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Measurement of GHG Emissions
Arjan Hensen, Pim van den Bulk, Arnoud Frumau, Danielle van Dinther, Sjaak van Loo, ECN
Den Haag
29 sept 2017
INGOS results
Inversion West EU
Why?
Gas from chimneys
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IS SIMPLE
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Gas from landfills
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Gas from fields
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or from herds….
13-10-2017 10
is not SIMPLE
13-10-2017
11
H H C
H
H
Landfills
An
imal
s
Man
ure
CH4: Methane
Why measure …
we have emission reports !
Example N2O
2013: N2O : 7,8 Mton CO2 Eq. CH4 : 19,2 Mton CO2 Eq. CO2 : 166,4 Mton CO2 Eq.
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Calculated emission levels change
10% changed in 3 years
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Sometimes numbers are “not completely right….”
Diffuse sources
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Wind
m2 scale
the proces
the valve
19
0 minuten
BOX 560 560
Fast box measurement
Fast box chamber
measurements
/
/
//
trace
r
TDLAS
CH4
N2O
Smell-well system
• Does it work…..
• On a part of the landfill
Box measurements
50.5
1
-50000
-49950
-49900
-49850
-49800
-49750
-49700
-49650
40500 40550 40600 40650 40700 40750 40800 40850 40900 40950 41000 41050 41100
Emission Mit t ag 18-6-2
Emission Mor gen 18-6-2
sampling st at ions
Mess. loc 14-8-1
Emission 14-8-1
c
Nord -Sud (m)
Ost-West (m)
510.5
Emission l.m-1.h-1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
North (m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
East (m)
Emission 14-8-1
Meas. location 14-8-1
Emission afternoon 18-6-2
Meas. location 18-6-2
Emission morning 18-6-2
50.5
1
-50000
-49950
-49900
-49850
-49800
-49750
-49700
-49650
40500 40550 40600 40650 40700 40750 40800 40850 40900 40950 41000 41050 41100
Emission Mit t ag 18-6-2
Emission Mor gen 18-6-2
sampling st at ions
Mess. loc 14-8-1
Emission 14-8-1
c
Nord -Sud (m)
Ost-West (m)
510.5
Emission l.m-1.h-1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
North (m)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
East (m)
Emission 14-8-1
Meas. location 14-8-1
Emission afternoon 18-6-2
Meas. location 18-6-2
Emission morning 18-6-2
•To understand the proces
•To repair the leak
•Not ideal for total emission source estimate
•High concentration so “easy” to measure
“square meter emissions”
Field scale
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Hig
h c
on
c Lo
w c
on
c
Win
d u
p
Win
d d
ow
n
Eddy Covariance
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Eddy correlatie fluxen Reeuwijk
Februari 2006
-50
50
150
8-2
-06
12
9-2
-06
00
9-2
-06
12
10
-2-0
6 0
0
10
-2-0
6 1
2
11
-2-0
6 0
0
11
-2-0
6 1
2
12
-2-0
6 0
0
12
-2-0
6 1
2
13
-2-0
6 0
0
13
-2-0
6 1
2
Datum
N2O
[n
g N
/m2 s]
-500
500
1500
CH
4 [n
g C
/m2 s]
EC N2O Box N2O
EC CH4 Box CH4
QCL op Reeuwijk
• Large area integration: multiple hectares
• Often combination of sources
• Combi large area & low emission.
• Low/near ambient concentration:
– expensive toys needed: > 10 meas/second
• Little data available.
Field scale emissions
Plume measurements
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Example
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Calib
rate
P
Drift 94 ppb : 2%
Cal. Gas avg: 4436 ppb
Cal. gas. avg: 4531 ppb
stdev : 34 ppb (1%) stdev : 32 ppb (1%)
Cows in friesland
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Experiment 1 23 Augustus
2006
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Group 2
Group 1
Wind direction
N2O release 1
N2O release 2
meteo
Farmhouse
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Group 2
Group 1
Wind direction
N2O release 1
N2O release 2
meteo
Farmhouse
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250
CH4
N2O model
CH4 model
N2O
pp
b C
H4
an
d N
2O
me
asu
red
Ethane measurement assists methane source attribution
Aerodyne M. Zahniser
Coming in 2 weeks… CW laser !!
Natural gas plume examples
Gas transfer station
Koedijk
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1700
1900
2100
2300
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2700
2900
3100
3300
-500
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-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
Meting 2
Meting 1
Model
Gasstation Alkmaar (Koedijk)
26 April 2000
Windsnelh= 3.9 m/s
Puntbron op 220 m afstand
Stabiliteit B
Bronsterkte geschat: 30-50 m3/h
1700
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2900
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Meting 2
Meting 1
Model
Gasstation Alkmaar (Koedijk)
26 April 2000
Windsnelh= 3.9 m/s
Puntbron op 220 m afstand
Stabiliteit B
Bronsterkte geschat: 30-50 m3/h
Windspeed 3.9 m/s
Source distance about 220m
Model uses point source
Stability class B Pasquill
Source estimate 30-50m3/h
Natural gas station
Gasstation
Beverwijk
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1700
2200
2700
3200
3700
4200
4700
5200
5700
6200
-33000-32900-32800-32700-32600-32500-32400-32300-32200-32100
CH4 Gemeten
Model
Gasstat ion bij BeverwijkTwee pieken : samen 6-12 g/s
Stab B, 120 m afstand z0=0.3 m U=3m/s
Afstand langs meet t r aject (m)
Met
haan
con
cent
ratie
in p
pb
Combi : Mobile ->manual mobile ->
chamber
Plume hit…
wind
Intensive scan…
tree
• PTRMS analyses -> no clue • GC analyses too low • Isotope IMAU d13C -50 !!
• waste water
Multiple source plumes
Alkmaar: town scale measurements
Alkmaar
Rijnmond area: Horticulture Gas use
CH4 N2O,NH3,NOx
April 2016
•Sources in restricted area
•More distance = better emission estimate – Too much distance… other sources
•Fast (1meas/second) & high resolution machines needed
Plumes
National scale measurements
InGOS Project
Tall towers
Ocean observations
Airborn measurements
Satellite data (down)
Total column (up)
Data centre
Flux sites
Isotope Lab Cal gas Lab
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Cabauw Measurements
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO
SF6 Nu : 200,120,60,20 m hoog
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Cabauw data 1992-now
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO
SF6
And higher up……
GOSAT (Japan) Launched Jan 2009
InGOS filmpje
INGOS results
Inversion West EU
Difference between a priori and
optimised…
Ute Karstens PRELIMINARY RESULT
Higher emission
Lower emission
Cabauw methane indicator
In development Submitted for review
•Methane easiest component – Compared with CO2 and N2O
• Atmosphere “sees“more emissions compared to registration
•Mismatch in trend inventory CH4 decrease and Cabauw indicator
National scale measurements
If you want to be sure
Use multiple techniques ….
69 13-10-2017
• To spend your money on the right source
• Decide which one to rely on:
• Provide input for future scenario predictions – And test older versions…
So why measure….
Agreed truth Atmorpherice truth
Assumed truth
Convenient truth
Feared truth
