M e t h o d s i n M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y ™

Series EditorJohn M. Walker

School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hertfordshire

Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/7651

Positron Emission Tomography

Edited by

Malik E. Juweid

Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Otto S. Hoekstra

Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

EditorsMalik E. Juweid, MDDepartment of Radiology and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USAmalik-juweid@uiowa.edu

Otto S. Hoekstra, MDDepartment of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlandsos.hoekstra@vumc.nl

ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029ISBN 978-1-61779-061-4 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-062-1DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-062-1Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921313

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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v

Preface

Oncological imaging has thoroughly changed in the past decade, especially due to the introduction of PET and 18FDG. For the first time, technology was challenged to provide evidence of (cost-) effectiveness, and this demand has resulted in many excellent trials. Meanwhile, PET-CT was introduced, and this made the PET technology even more appealing for those who were still getting used to the anatomy-deprived PET images. At the same time, oncological patient care evolved toward a truly multidisciplinary effort, combining the expertise of oncologists, surgeons, radiotherapists, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and pathologists.

The current challenge is to use common language and develop skills at the boundaries of each other’s area of expertise. There is more to that than providing accurate scan reports accurately describing the findings of the technology at hand. The communicative competences need to be improved: to communicate scan findings so that the referring specialist receives proper advice from the imager, and that, alternatively, the referring one provides the imager with appropriate clinical details to allow for a proper interpretation, and that the referring specialist is aware of possibilities and limitations of the requested technology. With PET-CT, the first challenge is to properly combine the expertises of nuclear medicine and radiology.

This book aims to help and bridge some of the knowledge gaps in several oncological domains. Chapters are typically written by a referring specialist and an imager so that either discipline can benefit. The focus is clearly on applications with FDG PET, but, where appropriate, other radiopharmaceuticals are covered as well.

Iowa City, IA Malik E. JuweidAmsterdam, The Netherlands Otto S. Hoekstra

vii

Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vContributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1 FDG-PET/CT in Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Malik E. Juweid

2 FDG PET Imaging of Head and Neck Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Yusuf Menda and Michael M. Graham

3 PET and PET-CT of Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Hans C. Steinert

4 PET-CT in Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Dirk De Ruysscher

5 PET and PET–CT in Esophageal and Gastric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Hinrich A. Wieder, Bernd J. Krause, and Ken Herrmann

6 FDG PET and PET/CT for Colorectal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Dominique Delbeke and William H. Martin

7 Functional Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Sofie Van Binnebeek, Wolfram Karges, and Felix M. Mottaghy

8 Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Esther Bastiaannet, Harald J. Hoekstra, and Otto S. Hoekstra

9 Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Johannes Czernin, Matthias R. Benz, and Martin S. Allen-Auerbach

10 Gynecological Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Norbert Avril, Sofia Gourtsoyianni, and Rodney Reznek

11 Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Sarah Ceyssens and Sigrid Stroobants

12 PET and PET/CT in the Management of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Sandip Basu, Muammer Urhan, Joshua Rosenbaum, and Abass Alavi

13 PET in Testicular Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Alexander Becherer

14 Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Andreas K. Buck, Ken Herrmann, Florian Eckel, and Ambros J. Beer

15 Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Hossein Jadvar

16 Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Serge Goldman and Benoit J.M. Pirotte

viii Contents

17 PET and PET/CT for Unknown Primary Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Thomas C. Kwee, Sandip Basu, and Abass Alavi

18 Methodological Aspects of Multicenter Studies with Quantitative PET . . . . . . . . . 335Ronald Boellaard

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

ix

Contributors

AbAss AlAvi • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

MArtin s. Allen-AuerbAch • Ahmanson Biological Imaging Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

norbert Avril • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

esther bAstiAAnnet • Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands

sAndip bAsu • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Radiation Medicine Centre (BARC), Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India

AlexAnder becherer • LKH Feldkirch, Abteilung für Nuklearmedizin, Feldkirch, Austria

AMbros J. beer • Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

MAtthiAs r. benz • Ahmanson Biological Imaging Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

ronAld boellAArd • Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

AndreAs K. bucK • Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

sArAh ceyssens • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium

JohAnnes czernin • Ahmanson Biological Imaging Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

dirK de ruysscher • Department of Radiotherapy (Maastro Clinic), GROW Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

doMinique delbeKe • Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

FloriAn ecKel • Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

x Contributors

serge goldMAn • PET-Biomedical Cyclotron Unit, ERASME Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

soFiA gourtsoyiAnni • Centre for Cancer Imaging, University Hospital of Herak-lion, Medical School of Crete, Crete, Greece

MichAel M. grAhAM • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Ken herrMAnn • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

hArAld J. hoeKstrA • Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands

otto s. hoeKstrA • Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

hossein JAdvAr • Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

MAliK e. Juweid • Department of Radiology and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

wolFrAM KArges • Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany

bernd J. KrAuse • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

thoMAs c. Kwee • Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

williAM h. MArtin • Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USAyusuF MendA • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology,

Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USAFelix M. MottAghy • Department of Nuclear Medicine,

University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgiumbenoit J.M. pirotte • Department of Neurosurgery, ERASME Hospital,

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiumrodney rezneK • Centre for Cancer Imaging, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital,

London, UKJoshuA rosenbAuM • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the

University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

hAns c. steinert • Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

sigrid stroobAnts • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium

MuAMMer urhAn • Department of Nuclear Medicine, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

soFie vAn binnebeeK • Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

hinrich A. wieder • Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany