Meadows - Seminar University of Texas at Austin

Prof.Dr.Niklaus KohlerUniversity of Karlsruhe

Sustainable design - Meadows seminarSeptember 2009

School of Architecture University of Texas at Austin

Meadows - Seminar University of Texas at Austin

Life cycle assessment, certification and life cyclemanagement

Niklaus Kohler

University of Karlsruhe andETHZ Zürich




The dilemma

The complex issue of sustainable development of the built environment hasbeen reduced too often to a question of obtaining a label. The metablism ofthe built environements is complex, assessment methods are necessary butdifficult to apply and validate. Labels are supposed to reflect the complex lifecycle behaviour of buildings. The are praticla to use, they cosntitute acommon basic aggrement et they are a good business model for many.

Labels have two shortcomings : - They have no explicit relation to themetabolims of the built environment - They are used a substitute of Lifecycyle management. They hide the strategic issues of design andmanagement . Integrated life cycyle assessment needs a large amount ofbasic data, implies a special description buildings and building process and isdifficult to validate

Integrated Life Cycle Analysis




Questions

Are the results of rating methods - labels - like LEED, BREEAM etc.of general validity ?

Are Life Cycle Assesemnt methods (LCA) applicable with reasonableeffort and is it possible to validate the results ?

Do we have the methods and techniques to realise a factor 10reduction in the building sector untill 2050 ?





. ....not to cut more wood annually than the forest could give each year

• long term

• social concern

• economy of use

• responsability

Sustainability : origins and definition




Sustainable development : Concepts and methods

Technology assessement





Dimensions of sustainability

sustainable sustainable developmentdevelopment

biodiversity

ecological criteria

carring capacityassimilative capacity

resilience

maximum, sustainable yield

natural cultural landscapes

economicalcriteria

constance of natural and made capital

welfare

social and community capital

cultural

criteria

needs of future generations

culturaldiversity

social

criteria

justice and solidarity inside the present society

socialdiversity

human health





Sustainablerefurbishment

Ecological objectives

Conservation of ressources

No new unbuilt surface

Prolong life span of buildings

Adapt use without building transformation

Deconstruction and recycling

Reduce water use

Reduce primary energy embodied

Protection of the ecosystem

Reduce operation energy needs

Raise part renewables

Unseal exterior surfaces

Use vegetation for microclimate regulation

Economic objectives

Adapt economic framework

Long (intergenerational) perspectives

Take into acount external Costs

Take into acount non-use Values

Maximise ressource productivityRepair instead of replace

Durability new > old parts

Minimise use costs (throughput)

Take into acount cleaning

Simplify equipment

Continous operation optimisation

Social objectives

Improve comfortThermal comfort

Acoustic comfort

Protect users healthNo problematic construction materials

No solvants

Protect workers health

Security on site

Reduce noise and dust

No problematic auxiliary materials

Optimal refurbishment Information of users

Social capital Maintain diversity of fonction and users

Cultural objectives

Historic value Maintain historic parts through repair

Collective memory Document building and local history

Conservation of artisanal knowledge Prefer local craftsmen for repair

Objectives and measures





Assessment methods

Final primary energy consumption

Global primary energy consumption

Carbon footprint

Checklists - Positive lists - Rules

Rating systems

LCA

Integrated Rating & LCA

Life cycyle management with BIM




overview

Holistic

ConceptDimensions

Protection

goals

Rating methods

Labels

LC Assessment

methods

Weighting

Solution space

Integrated LC Assessment

methods

Integrated Rating methods

based on LC

2 nd generation

Buildinginformation

modelBIM





LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovation

Project Checklist

0 0 0 Possible Points: 26Y N ?

Y Prereq 1

Credit 1 1

Credit 2 5

Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1

Credit 4.1 6

Credit 4.2 1

Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation—Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles 3

Credit 4.4 2

Credit 5.1 Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat 1

Credit 5.2 Site Development—Maximize Open Space 1

Credit 6.1 Stormwater Design—Quantity Control 1

Credit 6.2 Stormwater Design—Quality Control 1

Credit 7.1 Heat Island Effect—Non-roof 1

Credit 7.2 1

Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1

0 0 0 Possible Points: 10

Y Prereq 1

Credit 1 Water Efficient Landscaping 2 to 4

Reduce by 50% 2

No Potable Water Use or Irrigation 4

Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 2

Credit 3 2 to 4

Reduce by 30% 2

Reduce by 35% 3

Reduce by 40% 4


Y Prereq 1

Y Prereq 2

Y Prereq 3

Credit 1 1 to 19

Improve by 12% for New Buildings or 8% for Existing Building Renovations 1


Fundamental Refrigerant Management

Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access

Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms

Water Use Reduction

Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems

Alternative Transportation—Parking Capacity

Heat Island Effect—Roof

Water Use Reduction—20% Reduction

Optimize Energy Performance

Energy and Atmosphere

Minimum Energy Performance

Date

Project Name

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention

Site Selection

Development Density and Community Connectivity





Sustainability assessment

ecological

protection of resources

protection of the ecosystem

economic

resource productivity

life cycle use costs

social

human health

comfort

social capital

cultural

historic value

bequest value

knowledge and memory

Life Cycle Analysis

Life Cycle Costing

Indoor Air Quality Assessement

Social and Cultural Impact Assessment

sustainable building

protection objectives



12School of Architecture University of Texas at Austin

primary stages material / process

area effects

acidification

nutrification

greenhouse effect

ozone depletion

photochemicaloxydation

ecotoxicology

human toxicology

radiation

noise

soil

water

air

fauna

flora

landscape

resources functional unit emissions

energy, renewable

land

water

building materials

energy, non renewable

The building as an (ecological) system





Life cycle of buildings

Use + maintenace Use + maintenace Use + maintenacetime (years)

ress

ourc

e co

nsum

ptio

n &

impa

cts

energeticrefurbishment

new construction

partial refurbishment

total refurbishment

deconstruction

evolution of standards

time (years)

use

val

ue

end of life time

initial value

lostresources





Life cycle flows

Resources MaterialProduction

Design Construction Operation Refurbishment Disposal,Recycyling

Mass FlowEnergy Flow

Monetary Flow

Context : Culture

Data Flow

Information

Knowledge





Building description by elements

Foundations

Floor construction

Roof constructionInterior walls

Building fabric

Basement construction

Stairs

Windows





Building description

Building Element Specification Production Precombust. Emissions

maintenance

Refurbishment

New constrcution

Deconstruction

Dia

gnosi

sReference unit element

(e.g. 1 m2 windows)

Reference unit building

(e.g. 1 m2 floorsurface)

Reference unit Building stock

(e.g. m2 offices 1952-1964)

Building stock





Building LCA tool : LEGEP





Elements carry additional information relevantto architectural design and construction





LCA classification (effects)





Linking specifications to LCI

Suspended ceiling - gypsum board 40 mm, suspenders (200 mm) and profiles in galvanized steel, PE protection sheet

Transformed specification:

Unit : (Suspended ceiling)Life time : (a: 15 years)Trade : (Plaster and Stucco)Cost classification : (DIN 331)

Unit : (Gypsum board)Material : (Gypsum board)Direct waste : (s:15%)Thickness:(u:40 mm)Machine : (none)Life time : (specification)Reusability : (u: 1 time)

Unit : (Suspender)Material : (galvanized steel)Part : (round profile s : 5 mm)Direct waste : (none)Lenght : (s : 200 mm)Machine : (none)Life time : (s : gypsum board)Reusability : (u:1 time)

Unit : (surface)Material : gypsum surfacing plasterDirect waste : (s: 20 %)Mass : (a: [300,x,700]g)Machine : (none)Life time : (a:gypsum board)Reusability : (u:1 time)

Unit : (Profiles )Material : (galvanized steel)Part : (profile a:U40x20)Direct waste :(s:10%)Lenght : (s: 2ml)Machine : (circular saw : s: 1min)Life time : (s:gypsum board)Reusability : (u:1 time)

Unit : (Protection sheet)Material : (PE)Surface :(a:1 m2)Reusability : (a: 5 times)

Fixation : ((suspender) srewed (ceiling))Fixation mean : ( concrete screw 5x40: s: 1pc)Machine : ( 1[SBIL]): 992.1 Drilling machine EM) s : 10 min.

Fixation : ((gypsum board) screwed (profiles)Fixation mean : (s: metall screw5x40 s : 10 pc)Machine : (1[SBIL]): 992.1 Drilling machine EM) s: 10 min

Initial specification text :





Bottom Up vs Top Down approach

Material,Process

Element

Inventory,physical, chemicalproperties

Construction, assembly, material compatibility , thermal, acoustic etc,properties, cost, form

Ext. climate, use intensityoperation, maintenancelife span, obsolescence

Aggregation of quantities and properties over life cycle

Extrapolation by use of default or average values for life cycle simulation

Level

Bottom up approach

Top downapproach

Additionalinformation

Building





Nutzer Interface Datenerfassung, - berechnung, - verwaltung

Kumulierte beurteilte

Sachbilanzen

VerknüpfenSachbilanzmodule

Kumulierte Sach-bilanzenBauprodukte

Daten2.Stufe

Daten1.Stufe

4000

Basic data

Nutzer Interface

Datenerfassung, - berechnung, - verwaltung

Massen derverwendetenBaustoffe

E + S Transformationen

Positionsdaten-banksirAdos-LEGEP

Materialien

Forschungsprojekt GISMO LEGEP Software GmbH

Daten3.Stufe

Basisdaten GrundstoffeErze/Metalle mineral.Biotisch, fossil ECO.

PositionenElemente Ökodaten

FILT

ER

Material-datenbank

Basisdaten Energie,Transport, EntsorgungECOINVENT

20000

1500

8000

Sachbilanzen BUW SachbilanzenEcoinvent

500 1000

420250

RECHENREGELN CML, EDIP

78

44 Indikatoren

120+78

250

10000




Material calculation LEGEP





Contribution Materials to Summersmog





Contribution materials to Primary Energy





Conventional planning process

? No integration costs-energy-impacts

Inconsistent data

No continuation between phases

Missing data





Scaleability and default values

Default data modelling Paramatrized, scaleable buidlings





LCA Tools : Design brief





System limits





Advantage of the Integration

Costs Energy Environment Health

SirAdos DIN,EnEV Ecoinvent Gisbau,EPD

Building Information model and Integrated LCA algorithms (Cost, Energy,Comfort, Impacts, Health risk )

Controlling Monitoring

Stat. Validation Stat.Validation

Comfort

DIN

Monitoring





Materials, Equipements, Process, Elements, Rooms

Integrated LCA and LCC : Criteria and Levels

CostsInvestm.

CostsRunning

Energyoperation

Environm.Impact

Human health

Comfort

€ €/y kWh/y CML /y DALY ppd

BuildingConstruction

BuildingDesign

BuildingManagement

Urbanfragment

Elements, Equipments, Rooms

Elements, Equipments, Rooms

Buildings GFS & Infrastructures





Sustainability evaluation

Design, quantity surveying,Construction Management.

Research and technologyassessment

Professional tools -

Complex interpretation ofresults

Detailed LCA and LCC

Elementdatabase, Cost-

Planning / Energy software

Integrated Methods(LEGEP, Ecoquantum,Cisro)

LCI Inventories,Processoptimisation

Complex model forindustrial professional LCA -Insufficient data forbuildings, too cumbersom

Detailed LCA

Process models anddatabases

Complex Methods (LCA)

(Simapro, Umberto)

Teaching, Design

competitions, researchprototypes

Easy to understand and

apply -

Insufficient relation to reality

Massive simplification of

reality without model

Simplified methods (Snarc)

Commercial labels(producst)

Large diffusion -

No physical basis, novalidation

Comprehensive evaluationof many aspects

Rating methods(BREAM,LEED)

ApplicationAdvantages/DisadvantagesCharacteristicsTyp Model






Project Checklist


Y Prereq 1

Credit 1 1

Credit 2 5


Credit 4.1 6

Credit 4.2 1


Credit 4.4 2






Credit 7.2 1



Y Prereq 1


Reduce by 50% 2



Credit 3 2 to 4

Reduce by 30% 2

Reduce by 35% 3

Reduce by 40% 4


Y Prereq 1

Y Prereq 2

Y Prereq 3

Credit 1 1 to 19






Water Use Reduction








Date

Project Name

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency


Site Selection











Project Checklist


Y Prereq 1

Credit 1 1

Credit 2 5


Credit 4.1 6

Credit 4.2 1


Credit 4.4 2






Credit 7.2 1



Y Prereq 1


Reduce by 50% 2



Credit 3 2 to 4

Reduce by 30% 2

Reduce by 35% 3

Reduce by 40% 4


Y Prereq 1

Y Prereq 2

Y Prereq 3

Credit 1 1 to 19






Water Use Reduction








Date

Project Name

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency


Site Selection









construction principles

Material choice

Constructive design

Realisation

Min. Material quantity

Materials with LCA & PD

Homogenous materials

Identify materials

Differenciat after life span

Standard dimensions

Control & Diagnosis poss.

All fixation reversible

Constructive joints

Prefabrication

Minimisemass flow

Maximiselife span

Phase : Method : Objective :

Allow reuse

Allow de-

construction





2000 Watt society

The 2000 W society - an interesting concept :

- Universal

- Quantitative framework

- Possible path to a sustainable urban future





0 W

2000 W

10’000 W

1000500

Year 2000 Year 2050 ?

6000 W

World Average: 2000 Watt per Capita





Path to a 2000 Watt Society

Useful energy

Halve usefulenergy

Losses 57% ->40%

Conversion LossesPrimary / useful energy

6000 W

3000 W

2150 W2000 W

40% = 860W

60% = 1290W

43% = 1290W

43% = 2580W

57% = 3420W

57% = 1710W





Minergie + Mobility

today Minergie Mobility Society

0,0

1000,0

2000,0

3000,0

4000,0

5000,0

6000,0

7000,0

Switzerland All buildings Minergie plus 2000 Watt

wat

ts p

er p

erso

n

Non renewable energy

Renewable energy

Buildings: Hotwater, lighting, plug-ins

Buildings: heating and cooling

Transportation (people and goods)

Public Services

Imported goods





169

24

33

122

22

22

80

17

22

28

17

17

11

21

226 166 119 62 34 12

Average, existing buildings

SIA 380 Limit New build

New build, legal limit

Minergie Passive househigh

Passive houselow

Kilo

wat

t-hou

rs p

er m

2 per

yea

r Heating Hot water Light / Cooking

6

51

Buildings : Factor 10 is a reality





The 2000 Watt path

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

Wat

t

2200

2180

2160

2140

2120

2100

2080

2060

2040

2020

2000

1980

1960

1940

1920

1900

Minergie P

Ecogas

Clean Engine Vehicle

Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge

Renewable energy





2002 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Timing and priorities by backcasting and re-investment cycles

point in time to have a substantial impact by mid of the 21

st century

minimum time needed for R&D

new buildings and refurbishment of buildings–residential sector

office buildings, new and refurbished

trains, aircraft, paper machines

2nd generation

1st generation

factory buildings, new and refurbished

cement kilns, thin sheet steel casting

1st generation 2

nd generation

mobile fuel cells in vehicles

2nd

generation

1st generation

Highly efficient electrical appliances

Light weight cars

Aircraft turbines

Timing & Priorities for R&D and policy





Need, Service,Brief, Decision

Design

Execution (Construction)

Use strategy decision

Facility management

planning

Use, operation maintenance

process

DiagnosisState - Potential

Strategy

Refurbish-ment project (in operation)

Execution, building process

DiagnosisPotentialStrategy

DeconstructionPlanning

Deconstruction (site)

and recycling

New building Use Refurbishment DeconstructionLife CyclePhases

Process steps Life CycleStrategy

Use and Refurbishment cycles

Building life cycle management

Documents

Meadows - Seminar University of Texas at Austin