ITCZ- It circles the earth’s equator, and near the equator, where the trade winds from

the Northern and Southern Hemisphere meet together.- The intense sun and warm water heats the air of the equator, raising it humidity

and making it buoyant. - Enhanced by convergence of the trade winds, the buoyant rises. As the air rises,

it expands and cools, releasing moisture in a perpetual series of thunderstorm.

FOHN WIND Effect- The humid air is forced to rise over the windward mountain may form cloud - It rises and cools adiabatically- It releases latent heat by condensation- If any precipitation occurs, the moisture will be removed from the air flow, as it

descends on the leeward side of the mountain, it will therefore become drier.- Therefore, the dew point will be less and so the cloud base will be on the higher

level on the lee side of the mountain- As the dry air beneath the cloud descends, it will warm at the dry adiabatic lapse

rate which is at a greater rate than the rising air inside the cloud (saturated adiabatic lapse rate), therefore resulting in warmer and drier wind on the lee side of the mountain

Sea breeze- During the day, incoming solar radiation heats various surface- Solar radiation has little effect on the ocean surface, in particular deep ocean- Therefore creating a temperature difference between the ocean and the land- The warm air rises from the land creating a low pressures- The cooler air from the ocean then fill up the space over the land- The effect will be the strongest during the mid-afternoon on sunny day

Land breeze- During the night, the land surface cools b radiating heat to space- The ocean was slow to warm by the solar radiation during the day- The temperature of the land drops rapidly during the night- The air over the ocean is warmer and so it rises - Creating a pressure gradient from the land to the ocean- The land breeze is much more gently than sea breeze as the temperature

difference is not great

Katabatic Wind- Condition:

A high plateau sloping steeply down to low terrain Night time clear sky – terrestrial radiation Relative warm surrounding air

- Air is chilled by conduction with cold surface- The cold air becomes denser than the surrounding air and descends by gravity-