MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE

HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE TEST 1)ANCIENT PERIOD 2)MEDIAVAL AGES 3)MODERN ERA

MODERN ERA First of all in 1879 Wundt established a laboratory

in Lapzich. This put forward his own theory of Gravial Stigmata. According to this theory the intelligence can be tested on the basis of structure of the body.

In 1890-96 cattle and Ferraidz carried out the intelligence tests of students at Columbia College.

In 1896, Ebinghaus put forward his intelligence test. In 1879, a psychological clinic was established in Pennsylvania University.

In 1909, Spearman, carried out a test over 5000 students and laid down the theory that there is no relationship between structure of the body and the intelligence.

Experiments of Dr.Gorig also proved this hypothesis in 1908 Binnet started finding out mental age of the children.

In 1909 Thorndike tried to test the intelligence of children on the basis of the handwriting. In 1910 Cottis put forward a methodical intelligence test.

In 1911 Binnet Simon put forward an amendment to the intelligence test already in vogue. In 1915-16 Terman and Cril Burt modified the questionnaire of Binnet.

. They also tried to find out the intelligence quotient; in 1917-18 at the time of the First World War, Group intelligence tests were carried out. Since then intelligence tests have been in use all over the world.

Finally In 1937 Terman and M.M.Merril put forward a new modified form of intelligence test. This includes two similar question papers called ‘L’ and ‘M’.

 

TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS Following are the kinds of the intelligence tests:

Individual Tests, Group Tests, and Performance Tests.

INDIVIDUAL TESTS: Individual test are of various types as follows:

BINNET AND SIMON INTELLIGENCE TEST

INTELLIGENCE TESTS OF TERMAN MODIFIED FORM OF BINNET’S INTELLIGENCE TESTS

These two French Psychologists have done a pioneer work in this field.

They have put forward a standardized intelligence test.

In order to prepare the questionnaire and draw out a hypothesis of their test, these two psychologists made test of 1000 children of the same age and mental status.

The questions that were correctly answered by about 60% of the students were put a side. Out of these questions, 5-6 were taken out and a questionnaire was prepared.

BINNET AND SIMON INTELLIGENCE TEST:

In this way, they prepared different questionnaires for the children of the age group of 3-15 years. The child, who could furnish correct answers to the questions laid down for the children of that age, was considered to possess the mental age of that standard.

INTELLIGENCE TESTS OF TERMAN MODIFIED FORM OF BINNET’S INTELLIGENCE TESTS After Cyril Burt, the American

Psychologists Terman tried to modify and reform the Binnet-Simon intelligence test.

This revised form of the test is known as ‘Standford Revision and Extension’.

The questionnaire of Terman contains 90 questions. Out of these 90 questions, 19 questions belong to Binnet-Simon intelligence test.

Given below are certain questions of Terman intelligence test:

Questions for children of 3 years of age:1.What is your name?

2.Are you a boy or girl?

3.What are you looking at in the picture?

For Children of 7 years of age:

1.How many fingers are there in the hand?2.How many fingers are there in the other hand? How many fingers are there in both the hands?3.What this book is about?4.Repeat what 9 say 3,1,6,5,4,3,8,5,1,7,6,3,2. 

INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score

derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence.

The Term “IQ”, From the German Intelligent-Quotient, was devised by the German Psychologist William Stern in 1912 as a proposed method scoring children’s intelligence tests such as those developed by Alfred Binnet and Theodore Simon in the early 20the century.

The discovery of intelligence quotient is a new thing for the measurement of intelligence.

It is, in fact, a ratio of the physical and the mental age of child.

If we divided the mental age by the physical age, we get intelligence quotient. Suppose the mental age of the child is 12 years and the physical age is 10 years, the intelligence quotient shall be:I.Q. = Mental age – 12

Physical age -- 10 = 1 1/5

In decimal it shall be 1.333, but in order to avoid the complexities of the decimal fraction, it is generally multiplied by 100 and the intelligence quotient is found in the following manner:

I.Q. = Mental age x 100 Chronological age If the mental age of a child is 4 and the

chronological age is 5 the I.Q. shall be as given below: I.Q.= 4 x 100/5 = 80

On the other hand, the I.Q. of a child with a chronological age of 4 and mental age of 5, shall be found out in the following manner.

I.Q. = 5/4 X 100 = 125

GROUP INTELLLIGENCE TEST In 1914, at the time of First World

War, group intelligence test was introduced in America. Terman, Ballard, Burt and Thomson have done remarkable work in this regard.

Ballard has told that “individual testing was

born in France group testing was born in America and its mother was necessity the stern necessity of war.”

At that time, millions of able bodied and able-minded soldiers were needed.

Hence, the psychologists applied the method of intelligence test in a collective manner.

They introduced two types of group intelligence tests: a) Army Alpha, and b) Army Beta. Army Alpha was intended for the persons knowing English and Army Beta was meant for those foreigners who could not read and write.

INDIVIDUAL INTELLIGENCE TEST AND COLLECTIVE OR GROUP INTELLIGENCE TEST

These two methods of intelligence tests have similarity, difference and defects as well.

1.Individual intelligence test consumes a lot of time, because only one man is tested at a time. In group intelligence test a lot of time is saved because at a time thousands of people are tested.

2.Questions of the group intelligence tests are easier as compared to the questions of individual intelligence test

3.In individual intelligence test the child gets perplexed very soon, but in group intelligence test it is not so.

4.For individual intelligence test, competent and efficient psychologists are needed, but group intelligence test could be carried out be less efficient and competent people.

5.In individual intelligence test language, knowledge and practical aspects play a vital role, but in group intelligence test such situation do not crop up.

6.In group intelligence test generally children feel free while in individual intelligence test it is not so.

7.In order to frame the questions of individual intelligence test, a lot of difficulties are faced, but in constructing questions on group intelligence test no such thing is needed.

PERFORMANCE TESTThese tests are useful in ascertaining and judging intelligence of illiterates, deaf and dumb and blind people. In this regard the following tests have been put into practice and use: 1. FORM BOARD TESTThis test was introduced by Sanguin. In this test, a wooden board having different forms of triangle, circle, semi-circle, quadrilateral etc., is prepared. Along with it, there are the pieces of wood depicting also.

The child is asked to fit the pieces of wood into holes of various forms. One whose performance are correct and the quickest, is supposed to be the ablest.

2.PICTURE DRAWING TESTIt is useful for the children of 4-10 years of age. The child is given a pencil and a piece of paper and he is asked to draw a picture of a man.

The student who draws the picture correctly in the short-test time, is given the highest mark.

3.PICTURE COMPLETION TESTIn this test, the children are given pictures. Later on, various parts of the pictures separated and the students are asked to complete those parts and adjust them properly.

The student who is able to complete it correctly in the shortest possible time, is supposed to possess proper intelligence.

4.MAZE TEST child is given a picture drawn on a piece of paper. This picture is filled with cheep colors. There is a shortest possible route in the picture which leads the child to the top. The child who is able to reach the top with the help of the pencil at the shortest possible time, is called intelligent.

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