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Measurement and Motion
Acceleration
A Model for Accelerated Motion
Free Fall and the Acceleration due to Gravity
Acceleration in a Straight Line
Objectives1. Calculate acceleration from the change is
speed and the change in time.2. Give an example of motion with constant
acceleration.3. Determine acceleration from the slope of the
speed versus time graph.4. Calculate time, distance, acceleration or
speed when given three of the four variables.5. Solve two-step accelerated motion problems.6. Calculate height, speed, or time of flight in
free fall problems.7. Explain how air resistance makes objects of
different masses fall with different accelerations.
Vocabulary Terms
acceleration m/sec2
delta constant
acceleration uniform
acceleration slope term
initial speed free fall acceleration due to
gravity (g) time of flight friction air resistance terminal speed
Acceleration
Key Question:
How is the speed of the ball changing?
Acceleration of a car
Acceleration is the rate of change in the speed of an object.
Acceleration vs. Speed
Positive acceleration and positive speed
Acceleration vs. Speed
Negative acceleration and positive speed
Acceleration
a = v t
Change in speed (m/sec)
Change in time (sec)
Acceleration (m/sec2)
Calculate Acceleration
A student conducts an acceleration experiment
by coasting a bicycle down a steep hill.
The student records the speed of the bicycle every second for five seconds.
Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle.
Acceleration and Speed Constant acceleration is different from
constant speed. Motion with zero acceleration appears as a
straight horizontal line on a speed versus time graph.
zero acceleration constant speed
Acceleration and Speed Constant acceleration is sometimes called
uniform acceleration. A ball rolling down a straight ramp has
constant acceleration.
constant acceleration increasing speed
Acceleration and Speed An object can have acceleration, but no
speed. Consider a ball rolling up a ramp. As the ball slows down, eventually its speed
becomes zero.
constant negative acceleration decreasing speed
Slope and Acceleration Use slope to recognize when
there is acceleration in speed vs. time graphs.
— Level sections (A) on the graph show an acceleration of zero.
— The highest acceleration (B) is the steepest slope on the graph.
— Sections that slope down (C) show negative acceleration (slowing down).
A Model for Accelerated MotionKey Question:
How do we describe and predict accelerated motion?
*Students read Section 4.2 AFTER Investigation 4.2
Slope of a graph
The slope of a graph is equal to the ratio of rise to run.
On the speed versus time graph, the rise and run have special meanings, as they did for the distance versus time graph.
The rise is the amount the speed changes.
The run is the amount the time changes.
Acceleration and slope Acceleration is the change in speed over the change in time. The slope of the speed versus time graph is the acceleration.
Calculate acceleration
The following graph shows the speed of a bicyclist going over a hill.
Calculate the maximum acceleration of the cyclist and say when in the trip it occurred.
Solving Motion Problems
Solving Motion Problems
Calculate speed
A ball rolls at 2 m/sec onto a ramp.
The angle of the ramp creates an acceleration of 0.75 m/sec2.
Calculate the speed of the ball 10 seconds after it reaches the ramp.
Solving Motion Problems
initial positiondistance if at constant speed
distance to add or subtract, depending on acceleration
Calculate position
A ball traveling at 2 m/sec rolls onto a ramp that tilts upward.
The angle of the ramp creates an acceleration of -0.5 m/sec2.
How far up the ramp does the ball get at its highest point?
(HINT: The ball keeps rolling upward until its speed is zero.)
Solving Motion Problems
Calculate time
A car at rest accelerates at 6 m/sec2. How long does it take to travel 440
meters (about a quarter-mile) and how fast is the car going at the end?
Calculate position
A ball starts to roll down a ramp with zero initial speed.
After one second, the speed of the ball is 2 m/sec.
How long does the ramp need to be so that the ball can roll for 3 seconds before reaching the end?
Solving Problems with Free Fall
Calculate height
A stone is dropped down a well and it takes 1.6 seconds to reach the bottom.
How deep is the well? You may assume the
initial speed of the stone is zero.
Air Resistance and Mass
The acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the object which is falling.
Air creates friction that resists the motion of objects moving through it.
All of the formulas and examples discussed in this section are exact only in a vacuum (no air).
Terminal Speed You may safely assume that a = g
= 9.8 m/sec2 for speeds up to several meters per second.
The resistance from air friction increases as a falling object’s speed increases.
Eventually, the rate of acceleration is reduced to zero and the object falls with constant speed.
The maximum speed at which an object falls when limited by air friction is called the terminal speed.
Free Fall and Acceleration due to Gravity
Key Question:
How do you measure the acceleration of a falling object?
*Students read Section 4.3 BEFORE Investigation 4.3
Application: Antilock Brakes