteristics of compensators and

their role in improving the voltage profile in transmission

systems is envisaged. The performance of the

transmission systems with different compensation

schemes are to be discussed. The relative merits of static

compensators and effectives of reactive power

management are to be brought out.

The course would enable the students to realize the

significance of the role of reactive power for a satisfactory

operation of powersystems.

The Theory of Load CompensationIntroduction - Objectives in load compensation -

Ideal compensator - Practical considerations -

Fundamental theory of compensation - Approximate

reactive power characteristics - Load compensator as a

voltage regulator - phase balancing and power factor

correction of unsymmetrical loads.

The Theory of Steady State Reactive PowerCompensation in electric Transmission Systems

Introduction - uncompensated transmission lines -

compensated transmission lines - passive shunt

compensation - series compensation - dynamic shunt

compensation.

Reactive Power Compensation and the DynamicPerformance of Transmission Systems

Introduction - dynamic performance of systems with

different types of compensation - Passive shunt



26

compensation - static compensators - synchronous

condensers - series capacitor compensation.

Principles of Static Compensators

Compensator applications - the thyristor controlled

reactor (TCR) and related types of compensator - thyristor

controlled high impedance transformer - the thyristor

switched capacitor - saturated reactor compensators - an

example of a modern static compensator.

Harmonics

Introduction - harmonic sources - effect of harmonicson electrical equipment - resonance, shunt capacitors and

filters - filter systems - telephone interference.

Reactive Power Coordination

Introduction - reactive power management -

conclusions.

Reference Books

1) Miller, T.J.E., Reactive Power Control in Electric

Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

2) Arrillaga, J., Bradley, D.A. and Bodger, P.S., Power

System Harmonics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

3) Dubey, G.K., Thyristorized Power Controllers , et al:

Wiley Eastern Limited.

4) Static VAR compensators - state of art: Central Board

of Irrigation and Power (Technical Report No.41) ,

Maleha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.

5) Static Compensation for AC Power Systems , IEE

Proceedings Vol.128, pp. 362 - 406, Nov.1981.

6) Gyngyi, L., Otto, R.A. and Putman, T.H., Principles

and Application of Static Thyristor Controlled Shunt

Compensators , Trans. IEEE . Power Apparatus andSystems, pp. 1935 - 1945, September/October, 1978.



27

2. POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

AIM

To highlight the significance of reliable operation of

power systems.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the statistical application approaches to

the mathematical modeling of power systems is expected.

The performance criteria and issues related to assess the

system behavior are to explained. Methods used to

evaluate the system under different states are to be

discussed.

The course would be useful in the sense it would

enable the student to incorporate the features of reliability

in the designs of power systems.

Basic Reliability Concepts

General reliability function - the exponential

distribution meantime to failure - series and parallel

systems - markov processes - continuous markov

processes - recursive techniques.

Transmission System Reliability

Average interruption rate method - frequency andduration method - stormy and normal weather effects -

markov process approach -system studies.

Bulk Power System Reliability

Service quality criterion - conditional probability

approach - single system application - two plant, single

load system - two plant, two load system - networked

system approach.

Interconnected System Generating Capacity Reliability

Probability array for two systems - loss of load

approach - load forecast uncertainty - interconnection

benefits.

Distribution System Reliability

Markov model - distribution system reliability

performance.



28

Reference Books

1) Roy Billington, Power System Reliability Evaluation,Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York,1970.

2) Sandlwer, G.H. System Reliability Engineering, Prentice Hall Space Technology Series.

3) Roy Billington and Ronald N. Allan, ReliabilityEvaluation of Engineering Systems, Concepts andTechniques, Pitman Advanced Publishing Program,

1984.

4) Endrenyi, J., Reliability Modelling in Electric PowerSystems, John Wiley.

5) Balbi S. Dhillon, Power System Reliability, Safety andManagement, Ann Arbor Science, 1984.

6) Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution SystemEngineering, McGraw Hill.

3. POWER SYSTEM PLANNING

AIM

To bring out the need for planning and highlight the

usefulness of the available strategies.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the forecasting principles and measures

involved in the development of model is expected . The

algorithms used to examine the best fit between

generation and demand are to be discussed scheduling

methods and their relative issues are to be explained.

At the end of the course the student will be able to

identify the need for planning and be able to innovate

newer strategies in this area.

Introduction

Objective of system planning - long term and shortterm planning - stages in planning - policy studies,

planning standardisation studies, system and network

reinforcement studies.



29

Load Forecasting

Power load demand and characteristics - preliminary

survey of area load - load forecasting - definitions of basic

concepts - regression analysis - correlation theory -

analysis of time series - factors in power system loading -

technological forecasting - sources of error - regulating the

model.

Generation System Cost Analysis

Introduction - types of production cost analysis -

probability methods and uses in generation planning -probabilistic production cost computations - simulating

economic scheduling - scheduling procedures - scheduling

algorithms for probabilistic production cost computations

- aspects of practical implementation - effect of off-peak

energy sales on production cost. Pollution - types of

pollution - need to assess pollution effects in simulating

scheduling.

Transmission System Expansion Planning

Tellegen's theorem - network sensitivities - network

design - formulation of the planning problem - solution

using DC method.

Reference Books

1) Sullivan, Power System Planning, McGraw Hill, 1977.

2) Pabla, Electric Power Distribution Systems, TMH,

1981.

3) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control, TMH.

4) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operationand Control, John Wiley, 1984.

5) Knight, U.G., Power System Engineering andAthematics, Pergamon Press.

6) Billington, Power System Reliability Evaluation,Gordon and Breach.



30

4. EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To explain to the student the limitations of AC Power

transmission and highlighted need for EHVAC and HVDC

transmission systems.

OBJECTIVES

A detailed study of EHVAC transmission system is to

be made. Problems associated with it, and their remedial

solutions are to be discussed. Characteristics of EHV

insulators and design aspects of cable insulation are to be

discussed. A review of conversion and inversion operations

and their role in HVDC transmission systems is to be

carried out. Standard wave shapes used for EHV testing

are to be analyzed. Protective features of HVAC and DC

systems are to be discussed. Design of EHV lines is to be

made.

The student will acquire sufficient knowledge on the

salient features of HVAC and DC transmission systems

and be able to offer suggestions for a qualitative

improvement in the method of transfer of power to the

utility.Introduction

Introduction to EHV AC and DC transmission -

comparison between HVAC and HVDC overhead and

underground transmission schemes - Factors concerning

choice of HVAC and HVDC transmission - Block diagram

of HVAC and HVDC transmission schemes.

EHV AC Transmission

EHV AC Transmission - Properties of bundled

conductors - Surface voltage gradient on single and multi

conductor bundles - Corona effects - Power loss - Charge

voltage diagram with Corona - Attenuation of travelling

waves due to corona loss - Noise generation and theircharacteristics - Corona pulses, their generation and

properties (qualitative study only) - Problems of EHV AC

transmission at power frequency - Voltage control using

compensators - Cascade connection of components - High

phase order transmission - Comparison of power handling



31

capacity - EHV insulators - their characteristics and

pollution performance. EHV Cable Transmission -

Electrical characteristics of EHV cables - Properties of

cable insulation materials - Design basis of cable

insulation.

HVDC Transmission

HVDC Transmission - Review of rectification and

inversion process - Constant current and constant

extinction angle modes of operation - Analysis of DC

transmission systems - Harmonics on AC and DC sidesand filters for their suppression - Multiterminal D.C.

transmission systems; application, types, control and

protection - Parallel operation of A.C. and D.C.

transmission - Voltage stability in AC/DC systems -

Modern developments in HVDC transmission - HVDC

systems simulation.

EHV Testing

EHV Testing - Standard specifications and standard

wave shapes for testing - Generation of switching surges

for transformer testing - Impulse voltage generators -

Generation of impulse currents - General layout of EHV

laboratory. Overvoltages in EHV systems - Origin and

types - Switching surges - Lightning surges. Protection of

HVAC and HVDC systems - Lightning arresters for DC

systems.

Design of EHV Lines

Design of EHV Lines - Design factors under steady

state - Steady state limits - Line insulation coordination

based upon transient over voltages - Design examples.

Reference Books

1) Begamudre, R.D., EHVAC Transmission Engg., WileyEastern Ltd., 2nd edition, 1991.

2) Adamson, C. and Hingorani, N.G., HVDC PowerTransmission, Garroway Limited, England.

3) Padiyar, K.R., HVDC Power Transmission Systems -Technology and System Interaction, Wiley EasternLimited. New Age International (P) Ltd., 1990.



32

4) Kuffel and Zaengl, High Voltage EngineeringFundamentals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York,1984.

5) Kimbark, E.W., Direct Current Transmission Volume–I ,Wiley Interscience, 1971.

5. APPLICATION OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN POWER

SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)

AIM To explain the need for a better operation of the ever-

growing interconnected Power System and bring out the

role of Power Electronic Circuits in realising a more

satisfactory transfer of power.

OBJECTIVES

Problems associated with the existing ac

transmission systems are to be discussed. The need for a

flat voltage profile for effective utilization of real power and

the crisis posed by the inadequate supply of reactive

power is to be explained. Function of compensating

devices and the role of power electronic devices in their

control is to be highlighted. Models and control algorithmsfor analysing the operation of VAR devices are to be

studied.

The course will expose the student the superior

performance of the transmission systems. It enables the

student to develop the mathematical algorithms for

predicting the performance of such systems.

Harmonics

HVAC and DC links - Layout - Types - Generation of

harmonics - characteristic and non-characteristic

harmonics - Troubles caused by harmonics - Harmonic

filters.Influence of harmonics on the operation of drives -

Performance evaluation.

Protection of HVAC / HVDC Systems

Voltage control - Static tap changers using thyristors

- Different control schemes - comparison. Static circuit

breakers using thyristors - CBs for HVAC / HVDC systems



33

- Breaking by resonant conditions - characteristics of HRC

and semi conductor fuses.

VAR Compensation

VAR compensation - Basic concepts - Voltage

regulation and power factor correction - Phase balancing

and power factor correction of unbalanced loads -

Properties of static compensator - TCR, TSR, TSC, SR -

Control strategies - Modelling and control of thyristor

controlled series compensators.

Unified Power Flow Controllers

Unified Power Flow Control - Implementation of

power flow control using thyristors - Implementation of

unified power flow controller schemes.

Static excitation control - Solid state excitation of

synchronous generators - Different schemes - Generex

excitation - Control strategies.

FACTS Controllers

FACTS controller – STATCOM – special purpose

FACTS controller – multifunctional FACTS controller -

Approximate multimodel decomposition - Variable

structure FACTS controller : Nonlinear control - seriescapacitor control - resistor control.

Reference Books

1) Begamudre, R.D, EHVAC Transmission Engg., WileyEastern Ltd., 2nd edition, 1991.

2) Padiyar, K.R., HVDC Power Transmission Systems -Technology and System Teraction, Wiley EasternLimited. New Age International (P) Ltd., 1990.

3) Miller, T.J.E., Reactive Power Control in ElectricSystems , Wiley Inter Science, Newyork, 1982.

4) Gyugyi, L., Unified Power Flow Control Concept forFlexible AC Transmission , IEE Proc-C, Vol39, 204,

July, 1992.

5) Narain G. Hingorani, Laszio Gyugyl, UnderstandingFACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible ACTransmission Systems , Standard PublishersDistributors, New Delhi, 2001.



34

6. HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING TECHNIQUES (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To create an awareness of the need for high voltage

testing of electrical equipment and drive home the

significance of the analysis.

OBJECTIVES

The need for high voltage testing, classification of

testing methods and the different Standards and

specifications are to be reviewed. Use of Power transformer

for this purpose and its usefulness are to be brought out.

Methods of generation of impulse and its role in testing is

to be studied. A study of nondestructive testing methods

is to be made. The salient features in the design of high

voltage lab are to be emphasised. Fault diagnostic

procedures are to be explained.

The course will help the student to acquire the

fundamental principles governing the high voltage testing

techniques. It will enable in anticipating possible faults

and help in simulating models., from which test results

could be predicted.

IntroductionNecessity for high voltage testing - Classification of

testing methods - self - restoration and non-self-

restoration systems - Standards and specifications,

measurement techniques.

Testing Techniques for Electrical Equipment

Testing of power transformers-Voltage transformers -

Current transformers - Bushings - Insulators - Surge-

diverters - Cables - Circuit breakers and isolators - Testing

methodology - Recording of oscillograms - Interpretation of

test results.

Generation of Impulse Voltages

Impulse voltage generator circuit - Analysis of

various impulse voltage generator circuits - Multistage

impulse generator circuits, Marx generator - Switching

impulse generator circuit - Impulse current generator

circuits.



35

Non-Destructive Testing

Measurement of tan delta and capacitance of solid

and liquid dielectrics - Insulation resistance

measurement. Partial discharges - Location and

measurement of discharges in electrical equipment - RIV

measurements on line hardware, methodology and

interpretation.

Design of High Voltage Laboratory

General layout of high voltage laboratory - Design

aspects from civil and electrical engineering points of view- Choice of equipment - Earthing and shielding - Power

supply and safety circuits.- Fault diagnostic techniques -

Statistical interpretation of test data-50 percent disruptive

discharge voltage-up and down method - Transfer function

approach - Pattern recognition approach - Neural

networks approach.

Reference Books

1) Dieter Kind, High Voltage Experimental Technique ,Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1978.

2) Naidu, M.S. and Kamaraju, V., High VoltageEngineering , Tata McGraw Hill Publishing CompanyLtd., New Delhi, 1983.

3) Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W.S., High Voltage EngineeringFundamentals , Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York,1984.

4) Gallagher, T.J. and Pearmain, A., High VoltageMeasurement, Testing and Design , John Wiley and

Sons, New York, 1983.

7. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To enlighten the students on the depleting reserves

and emphasise on the need for alternative sources of

energy.

OBJECTIVES

The basics of Wind energy; Wind resources, Wind

energy storage , Wind characteristics, and its potential for



36

Power Generation are to be reviewed. Evolution of Wind

mill, types of Wind mills, and factors governing the choice

are to be discussed. Construction, Characteristics, and

design of Induction Generators are to be studied.

Concepts of simulation and its usefulness is to be

highlighted. Management of Wind farms, Grid related

problems, and interfacing arrangements are to be

discussed.

The course will enable the student to realise the

potential of wind as a source of energy and force him tocontemplate on its use as an alternative source to relieve

the present energy crisis scenario.

Introduction

Perspectives on renewable energy sources - Revival of

interest in wind power - Future possibilities - Earliest form

of wind mills - European, English and Danish wind mills -

Other modern developments. Wind resources - Nature and

occurrence of wind - Wind characteristics - Variations of

mean speed with time - Potential for electric power

generation.

Types of Wind Mills

Selection of site - Factors affecting the choice of site -

Average wind speed - Effect of wind direction -

Measurement of wind velocity - Recorders used with cup

anemometers - Measurement of wind direction. Design of

wind energy conversion systems - Wind machine design -

Problems related to plant design - Choice of plant type -

Types of wind mills - Horizontal and vertical axis - Blade

design - Pitch solidity - Inclination of axis - Influence of

duty on design - Number of blades - Shape of the tips of

the blades - Lift and drag - Ratios of blade tip speed to

wind speed - Effective flow direction - Gear box - Control

of speed and output.Induction Generators

Wind energy - Environmental factors - Electrical

design factors - Characteristics of induction generators -

Grid connected and stand alone systems- General

arrangement of an off shore power station - Operation of



37

dual speed grid connected wind driven induction

generators - Voltage controller for wind driven self excited

induction generator - Capacitor excited induction

generator for isolated power supplies.

Wind Energy Storage Systems

Stand alone systems for rural electrification -

simulation of wind energy conversion system - Storage

systems - Wind energy storage - Recon version -Wind

farms and grid connection - Grid related problems on

absorption of wind electric generation - Grid parameters.Wind Power Management

Performance and experience of wind farms in Tamil

Nadu - Establishing wind farm substations - Earthing

system - Grid interfacing arrangement - Utilization of wind

generated electrical energy -Operational, control and

technical issues. Wind power management - Cost of

generation by large and medium scale induction

generators - Economic considerations - Prospects for cost

reduction.

Reference Books

1) Johnson, G.L., Wind Energy Systems, P.H. Inc., 1985.

2) Say, M.G, Performance and Design of A.C. Machines ,ELBS and SirIsaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1962.

3) Rashid, M.H., PSPICE for Power ELectronics andElectric Power , Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1994.

4) Rashid, M.H., PSPICE for Circuit and Electronics ,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff N.J. 1990.

5) Ramakumar, R., Renewable Energy Sources andDeveloping Countries , IEEE Transations on PowerApparatus and Systems; PP.502-510; Feb 1983.

6) Anand, I.S., Strategy for Rural Electrification of Remotearea Villages , Proceedings of the National SolarEnergy Convention; New Delhi; PP 620- 639; Dec1987.



38

8. POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES

AIM

To impart to the student the need and significance of

voltage stability.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the basic concepts of voltage stability is

expected. The modeling and characteristics of loads and

their requirements under different operations states are to

be explained. The techniques used to assess the

performance of the system with load disturbances and the

restrictions imposed by the generating equipments are to

be discussed.

The course will go long way in creating an awareness

of the task of the designer to meet the voltage

requirements of the loads.

Introduction

Definition of voltage stability, voltage collapse and

voltage security. Active and reactive power transmission

using elementary models - difficulties with reactive power

transmission. Types of voltage stability analysis - steady

state, small disturbance and large disturbance stabilityanalysis.

Power System Loads

Static and dynamic characteristics of loads. LTC

transformers and distribution voltage regulators.

Generator Characteristics

Generator reactive power capability. Generator

control and protection. System response to power impacts.

AGC and AVR.

Steady State Stability Analysis

P-V and Q-V curves. Analysis using simple two bus

system. Multibus system analysis. Load space

representation. Quantification of steady state stability -

steady state stability indices - minimum singular value -

eigenvalue analysis - condition number. Determination of

weakest bus and week bus ordering vector.



39

Dynamic Stability Analysis

Small disturbance signal analysis - ev method.

Explanation with P-V curves. Large disturbance stability

analysis - explanation with two-bus system and P-V

curves. Voltage stability of large systems - simulation

techniques.

Reactive power compensation to improve voltage

stability.

References Books

1) Pal, M.K., Voltage Stability Conditions ConsideringLoad Characteristics , IEEE Trans Power Systems, Vol.7, No1 pp-243-249.

2) Gao, Morison and Kundur, Voltage StabilityEvaluation using Modal Analysis , IEEE Trans PowerSystems, Vol. 7. No 4 PP1529-1542.

3) Lof, Anderson and Hill, Voltage Stability Indices forStressed Power Systems , IEEE Trans Power Systems,Vol. 8. No 1 pp 326-334.

4) Carson W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability ,McGraw Hill Inc, 1992.

9. POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION

AIM

To highlight the importance of the need for system

monitoring.

OBJECTIVES

A review of the characteristics of the C T’s and P T’s

and their role in system monitoring is envisaged. The use

of processors in the process and their relative merits are

to be brought out . Algorithms used in the investigation

procedure and error analysis are to be explained.

The course will offer an opportunity to innovatenewer procedures and better methods for effective design

of instrumentation systems for power networks.



40

Introduction

Measurement and error analysis. Object and

philosophy of power system instrumentation to measure

large currents and high voltages.

Current and Voltage Transformer

Design equations and operation characteristics.

Error compensator schemes. Over load and transient

performance. Standard specifications.

Power and Energy Measurements

Torque equation of induction type energy meters,

parasitic torque and their minimization. IS specifications.

Analog and digital energy power measurement.

Substation Instrumentation

A/D and D/A conversion - GPIB programmable test

instruments, microprocessor base GPIB controllers

Computer in Power Systems

Microprocessor based Torque, angle and speed

measurements - Data acquisition systems for Power

System applications - Data Tramsmission and Telemetry -

PLC equipment - computer control of power system -

security monitoring and state estimation - Economicdispatch and Load frequency control - Data acquistion

systems and man Machine interface - power plant control

algorithms - generator excitation control.

References Books

1) Cooper, W.D., Eletronic Instrumentation andMeasurement Techniques, Prentice Hall, 1979.

2) Sonde, B.S. and Chakaravarthy, G.V., Introduction toTelemetry, IISC Pulication, 1985.

3) Mahalana Bis, A.K., Kothari, D.P. and Ahson, S.I.,

Computer Aided Power System Analysis and Control,

Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1988.



41

10. INSULATION TECHNOLOGY AND HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING

AIM

To impart to the students the essential knowledge in

the area of insulation and high voltage equipment design

and testing with reference to power system engineering.

OBJECTIVES

A student specializing in power system engineering

should have a sound knowledge of insulation design of

H.V equipment such as transformer, transmission line,

cable, circuit breaker, etc. The students should also know

the standard testing which must be carried out on the

equipment. So, this subject greatly helps the students in

acquiring this much needed knowledge in high voltage

engineering.

This will enable the students to appreciate the

intricacies involved in insulation design and testing

anociated with modern power system components like

EHV transformers, cables and transmission lines.

Fundamentals of high voltage engineering - voltage

stresses - Testing voltages - Testing with power frequencyvoltages - Testing with lightning impulse voltages - Testing

with switching impulse voltages - Testing with d.c.

voltages - Over voltages - simulated lightning surges for

testing - Switching surge test voltage characteristic.

Electrostatic fields and field stress control - electrical

field distribution and break down strength of insulating

materials - simple configurations of fields - stress control

by floating screens - experimental field analysis

techniques - finite element numerical method - charge

simulation method.

High voltage testing of electrical equipment - testing

of overhead line insulators, cables, bushings, power

capacitors - power transformers, circuit breakers - various

kinds of test voltages

SF6 gas insulated power apparatus - SF6 Circuit

breakers - SF6 metal enclosed substations - General



42

design considerations - maintenance of SF6 metal

enclosed substations - SF6 insulated current transformers

- design considerations - SF6 gas insulated bushings -

SF6 gas insulated cables - Testing procedure for testing

SF6 insulated power apparatus.

High Voltage transients in power system - Traveling

waves on transmission lines - Capacitance switching -

lightning phenomenon - line design based on lightning -

over voltage protection - Graved wires - surge protection of

power apparatus.Reference Books

1) Anderson, J.C. Dielectrics , Chapman and Hall,London.

2) Alston, L.L. High Voltage Technology,Oxford UniversityPress.

3) Dekker, J. Electrical Engineering Materials, PrenticeHall of India, New Delhi.

4) Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W.S., High Voltage EngineeringFundamentals, Units I and II Pergamon Press, Oxford1984 Publisher : Robert Maxwell, MC

5) Kuffel, E. and Abdullah, H., High Voltage Engineering .

6) Gallagher, T.J. and Peermain, A., High VoltageMeasurement, Testing and Design.

7) Dieter Kind, An Introduction to High VoltageExperimental Techniques,Wiley Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi.

8) Wadhwa, C.L. High Voltage Engineering, New AgeInternational Pvt Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.

9) Naidu, M.S. SF6 and Vacuum Insulation for HighVoltage Applications, V.N. Maller Khanna Publishers,New Delhi-6.



43

11. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To explain to the student the need for voltage control

due to inadequate reactive power support and introduce

the latest technologies in that direction.

OBJECTIVES

The need for controllers and basic varieties of

compensators are to be discussed. Characteristics,

modeling and operating schemes of different types of

shunt and series switched reactive power generating

devices are to be studied. Emergence of FACTS controller

and its superior performance is to be brought out.

Techniques for co-ordination of the different FACTS

controllers and algorithm for their effective operation,

design and stability are to be covered.

The course will help to build an enhanced knowledge

of how to realise control strategies to ensure a smooth

transfer of power with improved performance indices.

Introduction

Reactive Power Control in AC Transmission lines –

Uncompensated transmission line – Need for Controllers –Basic types of Controllers - shunt compensated controller

– series compensated controller – Thyristor controlled

voltage regulator – comparison of HVDC and FACTS

technologies.

Static VAR Compensators (SVC)

Objectives of shunt compensation - Methods of

controllable Var Generation - Merits of Hybrid

compensators - General control scheme of static Var

compensator – VI and VQ Characteristics of SVC – Voltage

control by SVC – Influence of SVC on system voltage –

Design of SVC voltage regulator.

Static Series Compensators (SSC)

Objectives of Series Compensation – Variable

impedance type Series Compensators – Modeling and

operating control schemes of GCSC, TSSC,TCSC – Sub

Synchronous characteristics – Variable reactance model –



44

Modeling for Stability studies – Switching Converter type

Series Compensators – Model and Operating Control

scheme of SSSC – Capability to provide real power

Compensation.

Emerging Facts Controlllers

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) –

Transfer function model – Dynamic performance –

Capability to exchange real power – Operation in

unbalanced ac systems – Comparison between STATCOM

and SVC – Special purpose FACTS Controller – NGH-SSRDamping Scheme – Thyristor Controlled Braking resistor –

Generalized and multifunctional FACTS Controllers.

Co-Ordination of Facts Conrollers

Controller interactions –SVC – SVC interaction - Co-

ordination of multiple Controllers using linear Control

techniques - Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC) –

Independent real and reactor Power flow Control – Control

Schemes for P and Q Control – Interline Power flow

Controller(IPFC) – Control Structure - Design of FACTS

Controllers – Variable Structure FACTS Controllers for

Power System transient Stability – Non linear Variable

Structure model.

Reference Books

1) Narain G. Hingorani, Laszio. Gyugy, UnderstandingFACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible ACTransmission Systems , Standard PublishersDistributors, NewDelhi, 2001.

2) Narain G. Hingorani, High power Electronics andFlexible AC Transmission Systems , IEEE High PowerEngineering Review, 1998.

3) Mohan Mathur, R, Rajiv K. Varma, Thyristor BasedFACTS Controller for Electrical transmission Systems ,

IEEE Press, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.4) John, A.T., Flexible AC Transmission System , IEEE,

1999.

5) Singh, S.N., Electric Power Generation Transmissionand Distribution , PHI, New Delhi, 2003.



45

GROUP – B

1. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

AIM

The subject enables the students to gain indepth

knowledge of the various optimization techniques applied

in the engineering fields.

OBJECTIVES

The students must acquire a sound knowledge of

obtaining optimal solution to the power system problems

with the help of different mathematical techniques. This

will be make the students well versed in the mathematical

modeling of the problem and solving the power system

problems efficiently. Several methods like linear, non-

linear, geometric, quadratic, integer and stochastic and

dynamic programming are introduced in the subject to

train the student to use these techniques in power system

optimization.

Introduction to Optimization

Engineering Applications - Classification of

optimization problems - Classical optimization techniques

- Single and multivariable optimization - multivariableoptimization with and without constraints - Saddle point -

Solution by the method of lagrange multipliers - Kuhn -

tucker conditions.

Linear Programming

Applications - Standard form of LPP - definitions and

Theorem - Solution of a system of Linear simultaneous

equations - Pivoted reduction - Simplex algorithm -

Identifying an optimal point - Revised simplex methods -

Gauss Jordan Elimination process - Duality in linear

programming - Decomposition principle - Transportation

problem - Northwest corner rule - Least cost method

Non Linear Programming

Nonlinear programming - one dimensional

minimization methods - unrestricted search - Exhaustive

search - Interpolation methods - Quadratic interpolation

method - Cubic method - unconstrained optimization

techniques -Direct search methods - simplex method -



46

Descent methods - Gradient of a function - Steepest

Descent method - Constrained optimization techniques -

Transformation techniques - penalty function methods or

sequential unconstrained minimization techniques (SUMT)

- Interior and exterior penalty function method -

Extrapolation technique.

Geometric Programming and Integer Programming

Geometric programming - Polynomial -

Unconstrained minimization problem - Constrained

minimization problem - Primal and Dual programmes –Geometric programming with mixed in equality

constraints – Complementary geometric programming .

Integer linear programming – Mixed integer

programming – Integer non linear programming –

Sequential linear discrete programming.

Dynamic Programming

Dynamic programming: Multistage decision

processes – Concept of sub optimization – Principle of

optimality – Conversion of a final value problem into an

initial value problem – Linear programming as a case of

dynamic programming – Continuous dynamic

programming – Applications.

Reference Books

1) Rao, S.S., Optimization Theory and Applications, WileyEastern Ltd., Second Edition, 1992.

2) Bevridge, G.S.G., and Schechter, R.S., OptimizationTheory and Practice, McGraw Hill, 1969.

3) Hadley, G., Nonlinear and Dynamic Programming, Addison - Wesley, 1964.

4) Dorfman, R., Samuelson, P. and Solow, R., LinearProgramming and Economic Analysis, McGraw Hill,1958

5) Fax, R.L., Optimization Methods for EngineeringDesign, Addison - Wesley, 1971.

6) Rao, S.S., Engineering Optimization Theory andPractice - Third Edition , New Age International, 1998.

7) Srinath, L.S., Linear Programming Principles andApplication , Affiliated East West Press, 1982.



47

2. SOLID STATE CONTROLLED ELECTRIC DRIVES

AIM

To enlighten the students on the emerging

techniques in the control of DC and AC electric motors

and enable him to develop never application.

OBJECTIVES

The detailed analysis of DC separately excited and

series motors when fed from different types of AC-DC

converters, and DC-DC converters is to be covered

The inherent characteristics of the two motors and

how they can be reshaped through the use of such circuits

and controllers is to be brought out.

Basic equations and conventional means of control of

Ac motors are to be revived. A detailed analysis of the

characteristics of both induction and synchronous motors

when fed from different types of AC-AC, DC-AC converter

circuits is to be covered. Different control measures and

as to how they will shape the industrial needs is to be

brought out.

The course will enable a student to acquire a detailed

knowledge of the different aspects of modeling, design andperformance of AC motors and be able to come up with

newer applications for them.

DC Drives

Introduction - fundamentals of electric drives -

comparison between conventional and solid state drives -

open loop and closed loop speed control - motor transfer

function - speed and current loops - load torque

disturbance - linearised model of motor drives - design

procedures - different methods of voltage control as

applied to field and armature circuits of d.c. motor.

Phase Controlled Drives

Motor and input supply performance parameters –

separately excited d.c. motor and continuous series motor

drive, waveforms, equations, performance characteristics,

power factor improvement. Operation of semi and full

converters - series connected converters - dual converters



48

- non circulating and circulating modes - reversible drives

- armature and field current reversal - various methods

and characteristics. Control circuits of phase controlled

drives - dynamical regenerative braking of phase

controlled drives.

Chopper Controlled Drives

Principles of chopper operation - chopper

configuration - chopper fed d.c. motors, analysis and

performance characteristics - multiphase choppers -

problems of d.c.motor on pulsed supplies. Control circuitsof chopper controlled drives. Dynamic and regenerative

braking of chopper controlled drives - regenerative

reversals - transit systems.

A.C. Drives

Effect of nonsinusoidal supply on a.c. motor

operation (introductory treatment only) - Analysis of

inverter fed motors - state space analysis of VSI and CSI

fed motors. Stator voltage control of induction motor -

practical circuits - performance improvement with

adjustable voltage.

Constant voltage / frequency operation, torque

characteristics, stator current locus - controlled slip

operation - simplified motor equations. Rotor resistance

control - types of rotor choppers - typical rotor chopper

circuits - combination of stator voltage and rotor

resistance control.

Synchronous motor drive - adjustable frequency

operation - controlled current operation - voltage source

inverter drive with open loop control - cyclo converter fed

synchronous motor drive - PWM inverter fed synchronous

motor drive - torque angle control of the self controlled

synchronous motor drive.

Text Books1) Sen, P.C., Thyristor D.C. Drives, John Wiley and Sons.

2) Murphy, J.M.D. and Turnbull, F.G., Power ElectronicControl of A.C. Motors , Pergamon Press.



49

Reference Books

1) Dewan, S.B., Slemon, G.R. and Straughen, A., PowerSemiconductor Drives, John Wiley and Sons.

2) Ramamoorthy, M., An Introduction to Thyristors andtheir Applications, Eastwest Press.

3) Subrahmanyan, V., Thyristor Control of Electric Drives, TMH.

4) Bose, B.K., Power Electronics and A.C. Drives, PHI.

3. ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS

AIM

To explain to the student the need for a corrective

approach to meet desired performances through the use of

control strategies.

OBJECTIVES

The course is offered to enable the student to build

up his ability to develop transfer function based

mathematical models, acquire the approach to illustrate

the performance of a circuit through state space

equations, analyze its stability and robustness, anddevelop an art to simulate them through the use of

MATLAB.

Design of controllers suitable for drive applications,

need for compensators and their applicability, besides a

focus on the optimality with special reference to discrete

systems is to be covered.

Adaptive approaches and use of sliding mode control

is to be explained.

The student will be able to incorporate the control

techniques in Drives driven by Power Electronic Circuits.

He will be able to tune the performance of the industrial

drives.

Introduction

Definitions - essential aspects - classifications of

adaptive control systems.



50

Model Reference Adaptive Systems

Different configuration and classifications of MRAC -

Mathematical description - Direct and indirect Model

Reference Adaptive Control - MIT rule for continuous time

MRAC systems, - Lyapunov approach and Hyper stability

Approach for continuous time and discrete time MRAC

systems - Multivariable systems - stability and

convergence studies.

Self Tuning Regulators

Different Approaches to self - recursive parameterestimation - implicit and, Explicit STR-LQG self tuning -

convergence Analysis. Minimum variance and pole

Assignment approaches to multivariable self tuning

regulators.

Recent Trends and Applications of Adaptive Control

Recent trends in self-tuning -Robustness studies -

Multivariable systems - Model updating - General purpose

Adaptive Regulator - Applications to power systems –

Electric drives - Process control.

Reference Books

1) Chalam, V.V. and Marcel Dekker, Adaptive ControlSystems, Technique and Applications, Inc. NY andBasel, 1987.

2) Eveleigh, V.W. Adaptive Control and OptimizationTechniques , McGraw Hill, 1967.

3) Narendara and Annasamy, Stable Adaptive ControlSystems , Prentice Hall, 1989.

4) Sastry, S. and Bodson, M., Adaptive Control , PrenticeHall, 1989.

4. EXPERT SYSTEMS and THEIR APPLICATION TO POWER

SYSTEM PROBLEMS

AIM

To impart a sound knowledge to the students in the

field of expert systems and their application to solving

power system problems.



51

OBJECTIVES

The basic ideas of expert system is to be received.

The features of OOP language. Lisp and Prolog are to be

explained. The use of expert systems in an attempt to

approach on line solutions for power networks is to be

discussed. At the end of the course, the students must

have a fairly good knowledge of the various AI based

techniques , and their application for use in analysis in

uncertain situations.

Definition of AI, the AI problems, an AI technique.Defining a problem as a state space search. Production

systems, problem characteristics, production system

characteristics.

Heuristic search techniques - depth first search

(DFS), breadth first search (BFS), hill climbing and best

first search technique.

Knowledge representations - representation and

mappings, approaches to representation and their

comparison - representing facts in logic, representing

instance and 'isa' relationships. Resolution - basics -

resolution in propositional logic and unification algorithm

- resolution in predicate logic.

Symbolic reasoning under uncertainty -

nonmonotonic reasoning - logic of monotonic reasoning -

statistical reasoning - probability and Baye's theorem -

certainty factor and rule base systems.

Expert systems: Introduction - components of an

expert system - features of an ES - ES categories -

developing and using an ES - model based ES.

AI languages - an introduction to LISP and PROLOG.

Application to power system problems - diagnostic

and control applications in power system operations -

application to load forecasting, contingency analysis -alarm processing, var control and load restoration.

References Books

1) Rich and Knight, Artificial Intelligence, Tata McGrawHill.



52

2) Dan W. Patterson, Introduction to AI and ExpertSystems, PHI, 1992.

3) Rolston D.W., Principles of AI and ES Development,McGraw Hill, 1988.

5. NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To enable the student to acquire a thorough

knowledge about the fuzzy logic and artificial neural

networks, which are now being, treated as the emerging

technology.

OBJECTIVES

The syllabus provides a strong knowledge in the

following aspects.

A complete knowledge about fuzzy logic and various

operations on fuzzy sets, relations and rules. Fuzzification,

Defuzzification, rule base mechanism and applications is

to be explained.

The student will acquire basic knowledge about

artificial neural network and its architecture. Complete

knowledge about the back propagation and Hopfieldmethods. Further Kohonen self organizing maps , Adaptive

resonance theory and finally the applications to power

systems are to be discussed.

The course will pave the way for a designer to build

state of the art on line power system models.

Artificial Neural Networks

Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks -

Fundamental concepts, weights, Biases and thresholds -

Artificial models - Linear capability - Common activation

functions - Learning rules and Learning methods of ANN.

Single Layer, Multilayer Feed forward network - Recurrent

Network.

Neural Network Architectures and Algorithms

Muculloch pitts neuron - Hebbnet - Perceptron -

Adaline - Hopfield net -Maxnet - Mexican Hat - Hamming



53

net - Kohonen self organising Map-Adaptive resonance

theory - Back propogation neural net.

Neural Computing

Terminology -Adaptive co-efficient connection -

Learning law - Processing element - Scheduling function -

Transfer function - Transformations - Weights -

Application of neural computing for pattern classification

and recognition.

Fuzzy Theory

Fuzzy set theory -Fuzzy relations -LinguisticVariables - Membership functions - Fuzzy to Crisp

Conversions -Fuzzy rule base -Choice of Variables -

Derivation of rules -Defuzzification methods. Fuzzy Logic

Control - Structure of FLC -Mamdani and Sugeno type

Fuzzy Systems.

Neuro Fuzzy Control

Cognitron and Neocognitron Architecture - Training

algorithm and application -Fuzzy associative Memories -

Fuzzy and Neural function estimators - FAM System

Architecture - Comparison of Fuzzy and Neural systems.-

Adaptive Neuro, Adaptive Fuzzy, Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy

interface Systems. Neuro Controller, Fuzzy logic Controller

for a temperature process and aircraft landing problem.

Reference Books

1) Lawrene Faussett, Fundamentale of Neural Networks, Prentice Hall, 1994.

2) Driankov, D., H. Hellendoorn Arow M. Reinfrank. AnIntroduction to Fuzzy Control, Narosa Publishing Co.,

New Delhi, 1996.

3) Ross, T.J., Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications ,McGraw Hill, Newyork, 1996.

4) Klir, G.J. and Folger, T.A., Fuzzy Sets, Uncertaintyand Information , Prentice Hall, 1994.

5) Zurada, J.M., Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems , Jaico Publishing House, Delhi, 1994.



54

6) Kartalopoulos, S.V., Understanding Neural Networksand FuzzyLogic - Basic concepts and Applications ,IEEE Press, Newyork, 1996.

7) Simon Haykin, Neural Networks , Macmillan CollegePublishing Co., New York, 1994.

8) Targ, JSR., Sur, CT. and Mezutori, E., Neuro Fuzzyand Soft Computing , PHI, 2002.

9) Jun Hong NIE and Derek Linkers - Fuzzy - NeuralControl, PHI, New Delhi, 1998.

6. PATTERN RECOGNITION

AIM

To enable the students to acquire a sound knowledge

of the problems related engineering applications of pattern

recognition.

OBJECTIVES

This subject imparts valuable information to the

students in the area of the basic concepts and

fundamental problems in pattern recognition with strong

mathematical basis. This enables the student to acquire a

sound knowledge of Baye's rule, stochastic approximationmethods, syntactic pattern recognition, applications of

pattern recognition to power system security evaluation,

preventive and emergency control of power systems and

fuzzy, AI based approaches to pattern recognition.

The course will help the student to develop newer

algorithms in the area of power systems.

Basic concepts of pattern recognition - Fundamental

problems in pattern recognition system design - Design

concepts and methodologies.

Linear decision functions - Generalised decision

functions - Pattern classification by distance function -Cluster seeking - Unsupervised pattern recognition.

Pattern classification using statistical approach -

Bayes rule - Bayes classifier for normal pattern -

Stochastic approximation methods - Derivation of pattern

classification algorithms.



55

Pattern classification using deterministic approach -

The Perceptron approach - Derivation of pattern

classification algorithms - Multicategory classification -

Learning and generalisation.

Pattern preprocessing and feature selection -

Distance measures - Feature selection through entropy

minimisation - Feature selection through F- function.

Introduction to syntactic pattern recognition.

Applications of pattern recognition to power systems

- Steady state security evaluation - Transient securityevaluation - Preventive control and emergency control of

power systems.

Fuzzy mathematical approach to pattern recognition

- AI approach to pattern recognition problems - Other

engineering applications of pattern recognition.

Text Books

1) Tou, J.T. and Gonzalez, R.C., Pattern RecognitionPrinciples, Addison Wesley Publishing Co, London;1974.

2) Modern Techniques of Pattern Recognition and their

Engineering Applications; Lecture notes for ISTE WinterSchool (Dec 19, 1994 to Dec 31, 1994); Dept ofElectrical Engineering, MBM Engineering College;N.V. University, Jodhpur.

3) Sankar K. Pal and Dutta Majumder, D.K., FuzzyMathematical Approach to Pattern Recognition, WileyEastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1987.

Reference Books

1) Young, T.Y. and Fu., K.S. (eds). Hand Book of PatternRecognition and Image Processing ,Academic Press,1986.

2) Pang, C.K., Koiro, A.J. and El-Abiad, A.H.,

Applications of Pattern Recognition to Steady StateSecurity Evaluation in a Power System, IEEE Trans.onSystems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol-SMC-3, Nov1973, pp 622-631.

3) Pang, C.K., Prabakara, F.S., El-Abiad, A.H. and Koiro, A.J., Security Evaluation in Power Systems Using



56

Pattern Recognition, IEEE Transactions on PowerApparatus and Systems, Vol PAS-93, May/June1974, pp 969-976.

4) Yamashiro, S., On-line Secure-economy PreventiveControl of Power Systems by Pattern Recognition, IEEE

Trans. on Power Systems, Vol - PWRS-1, no.3, Aug1986, pp 214 – 219.

5) Arora, C.M. and Surana, S.L., Transient SecurityEvaluation by Pattern Recognition Method using Steady

State Variables, IE(I) Journal; Vol- 73, June 1992, pp123-128.

6) Sinha, A.K. and Nagrath, I.J., Pattern RecognitionMethod for Power System Steady State SecurityAssessment, IE(I) Journal-EL-Vol 164, April 1984, pp269-273.

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M.E. Power Systems Part-Time 05-11-07