The Measurement Of Un-Signalized Intersection Elasticity Of A Traffic System

For A New Park-and-Ride

ZHANG HUI

MASTER OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG

i

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG

DECLARATION OF THESIS AND COPYRIGHT

Author’s full name : Zhang Hui

Date of birth : 9 APRIL 1990

Title : The Measurement of Un-Signalized Intersection Elasticity Of A Traffic

System For A New Park-and-Ride

Academic Session : SEM1 2015/2016

I declare that this thesis is classified as:

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official

Secret Act 1972)*

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the

organization where research was done)*

√ OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open

access (Full text)

I acknowledged that University Malaysia Pahang reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of University Malaysia Pahang.

2. The Library of University Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the

purpose of research only.

3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.

_________________________ _______________________________

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

G29154451 ASSOC. PROF. IR. ADNAN BIN ZULKIPLE

(NEW IC NO/PASPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date: 28 MAR 2013 Date: 28 MAR 2010

NOTES: * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter

from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction

ii

The Measurement Of Un-Signalized Intersection Elasticity Of A Traffic System For A New

Park-and-Ride

Zhang Hui

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Engineering in Faculty of

Technology

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG

iii

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is

adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the master of Civil Engineering.

___________________

(Supervisor’s Signature)

Name of Supervisor : ASSOC. PROF. IR. ADNAN BIN ZULKIPLE

Position :

Date : 11 APRIL 2016

iv

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and

summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for

any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.

_________________

(Student’s Signature)

Name : Zhang Hui

ID Number : MAC13002

Date : 11 APRIL 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

TITLE

DECLARATION OF THESIS

DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Page

i

ii

iii

iv

vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLE

viii

ix

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF FROMULARS xvii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

Background

Park-And-Ride

Consequences Of Park-And-Ride

Un-Signalized Intersection Concerns

Elastic And Inelastic Traffic

Location Of Area

Problem Statement

Research Questions

Objectives

Scope Of Study

Significance

Thesis Organization

1

2

3

4

4

5

8

8

9

9

9

9

x

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 Capacities And Level Of Service 10

2.3 Volumes And Flow Rate 11

2.4 Capacity And Analysis Procedures 12

2.4.1 Un-Signalized Intersection 12

2.4.2 Capacity Of TWSC Intersection 14

2.4.3 Characteristics Of AWSC Intersections 14

2.4.4 Malaysian Approach 15

2.4.5 American Approach 19

2.4.6 Confliction Traffic 22

2.4.7 Critical Gap And Follow-Up Time 23

2.4.8 Shared Lane Capacity 25

2.4.9 Estimating Queue Lengths 26

2.4.10 Controlled Delay 26

2.4.11 Level Of Service 27

2.5 Capacity Analysis Procedures For Signalized Intersection 28

2.5.1 Signalized Intersection 28

2.5.2 Traffic Signal Characteristics 28

2.5.3 Highway Capacity Manual Defines Level Of Service (LOS) 29

2.5.4 Vehicle Classification 30

2.5.5 Primary Measures Of Effectiveness 31

2.5.6 Traffic Signal Setting Formulas 31

2.5.7 Speed-Flow-Density Relationship 33

2.5.8 Levels Of Service Of Signalized Intersections 33

2.5.9 Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) Values 34

2. 5. 10 Adj us t ment Fact or For Aver age Lane ( fw) 34

2.5.11 Adjustment Factor For Grade (fg) 35

2.5.12 Delay 35

2.5.13 Determine Level Of Service (Los) 36

2.6 Un-Signalized Intersection Capacity Analysis 37

2.6.1 Data Collect Method 37

2.6.2 Major Road Theoretical Capacity 38

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

xi

2.7 Intersection Elasticity 40

2.7.1 Elastic And Inelastic Traffic 40

2.7.2 Interpretation Of Elasticity 40

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 42

3.2 Type Of Study 42

3.3 Outline Methodology 43

3.4 Data Collection Methods 44

3.4.1 Key Intersection Selection And Road Inventory 44

3.4.2 Traffic Volume 45

3.4.3 Traffic Composition 45

3.4.4 Methodology In Determining The Capacity, Level Of Service

And Traffic Delay

47

3.5

3.6

Intersection Elasticity Measurements And Intersection Upgrade

Conclusion

48

50

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Current Peak Hour Traffic 51

4.3 Traffic Composition 52

4.4 Road Inventory 52

4.5 Intersection Data Analysis 54

4.5.1 Intersection Existing Condition (am) 54

4.5.2 Intersection Existing Condition (pm) 56

4.5.3 Intersection Condition With Park-And-Ride Project (am) 57

4.5.4 Intersection Condition With Park-And-Ride Project (pm) 59

4.6 Measurement Of Intersection Elasticity 61

4.6.1 Intersection Maximum Capacity Checking 62

4.6.2 Intersection Control Delay Checking 63

4.7 Discussion 65

xii

CHAPTER 5 INTERSECTION UPGRADE 68

5.1 Introduction 68

5.2 Sensitivity Analysis 68

5.3 Intersection Upgrade 72

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 74

6.1 Conclusion 74

6.2 Recommendations 75

REFERENCE 75

APPENDIX 80

A Existing Condition 80

Intersection Condition With Park-And-Ride Project 88

B Sensitivity Analysis 96

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

2.1 Critical gap criteria for un-signalized intersection (JKR, 1987) 19

2.2 Base Critical Gap and Follow-Up Time for TWSC Intersection 24

2.3 Adjustment factor for motorcycle 24

2.4 Level of service criteria for un-signalized intersections 27

2.5 Vehicle classifications 30

2.6 Type of facilities and measure of effectiveness 31

2.7 Setting formulas for traffic signal 31

2.8 Level of service by controlled delay 33

2.9 PCE values for each type of vehicle 34

2.10 Factor for average lane width 34

2.11 The grade for downhill and uphill 35

2.12 Coefficient factor ϕ 39

3.1 Road inventory 45

3.2 Traffic volume record template during peak hours 45

3.3 Average traffic composition 45

3.4 Intersection capacity 47

3.5 Cycle length, lane capacity and delay calculation Cycle length, lane capacity and delay calculation 48

3.6 Intersection upgrade 50

4.1 Existing AM and PM peak hours (vph) 51

4.2 Average traffic composition 52

4.3 Road inventory 53

4.4 Intersection control delay and Los (am) 55

xiv

4.5 Intersection control delay and Los (pm) 57 4.6 Intersection control delay and Los (am) 59

4.7 Intersection control delay and Los (pm) 61

4.8(a) Intersection maximum capacity 62

4.8(b) Existing intersection capacity 62

4.9 5.1

Existing and maximum control delay Control delay and Los for each movement

64 70

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1.1 Klang, Malaysia 6

1.2 An ideal park-and-ride facilities distribution 6

1.3 New park-and-ride facilities location at Klang town. 7

1.4 Intersections 1-4 street view 8

2.1 Rank for four-leg intersection 13

2.2 Analysis cases for AWSC intersection 15

2.3 Outline of un-signalized intersection analysis procedure based on Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 11/87 (JKR, 1987)

16

2.4 Definition and computation of conflicting traffic volumes 18

2.5 Outline of un-signalized intersection analysis procedure based on the U.S HCM 2000

21

2.6 Vehicles movement at a T-intersection (TWSC) 23

2.7 Camera setup at T- intersection 38

3.1 Type of study 42

3.2 Intersection condition study 43

3.3 Key Intersections 44

3.4 Cameras set up location and T-intersection layout 46

3.5(a) Elasticity measurement according to max volume 49

3.5(b) Elasticity measurement according to traffic delay 50

4.1 Road inventory layout 53

4.2(a) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 1 (am) 54

4.2(b) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 2 (am) 54

4.2(c) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 3 (am) 55 4.2(d) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 4 (am) 55

xvi

4.3(a) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 1 (pm) 56

4.3(b) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 2 (pm) 56

4.3(c) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 3 (pm) 57

4.3(d) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 4 (pm) 57

4.4(a) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 1 (am) 58

4.4(b) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 2 (am) 58

4.4(c) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 3 (am) 58

4.4(d) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 4 (am) 59

4.5(a) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 1 (pm) 59

4.5(b) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 2 (pm) 60

4.5(c) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 3 (pm) 60

4.5(d) Intersection layout and traffic volume for intersection 4 (pm) 60

4.6 Intersection elastic measurement 61

4.7(a) Intersection capacity during AM peak hour 63

4.7(b) Intersection capacity during PM peak hour 63

4.8(a) Existing and maximum control delay during AM peak hour 64

4.8(b) Existing and maximum control delay during PM peak hour 65

4.9 Intersection 1 layout and analysis 67

5.1 Buckets effect 68

5.2 Vehicles movement at a T-intersection 69

5.3 Sensitivity analysis 71

5.4(a) Worse condition for intersection 1 72

5.4(b) The most sensitivity and worse line for intersection 1 72

5.5 v/c ratio for intersection 1 73

5.6 New design for intersection 1 73

xvii

LIST OF FROMULARS

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