M EASUREMENT OF BUILDING ENERGY INTENSITY TOWARDS

POTENTIAL OF BUILDING RETROFIT FOR M50, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI

M ALAYSIA

NURUL NORAZIEM AH BINTI MOHD PAUZI

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment o f the

requirement for the award of the degree of

M aster o f Science (Construction Management)

Faculty o f Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

iii

To my beloved mother, father, family and him

iv

A C K N O W LED G EM EN T

I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratefulness and

acknowledgement to everyone that has given a helping hand throughout the whole

process in thesis preparing. First and foremost, to my dedicated supervisor, Associate

Professor Dr. Rozana binti Zakaria. Thanks for her continuous support, suggestions

and immeasurable contribution to my project. I would also like to acknowledge the

guidance and assistance o f M iss N ur IzieAdiana binti Abidin, a PhD student, who

helps me a lot on data collection.

Besides, I would also like express my deepest gratitude to Hajah M asilah binti

Haji Bandi, the UTM Energy M anager and the technician o f M50, Mr. Raja Ezar

Ishamuddin bin Raja Abdul Latiff for providing the necessary information that I need.

In additional, I am also very thankful to the academic staff, the building occupant of

M50 building for their help in filling the questionnaire form. Last but not least, to my

lovely parents and friends. I appreciate and enjoy the every moment with all o f you.

Thank you.

v

A BSTRA CT

As Malaysia aims to become a developed country, tremendous development

cause the electrical energy consumption to increase. This consumption is somehow

can be reduced by implementing energy efficient technology in the new and existing

building. W ith this effort, it will help to reduce energy consumption and electricity

costs spend by the building. The aim o f this study is to identify the Building Energy

Intensity (BEI) towards potential for retrofitting initiatives, M50 building in

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The first approach was by studied the recent energy

consumption, layout o f floor area, information of electrical equipment (type, power

and frequency of the usage) and also the energy efficient technologies that were

installed o f M50. The data collected were used to identify the actual BEI which then

was compared with the monthly building energy index. The result showed that the

demand o f building energy intensity was not reached maximum utilization. The

highest utilization o f energy recorded was only 40%. In order to understand the nature

of electrical usage by the occupants, a set o f questionnaires were distributed. From

the feedback of the questionnaires, the building user possessed positive behaviors

toward energy saving. They were also satisfied with the performance of electrical

appliances and facilities in the building. Besides that, majority of the occupants

preferred solar photovoltaic (PV) to be installed at the building as priority option of

retrofitting technology. Therefore, a series o f interviews with the qualified PV service

provider companies were conducted. The implementation cost for the solar system is

RM 129,600 with the return o f investment 26.0 to 21.9 % for the range from 1 to 22

years and the payback period is 3 years and 11 months.

vi

A BSTRA K

Memandangkan Malaysia berazam untuk menjadi sebuah negara maju,

pembangunan pesat telah menyebabkan penggunaan tenaga elektrik meningkat.

Penggunaan ini dapat dikurangkan dengan melaksanakan teknologi cekap tenaga di

dalam bangunan baru dan sedia ada. Dengan usaha ini, ia akan membantu untuk

mengurangkan kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik oleh bangunan tersebut. Tujuan

kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti Intensiti Tenaga Bangunan (BEI) ke arah

potensi untuk diubah suai. Bangunan M50 di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Pendekatan pertama ialah mengkaji penggunaan tenaga semasa, luas permukaan

lantai, maklumat peralatan elektrik (jenis, kuasa dan kekerapan penggunaan) dan juga

teknologi cekap tenaga yang telah dipasang di M50. Data yang dikumpul telah

digunakan untuk mengenal pasti BEI sebenar yang kemudiannya dibandingkan

dengan indeks tenaga bulanan bangunan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa permintaan

intensiti tenaga tidak mencapai penggunaan maksimum. Penggunaan tenaga tertinggi

dicatatkan hanya 40%. Untuk memahami sifat penggunaan elektrik oleh penghuni,

set soal selidik telah diedarkan. Maklum balas daripada soal selidik ini mendapati

bahawa pengguna bangunan itu mempunyai tingkah laku yang positif ke arah

penjimatan tenaga. M ereka juga berpuas hati dengan prestasi peralatan elektrik dan

kemudahan di dalam bangunan. Selain itu, kebanyakan penghuni memilih solar

photovoltaic (PV) untuk dipasang di bangunan tersebut sebagai pilihan utama

pengubah suaian teknologi. Dengan itu, sesi temu bual bersama syarikat yang

berkelayakan sebagai penyedia perkhidmatan PV telah dijalankan. Kos pelaksanaan

bagi sistem solar adalah RM 129,600 dengan pulangan pelaburan 26,0-21,9% untuk

ju lat dari 1 hingga 22 tahun dan tempoh pembayaran balik adalah 3 tahun dan 11

bulan.

vii

C H A PT E R T IT L E PA G E

D EC LA R A TIO N ii

D ED IC A T IO N iii

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T iv

A B STR A C T v

A B STR A K vi

TA BLE O F C O N TEN TS vii

L IST O F TA BLES xi

L IST O F FIG U R ES xiii

L IST O F A PPE N D IC ES xiv

L IST O F A B B R EV IA TIO N xv

1 IN T R O D U C TIO N 1

1.1 Research Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Aim o f Study 4

1.4 Objectives 5

1.5 Scope o f the Study 5

1.6 B rief Research Methodology 5

1.7 Expected Findings 7

1.8 Significance o f the study 7

1.9 Definition o f Terms 8

2 L IT E R A T U R E R E V IE W 9

2.1 Electricity Production 9

2.1.1 Energy Generation in M alaysia 10

2.1.2 Factor Affecting Increase o f Energy 11

Usage in Building

2.2 Energy Efficient Building 13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii

2.2.1 Zero Energy Building 14

2.2.2 Malaysia Green Technology 14

Corporation Office Building

2.2.3 Green Building Index 15

2.2.4 Process o f getting the GBI M alaysia 16

rating

2.2.5 Energy Policy in M alaysia 17

2.3 Retrofitting o f an Existing Building 18

2.3.1 Energy Efficient Technology 19

2.3.2 Energy Audit o f a Building System 22

2.4 Economic Analysis 24

2.5 Retrofitting in Higher Learning Institution 26

2.6 Retrofitting Initiative taken by Energy 30

Efficiency Campus

2.6.1 Initiative taken by Cornell University 30

2.6.2 Initiative taken by W estern Michigan 31

University

2.7 Retrofitting Technology 33

2.7.1 Solar Photovoltaic 33

2.7.2 Variable Air Volume System 34

2.7.3 Grass R oof 35

2.7.4 Building Automation System (BAS) 36

2.7.5 W indows with Low Emissivity Glass 38

2.7.6 Peak Load W arning Technology 38

2.7.7 Radiant Floor System 39

2.7.8 Presence Sensor with Lux Control 40

2.8 Energy Record Review o f M50 Building 41

2.8.1 Initiative that have been taken by UTM 42

2.8.2 Electricity bill and Power Consumption 43

o f M50 Building

2.9 Summary 44

3 R E SE A R C H M E T H O D O L O G Y 45

3.1 Introduction 45

ix

3.2 Research framework 45

3.3 Stage 1: Literature Review 47

3.4 Stage 2: M ethodology 48

3.5 Stage 3: Data Analysis 50

3.6 Stage 4: Result 52

3.7 Research Instrument 53

3.7.1 Questionnaire 53

3.7.2 Interview 54

3.8 Distribution of Questionnaire Survey 54

3.9 Questionnaire M easure 55

3.10 Summary 58

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND D ISCU SSIO N 60

4.1 Introduction 60

4.2 Analysis on Energy Consumption o f M50 60

Building

4.3 Analysis on Actual Building Energy Intensity 63

(BEI) o f M50 Building

4.4 Analysis on the U ser Behaviour, Satisfaction 68

and Recommendation on Reducing Energy

Consumption at M 50 Building

4.4.1 The percentage o f response by 68

respondents

4.4.2 Section A: To determine user behaviour 69

and attitude towards energy saving

4.4.3 Section B: To identify user needs and 74

satisfaction o f electrical facilities that has

been provided

4.4.4 Section C: To identify the suitable 77

retrofitting technology to reduce energy

consumption

5 R ESU LT AND D ISCU SSIO N 80

5.1 Introduction 80

x

5.2 Analysis on the Cost, Return o f Investment and 80

Payback Period to Retrofit for Zero Energy

Balance

6 CO N C LU SIO N AND R E C O M M EN D A TIO N 91

6.1 Introduction 91

6.2 Conclusion 91

6.3 Limitations o f Study 93

6.4 Recommendation for Future Research 93

R E FE R E N C E S 95

A PPE N D IC ES 100

xi

TA BLE NO. T IT L E PA G E

2.1 TNB Power Stations in M alaysia 10

2.2 Insulation materials 22

2.3 Retrofitting initiative taken by Higher Learning 26

Institution

2.4 Summary o f retrofitting initiative taken by Higher 29

Learning Institution

2.5 Equipment that been installed at M 50 building for 42

reducing energy consumption

2.6 M onthly power consumption and electrical bill o f M 50 43

building

3.1 Sample size determining from a given population 55

3.2 Classification o f average index for section A, question 56

1(a)

3.3 Classification o f average index for section A, question 57

1(c)

3.4 Classification o f average index for section B 57

3.5 Classification o f relative importance index 58

3.6 Summary o f research plan 59

4.1 M onthly Building Energy Intensity o f M50 building 61

4.2 Observed Building Energy Intensity (BEI) o f M50 64

4.3 Response percentage 68

4.4 Average Index Analysis - User attitude towards energy 70

consumption

4.5 Average Index Analysis - Strategies to encourage 71

energy saving

4.6 Factors that motivate the occupant to save energy 73

LIST OF TABLES

xii

4.7 Average Index Analysis - User needs and satisfaction 76

o f electrical facilities that has been provided

4.8 Respondent preferable retrofitting technology 78

5.1 Estimated cost involved in implementation o f solar PV 82

system

5.2 Company X warranty 83

5.3 SEDA Basic Feed in Tariff (FiT) rates for the year 84

2015

5.4 SEDA Bonus Feed in Tariff (FiT) rates for the year 84

2015

5.5 TNB consumption tariff rate and solar PV revenue 85

tariff rate (for June 2014)

5.6 Percentage Annual Return o f investment for the Solar 87

Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System

xiii

FIG U R E NO.

3.1

3.2

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

5.1

5.2

LIST OF FIGURES

T IT L E

Flow chart o f research methodology

Flow diagram on calculating actual observed

Building Energy Intensity (BEI)

The pattern o f energy consumption at M50 building

from October 2011 to June 2014.

Comparison between monthly and actual building

energy intensity (BEI)

Response percentage

Average Index Analysis - User attitude towards

energy consumption and strategies to encourage

energy saving

Average Index Analysis - User needs and

satisfaction o f electrical facilities that has been

provided

Percent involved from the investment cost o f RM

129,600.

Payback period for the solar photovoltaic grid-

connected system

PA G E

46

49

62

66

68

72

75

86

89

xiv

L IST O F A PPEN D IC ES

A PPEN D IX T IT L E PA G E

A1 Questionnaire Survey Form 97

A2 Survey Interview 103

B Observed Actual Building Energy Intensity 106

(BEI) o f M50 Building

xv

L IST O F A B B R EV IA TIO N

AI - Average Index

BAS - Building Automation System

BEI - Building Energy Intensity

DDC - Direct Digital Control

FIT - Feed In Tariff

GBI - Green Building Index

LCC - Life Cycle Cost

PSH - Peak Sun Hour

RII - Relative Importance Index

ROI - Return O f Investment

VAV - Variable Air Volume

VSD - Variable Speed Drive

CHAPTER 1

IN TR O D U C TIO N

1.1 R esearch background

As M alaysia pursued to become a developed country in the year o f 2020,

multibillion ringgit development projects have been planned. The investment

involving multiple disciplines which are among them is infrastructure development.

The energy usage is expected to increase rapidly due to expansion o f the economy

(Lincoln, 2006). There are many factors that contributed to the increase o f building

energy consumption such as the increase in population, enhancement o f building

services and people comfort level, and also the increase o f time spent inside the

buildings. According to International Energy Agency, in the year 2030, the energy

consumption will be increased by 53% whereby 70% will be come from the

developing country such as Malaysia (Shafiea et. al, 2012). Energy has become one

o f the most essential inputs for social and economic development; it is a basic need

in our modern life and contributes to nation's growth and development (Energy

Policy o f Malaysia, 2004).

As stated by Shafiea e?. %l (2011), the energy demand in Malaysia is

increasing from year 1999 to 2009 which are 9690 M W and 16132 MW, respectively.

The ten year o f time gap already shown 66.5% increment o f energy demand, thus

more electric energy production needed. The electricity provide the pleasure by

variety o f uses and energy services such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning,

lighting, refrigerators and other electrical applicants. Electricity is produced by

2

converting energy from one form to electricity. There are various sources o f energy

which are fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar radiation and hydro energy.

But, in Malaysia, most o f the energy production is by using fossil fuel. In

2009, 94.5% of electricity in M alaysia is being generated by using fossil fuel such as

natural gas, coal, diesel, oil and fuel oil (Shafiea et. al, 2011). The combustion of

fossil fuels will release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrous

oxide gases into the atmosphere. These 'greenhouse gases' contribute to acid rain and

global warming effects as the more energy that being consume, the more it contribute

to negative environmental effect. Therefore, the more efficient method to reduce the

electricity in a building operation will surely help to protect our environmental and

the increase o f energy demand will exhaust the limited energy resources in the future.

Green buildings are designed to save energy and resources, recycle materials

and minimize the emission o f toxic substances throughout its life cycle. In 2011 at

China, the experts has estimate that roughly about 200 buildings which mostly are

the government buildings has certified the Three- Star Green Building Certification

program which has been started in 2006 (Yifei, 2011). The tropical zones like

M alaysia use Green Building Index or GBI as a rating tool to show that the building

practiced the environmental design in their operation. GBI is intended to promote

sustainability in the built environment and also as an initiative to lead the Malaysian

property industry toward becoming more environmental friendly. One o f the criteria

that the building must have in order to be awarded is energy efficiency (Tan, 2009).

Energy efficiency refers to a reducing the energy consumption to an

acceptable level o f comfort, air quality and other requirements. By apply energy

efficiency in building, it is not only can save the environment but also can give a

financial rewards as it can save the building energy bills. It may be applied throughout

the building from the roof, walls, or from needs and use patterns o f lightning, electric

equipment, heating and air conditioning. It is depends on geography, climate,

building type and location o f the building. The challenge application o f energy

efficiency are different between existing and a new buildings as for the existing

3

building, it require retrofitting. To retrofit an existing building, the challenges were

mostly came from the technical difficulties and financial constraints (Surapong,

2003).

1.2 Problem Statement

Three main sectors that consume large electrical energy are industrial,

transportation and service sector. The service sector includes all commercial and

public building such as school, office, restaurant, hotels, hospitals, museums and

others. According to Lombard (2008), office buildings are the biggest consumption

o f energy over 50% for non-domestic building. There are many factors that contribute

to energy consumption in the office such as increase in total built area, amount of

artificial lighting, electronic equipments, air conditioning area, and others. According

to Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, majority office building in Malaysia had building energy

index in a range o f 200 to 250 kW h/m2/year but the recommended building energy

index is 135 kW h/m2/year based on MS1525 standard. But, there are three buildings

achieved Building Energy Index standard which is Low Energy Office (LEO)

building, ST building and Zero Energy Office (ZEO) building (Zamri, 2012).

One o f the government office buildings that must be given attention is

university campus office building. Since 2007, the M inistry o f Education M alaysia

has urged all education centers to conserve energy because o f energy wastage tend to

occur in many M alaysian universities (The Star, September 13, 2007). Besides that,

administrators in Malaysian universities also are concerned about the expensive

monthly electricity bill. Both energy managers from Universtiti Teknologi M alaysia

(UTM) and International Islamic University M alaysia (IIUM) have agreed that local

universities nowadays are facing serious energy wastage problems. Energy cost more

than ten million ringgit annually and this burdens the universities (Choong, 2009).

Therefore, by reducing and manage energy usage can give benefit to the Malaysian

university that confront expensive energy bill because o f the large build up areas,

comprehensive facilities as well as large number o f building users. Thus, it is needed

to identify the criteria o f the potential building to be retrofit and which building has

the most potential to be retrofit.

4

In Malaysia, there are 20 public university campuses. M ajority o f the campus

have taken initiative to create a sustainable development. For example, in University

Kebangsaan M alaysia (UKM), the land area is 20709 acre. There are 10 faculties and

11 colleges in the campus which can accommodate about 85% of the students'

population. The university target is to achieve the sustainable campus status in year

2020. One o f the criteria that help to develop the sustainable components at UKM is

by managing energy efficiently and sustainably through reduces o f energy usage, use

alternative source o f energy and usage o f renewable energy (Zuhairuse, 2009). For

the case o f Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), now it has two campuses. The

main campus is in Skudai, Johor Baharu, while the branch campus is situated in Jalan

Semarak, Kuala Lumpur. The main campus o f UTM has an area o f 1,222 hectare that

consists o f 14 faculties, 12 college and other facilities. It is being taken reviewed on

Faculty o f Civil Engineering (FKA). In 2012, FKA has paid RM 1 061 905 of energy

bills. So, it is required to identify if there is any potential for FKA to response for

energy reduction through it building retrofitting and the amount o f energy reduction.

Besides that, by identified the initiative, cost, return o f investment and payback period

for the FKA building to be retrofit, it is useful for the building management to do

further actions in order to be awarded as a green building.

1.3 Aims of Study

The aim o f this study is to identify the building energy intensity (BEI) o f M50

towards potential for retrofitting initiatives.

5

1.4 O bjectives of Study

The study was done based on the several objectives that are:

i. To identify energy consumption o f M50 building.

ii. To measure actual building energy intensity o f existing building.

iii. To determine user behaviour, satisfaction and recommendation on reducing

energy consumption.

iv. To analyse the cost, return o f investment and simple payback period to

propose retrofit for zero energy balance building.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study was carried out at M 50 building in Faculty o f Civil Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. It is purposely to determine the building energy

intensity o f the potential building to be retrofit in Faculty o f Civil Engineering. The

M50 building was selected because o f the existing characteristics o f the building

already have energy efficient designed such as daylight utilization and shaded

window. While, it also been retrofitted with motion sensor and lighting using T5 tube

florescent lamp. However, the M50 building also function as a student laboratory thus

it contribute to higher energy usage.

1.6 B rie f of R esearch M ethodology

The research methodology approach is adopted to ensure that this study can

be executed accordingly. This study was carried out in several steps in order to

achieve the research objectives. The detail explanation o f the research methodology

will be further clarified in Chapter 3, the research stage covered as follows:

6

i. Preliminary stage o f study

First and foremost, further understanding o f the study was done by identifying

the problem or issue related to the study. It is followed by the determination

o f aim, objectives and scope o f the study. The exploration o f all information

including literature review were executed through accessing the published

journals, books, articles, previous thesis and other sources in order to get an

overview o f the study.

ii. Data collection and Analysis

For data collection, observation and record review were being conducted by

collecting the energy billing in order to determine the overall energy

consumption o f the building. Besides, the in-situ energy audit also was

conducted for determination o f the type o f equipment and machinery used in

the building together with its effective hours o f usage under typical operations

and the power usage required. All the collected data were used to assist in

finding the building energy intensity. The calculation o f building energy

intensity o f the M50 building was carried out by using M icrosoft Excel.

iii. Conclusion Stage

The determination o f energy intensity will help in identifying the largest

energy usage o f the equipment and machinery in the building and also to

determine the current demand o f operation. Based on the energy intensity

result, the proposed energy efficiency retrofit initiative that could be taken for

the existing building will be determined. Besides that, the occupant

recommendations o f the retrofitting technology that's suitable to be

implemented at the building was determined. Then, the cost o f retrofit, return

o f investment and payback period were identified as to determine whether it

is worth or not to invest in retrofit the building.

7

1.7 Expected F indings

This study leads to the potential o f retrofitting the M50 building in Faculty of

Civil Engineering as a zero energy building by providing several findings. The first

expected finding is to figure out the current situation and condition of energy

consumption in the building. It is important as the data will assist in finding the

building energy intensity. The second findings is to get the building energy index of

the building and also the amount o f energy that can be save in the building. Besides,

the third expected findings is to determine the user behavior, satisfaction and

recommendation towards reducing the building energy consumption. Lastly, the

fourth expected findings is to figure out the possible initiative that could be taken to

retrofit the building and its cost, return o f investment payback period.

1.8 Significance of the Study

The research shows an effort and support to a government policy as well as

the enhancement by the M inistry o f Education in protecting the environment and save

the energy resources by reducing the energy consumption in campus building. The

monthly and actual building energy intensity provide the comparison on energy

requirement as whether the estimated design energy is maximum utilised or somehow

there were energy wastage with in proper energy management. The user attitude and

satisfaction towards energy consumption also indicates the user awareness on the

important o f energy efficient building. Besides, the cost analysis provide the forecast

o f return on investment and payback period if retrofit is decided to be applied in order

to gain zero energy balance building. Therefore, this research is significance in

reducing the energy consumption, reducing the carbon emission and at the same time

save the environment.

8

1.9 D efinition of Term s

Building E nergy In tensity The amount o f energy used in producing an output,

activity, or service per unit area o f the building.

R etrofitting Renovating or modifying the existing equipment or

structure with additional or new components,

members or technology.

Z ero E nergy B uilding A building with a net energy consumption o f zero

over a typical operating year, meaning that the total

amount o f energy used by the building on typical

annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of

renewable energy created.

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