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Measurements of improved stoves distributed by AHDESA
Presentation by Tami Bond
15 July 2006
Purpose of the measurements
• AHDESA is distributing stoves that may use less wood and produce fewer emissions.
• Our measurements examine whether improved stoves really are better.
Augusto is installing a new chimney.
Augusto is installing a new chimney.
This lady has a new Ecofogon.This lady has a new Ecofogon.
Important pollutant: Carbon monoxide
• Carbon monoxide (CO)• Colorless, odorless gas
o You can’t see it or smell it
• Causes dizziness and death• Concentration measured in parts per million (ppm)
o 1 ppm is 1 molecule of CO in each million molecules of air
Where is the CO?
Important pollutant: Particulate matter
• Particulate matter (PM) makesvisible smoke
• The particles are very small!o Diameters about 0.1 m (100 times
smaller than diameter of a human hair)o These particles cause illness
because they get deep into the lungs
• Concentration is measured in g/m3 o 1 g/m3 is one microgram
of particles in each cubic meter of air
Black particles look like this if you use a
very strong microscope.
Black particles look like this if you use a
very strong microscope.
If you can see it, it’s particulate matter!If you can see it, it’s particulate matter!
Concentration and emission are different.
Wood usedx
pollutant per wood=
total emission
Wood usedx
pollutant per wood=
total emission
Concentration in the room depends on:- Total emission
-room size -pollutant removal
Concentration in the room depends on:- Total emission
-room size -pollutant removal
Example4 kg wood
x5 g PM/kg wood
= 20 g PM emitted
There are many ways to reduce air concentration.
Wood usedx
pollutant per wood=
total emission
Wood usedx
pollutant per wood=
total emission
Concentration in the room depends on:- Total emission
-room size -pollutant removal
Concentration in the room depends on:- Total emission
-room size -pollutant removal
Solutions:
• Use less wood o Better efficiency by improving
stove design
• Reduce emissions (less pollution from each kilogram of wood)
o Improve burning with better stove design
o Use fuel that burns better
• Remove pollutants from roomo Use a chimneyo Increase ventilation
Both concentration and emission are important.
• The amount of concentration affects people’s health. o A stove with high emissions may not cause health
problems if people do not breathe the smoke.
• The amount of emission affects the environment.o When a neighborhood
has many stoves, high emissions result in poor air quality
o Stove emissions stay in the atmosphere and change its chemistry.
Homes are very close together in Nueva Suyapa. Stoves need to have low
emissions even if they have chimneys.
Homes are very close together in Nueva Suyapa. Stoves need to have low
emissions even if they have chimneys.
We measured 4 kinds of stoves.
Justa (chimney)Justa
(chimney)
Traditional (no chimney)Traditional (no chimney)
We also measured the Ecobarril, a chimney stove that was discontinued. We also measured the Ecobarril, a
chimney stove that was discontinued. EcoRocket/Ecolenca (no chimney)EcoRocket/Ecolenca (no chimney)
Ecofogon/Ecohorno (chimney)
Ecofogon/Ecohorno (chimney)
1. Measuring concentrations
The concentration monitoring package is installed in a kitchen.The concentration monitoring
package is installed in a kitchen.
• Indoor air concentrations are measured with equipment that can be left in the home overnight.
• This can be done by AHDESA personnel.
Filter (forparticles)
Filter (forparticles)
PumpPump
HOBO (for CO)HOBO
(for CO)
What concentrations are too high?
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set standards for outdoor air.
• Any concentration that is greater is too high.• Although the comparison is not perfect, we will
compare with these standards.
* 8-hour average ** 24-hour average
Carbon monoxide (CO): 9 ppm *Particulate matter (PM): 65 g/m3 **
Carbon monoxide in homes
• If homes don’t have chimneys, concentrations can be too high.
• Concentrations are generally acceptable for improved stoves with and without chimneys.
• However, even the highest concentrations are lower than those on Tegucigalpa roadways!
010
2030
CO
(pp
m)
Ecobarril Ecofogon Ecolenca Justa Traditional
EPA standard
Measurements made during cooking
Particulate matter in homes
• For stoves without chimneys, concentrations are many times higher than the standard!
• This is true even for improved stoves.
• Stoves with chimneys help maintain acceptable air quality.
• Particulate matter is a bigger problem than carbon monoxide. The concentrations are much higher than the standard.
050
01,
000
1,50
0P
M (
ug/m
3)
Ecobarril Ecofogon Ecolenca Justa Traditional
EPA standard
Measurements made during cooking
2. Measuring emissions
• The University of Illinois built a portable cart to make emission measurements.
• Right now, the measurement has to be done by researchers.
• We hope to make it easier so that everyone can do it.
Chris and Benjamin use the emission cart to measure the stove
inside the kitchen.
Chris and Benjamin use the emission cart to measure the stove
inside the kitchen.
Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO)
• Improved stoves emit about as much CO per wood as traditional stoves.
• If they use less wood, they will emit less CO for cooking a meal.
050
100
150
200
CO
(g/
kg)
Traditional Ecolenca Ecobarril Justa Ecofogon
Remember: Wood used x pollutant per wood = total emissionRemember: Wood used x pollutant per wood = total emission
gram
s of
CO
per
kilo
gram
of
woo
d
Emissions of particulate matter (PM)
• Stoves with chimneys reduce emissions of PM per kilogram of wood.
• There could be an additional benefit if they use less wood.
• This is beneficial for the environment.
05
1015
20P
M (
g/kg
)
Traditional Ecolenca Ecobarril Justa Ecofogon
Ecolenca tests were mostly new users, so emissions may not be representative.
gram
s of
PM
per
kilo
gram
of
woo
d
Initial Findings
• In homes with traditional stoves:o concentrations of carbon monoxide can be too higho concentrations of particulate matter are almost
always too high– sometimes by 10 times
• Chimney stoves have lower emissions and improve indoor air quality.o The chimney promotes a stronger draft.
• Stoves without chimneys may be successful with user training.
Comments
• University of Illinois also did measurements in 2006. These will be added after we examine the data.
• AHDESA will do many more tests to measure 24-hour concentrations. These will also be added.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also an important pollutanto Contributes to global warming, not dangerous to peopleo Using less fuel is the easiest way to reduce emissions
The Measurement Team
AHDESA• Benjamin Osorto Pinel, organizer, stove installer
and monitoring expert• Augusto Ramirez, organizer
University of Illinois• Tami Bond and Christoph Roden, emission
measurements• Questions: Tami – [email protected]
Thank you!!