Measuring Costa Rica´s participation in GVC´s

Department of Macroeconomic StatisticsICMTEG, Aguascalientes, México

Sep-Oct, 2014

OUTLINE

• Costa Rica in GVC´s• Research goals based on international IOT• Construction of international IOT• Results for Costa Rica.

2

Rol of Costa Rica in GVC´s

• What do we know?• Where we are?

3

Integration of Costa Rica to TiVA Initiative and other initiatives (Dynemp, STI Outlook) to track upgrading towards knowledge based activities and productive transformation.

Technical Guidance to Costa Rica's participation in global value chains and TiVA Initiative.

Technical assistance to include Costa Rica´s IO table in an international IO table and research to better understand the way in which Costa Rican firms interact with the main international players in GVCs.

Mapping Costa Rica´s position and upgrading trajectories in electronics, medical devices, aeronautic/aerospace and offshoring services GVCs

Technical assistance to build a firm level database that integrates trade statistics with other variables to analyze the performance of firms that integrate in GVCs

Strengthening the innovation ecosystem to drive the upgrading towards knowledge-based activities.

Strengthening Costa Rica’s Knowledge Base on GVCs

4

There are three mayor networksbut Latin America participation is limited

Sourse: OECD Inter-country I-O model, 2011

North America Europe Asia

5

Trade and Investment

Source: COMEX, using PROCOMER data.

Source: COMEX based on Central Bank data.

* Data for 2013 are based on estimates

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,000

FDI inflows and exports (1990-2013*)

FDITotal Exports

FD

I U

S$ B

illio

ns

Expo

rts

US$

Bill

ions

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000 FDI inflows (1990-2013*)

US$

Bill

ions

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

02,0004,0006,0008,000

10,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,000

Composition of exports (1990-2013*)

Service exports

Merchandise exports

US$

Bill

ions

Source: COMEX based on Central Bank and PROCOMER data.

6

Costa Rica’s Participation in GVCs

20120%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

62,9%

37,1%

Costa Rica: Participation of GVC-re-lated exports in total exports 2012

Other GVC-related exports

57%

35%

6%

1%1%

GVC-related exports by industry, 2012

Electronics Medical devices Automotive

Film & Broadcasting Aeronautic/Aerospace

Source: COMEX, based on PROCOMER data.7

Employment

2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

842884

1,029

1,178

1,287

511535

637716

767

FZR wages National wages

US

$

Source: PROCOMER

Source: CINDE

Costa Rica: Average monthly wages, FZR vs. the economy at large (2008-2012)

Costa Rica: Employment generated by FDI

2013: 4X 2000

2013: 12X 2000

2013: 44X 2000

Advanced Manufacturing

Life Sciences

Services

8

Manufactured components

Plastics molding and extrusion

Metalworking presicion

Electronicdeveloptment

Software production

Textiles and fabric

Assembly

Packaging

Sterilization

Assembly

Distribuidores Mayoristas

Individualpatients

Doctors and Nurses

Hospitals(Public/Private)

Cardiovascular

Orthopedics

Infusion systems

Other

Marketing and sales

Resins Metals

Chemicals Textiles

Imput providers

Disposables$575.546.086

Medicals$270.528.089

Capital goods$32.546.321

Terapeutics$301.026.155

Exports of final goods

Distribution

Type of products

Post sale services

Consultant

Repairs

Training

Buyers

R&D of the product

Regulatory approval

Development process

Engineering

Prototipe

Number of companies

0 < X ≤ 5

5 < X ≤ 10

10< X ≤ 15

15< X ≤ 20

>20

Participation of Costa Rica in the medical devices CGV

Source: Based on Bamber and Gereffi (2013). Duke University.

Research goals based on international IOT

1. Trade in Value Added• Participation in GVC has been documented (gross trade).• The “Made in the World” initiative of the WTO promoted the

concept of Trade in Value Added (TiVA).• Through TiVA there is a better understanding of the country

contribution to GVC´s (more consistent with the management of the GDP)

• Questions:• To what extent Costa Rica participate in the global economy in

terms of trade in value added?• How does it change the relationship with our trade partners?• What are the implications of these changes for our trade policy?

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Research goals based on international IOT

2. Comparative advantages• Based on the CGV’s the “trade of tasks” is predominant which

drives development countries to develop comparative advantages easily.

• Trade in value added statistics provide a new opportunity to measure the comparative advantages of the country.

• Questions• How competitive are the Costarrican industries?

• What are the comparative advantage characteristics of the industries in terms of TiVA?

• What industries does Costa Rica have advantages on?• Which ones are developing advantages and what are the policies to

strengthen those advantages?

11

Research goals based on international IOT

3. Exports breakdown • The international IOT allows to breakdown the exports in its various components.• To understand the participation of Costa Rica in the global production it is crucial

to measure the domestic component and to what extend it provides to the global production.

• Questions:

•¿How to breakdown the gross exports value in its various components?

• What is the domestic component of the exports and how it compares to other countries?

• How that domestic component fit in the global production?

12

Construction of international IOT

• Main goal:– To integrate the domestic input-output table into

the international input-output table (WIOD)

13

Construction of international IOT

Indones

ia

Mal

aysi

a

Philip

pin

es

Sin

gap

ore

Thai

land

Chin

a

Tai

wan

Kore

a

Japan

U.S

.A.

Indones

ia

Mal

aysi

a

Philip

pin

es

Sin

gap

ore

Thai

land

Chin

a

Tai

wan

Kore

a

Japan

U.S

.A.

Exp

ort

to H

.Kong

Exp

ort

to India

Exp

ort

to E

U

Exp

ort

to R

.O.W

.

Dis

crep

ancy

Tota

l O

utp

uts

code (AI)(AM)(AP)(AS)(AT)(AC)(AN)(AK)(AJ)(AU) (FI) (FM)(FP) (FS) (FT) (FC)(FN)(FK) (FJ) (FU) (LH)(LG)(LO)(LW)(QX)(XX)

Indonesia (AI) A II A IM A IP A IS A IT A IC A IN A IK A IJ A IU FII FIM FIP FIS FIT FIC FIN FIK FIJ FIU L IH L IG L IO L IW Q I X I

Malaysia (AM) AMI AMMAMP AMS AMT AMCAMNAMK AMJ AMU FMI FMM FMP FMS FMT FMC FMN FMK FMJ FMU LMH LMG LMO LMW QM XM

Philippines (AP) API APM APP APS APT APC APN APK APJ APU FPI FPM FPP FPS FPT FPC FPN FPK FPJ FPU L PH L PG L PO L PW Q P XP

Singapore (AS) ASI ASM ASP ASS AST ASC ASN ASK ASJ ASU FSI FSM FSP FSS FST FSC FSN FSK FSJ FSU L SH L SG L SO L SW Q S XS

Thailand (AT) ATI ATM ATP ATS ATT ATC ATN ATK ATJ ATU FTI FTM FTP FTS FTT FTC FTN FTK FTJ FTU L TH L TG L TO L TW Q T XT

China (AC) ACI ACM ACP ACS ACT ACC ACN ACK ACJ ACU FCI FCM FCP FCS FCT FCC FCN FCK FCJ FCU L CH L CG L CO L CW Q C XC

Taiwan (AN) ANI ANM ANP ANS ANT ANC ANN ANK ANJ ANU FNI FNM FNP FNS FNT FNC FNN FNK FNJ FNU L NH L NG L NO L NW Q N XN

Korea (AK) AKI AKM AKP AKS AKT AKC AKN AKK AKJ AKU FKI FKM FKP FKS FKT FKC FKN FKK FKJ FKU L KH L KG L KO L KW Q K XK

Japan (AJ) A JI A JM A JP A JS A JT A JC A JN A JK A JJ A JU FJI FJM FJP FJS FJT FJC FJN FJK FJJ FJU L JH L JG L JO L JW Q J X J

U.S.A. (AU) AUI AUM AUP AUS AUT AUC AUN AUK AUJ AUU FUI FUM FUP FUS FUT FUC FUN FUK FUJ FUU L UH L UG L UO L UW Q U XU

Freight and Insurance (BF) BA I BAMBAPBASBATBACBANBAK BA J BAU BFI BFM BFP BFS BFT BFC BFN BFK BFJ BFU

Import from H. Kong (CH) AHI AHM AHP AHS AHT AHC AHN AHK AHJ AHU FHI FHM FHP FHS FHT FHC FHN FHK FHJ FHU

Import from India (GH) AGI AGM AGP AGS AGT AGC AGN AGK AGJ AGU FGI FGM FGP FGS FGT FGC FGN FGK FGJ FGU

Import from EU (CO) AOI AOMAOP AOS AOT AOC AON AOK AOJ AOU FOI FOM FOP FOS FOT FOC FON FOK FOJ FOU

Import from the R.O.W. (CW) AWI AWMAWPAWSAWTAWCAWNAWK AWJ AWU FWI FWM FWP FWS FWT FWC FWN FWK FWJ FWU

(DT) DA IDAMDAPDASDATDACDANDAKDA JDAUDFI DFMDFP DFS DFT DFCDFNDFK DFJ DFU

Value Added (VV) V I VM VP VS VT VC VN VK V J VU

Total Inputs (XX) X I XM XP XS XT XC XN XK X J XU

Duties & Import Taxes

Intermediate Demand (A) Final Demand (F) Export (L)

Ad

(producer's price)

Fd

(producer's price)Exports

Ad

(producer's price)

Fd

(producer's price)Exports

Am

(CIF price)

Fm

(CIF price)

Am

(CIF price)

Fm

(CIF price)

V V

Benchmark I-O Table (e.g.: 2003) Updated I-O Table (2005)

Update!

2005 data

Costa Rica´s domestic OIT

International IOT (WIOD)

35 sectors 42 countries

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1. Domestic IOT

Backdating: RAS algorithm2011 -> 2009

Preparing the structure: 1-period; 2-currency; 3-prices;

4-industries. 5-trade flows

Assigned trade by country: Imports table and exports vector

2. International IOT

Consistency testing:Some negatives and some

readjustmentsConsistency with national accounts

To fit into the international IOT: Breakdown of Costa Rica separated from the rest of the world (ROW)

Analysis with CGV indicators:TiVA, comparative advantages, Exports

breakdown

Methodology to construct the international IOT

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Preparing the domestic IOT

Origin Final Destination

1

Currency: colones -> dollars (official exchange rate for the year 2009, BCCR)

2

Period: Data from 2009 (last available year for the WIOD at that moment)

3

CIF:FOB:

Consistency of the trade flows: CIF / FOB adjustment for the imports WIOD is FOB (even when it is based on import data)

4 Concept consistency of industry /product: ISIC (SUT classification) Breakdown: Intermediate consumption, final consumption, capital) Classification of the WIOD

Price consistency : basic prices in IOT and WIOD

5

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Agri-culture

Manu-facture Services

Agriculture

Manufacture

Services

Exports

Imports

Labor

Capital

Total inputs

Total de production

House holds

Government

Intermediate demand

Final demand

External demand

Domestic supply

External supply

Value added

Intermediate demand

table

Final demand

table

Exports vector

Imports table

Value added table

Final addTrade data 2009Data from SUT

2009

“Backdating”: to2009

17

Agri-culture

Manu-facture Services

Agriculture

Manufacture

Services

Intermediate demand

Domestic supply

Data from SUT 2009

Intermediate demand table from IOT 2011

Total intermediate supply (supply)

Intermediate demand (use)

RASAlgorithm

Intermediate demand

table

“Backdating”: to 2009

Agri-culture

Manu-facture Services

Agriculture

Manufacture

Services

Exports

Imports

Labor

Capital

Total inputs

Total production

House holds

Government

Intermediate demand

Final demand

External demand

Domestic supply

External supplyValue added

Intermediate demand

table

Final demand

table

Exports vector

Import table

Value added table

Assigning trade by countryData sources

Goods: Exports, imports database • DGA – imports FOB• PROCOMER - exports

Services: data and technical criteria• BCCR - transport, repairs• PROCOMER – ground transport• ICT - turism• DGAC – air transport• WIOD – several sectors

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Exports

External demand

Exports vector

United States China

AgricultureManufactureServices

Destiantions

Vector of exports by country and by sector

Electronics

Electronics

Canada

Intermediate demand

Final demand

Capital

Uses

AgricultureManufactureServicesAgricultureManufactureServices

Industries

United States

China

ROW

United States

China

ROW

Agric

ultu

reM

anuf

actu

reSe

rvice

s

AgricultureManufactureServices

Agric

ultu

reM

anuf

actu

reSe

rvice

sAg

ricul

ture

Man

ufac

ture

Serv

ices

AgricultureManufactureServices

AgricultureManufactureServices

Agric

ultu

reM

anuf

actu

reSe

rvice

s

ROW - CRCosta Rica

AgricultureManufactureServices

ROW - CR

Costa Rica

Usa Domestic

IOT

China domestic

IOT

Imports: China

from USA

Imports: USA from

China

Imports: Costa Rica

Costa Rica dissagregation to the rest of the world

Costa Rica domenstic

IOTExports: Costa Rica

Reduce negative number findings: Better assumptions and adjustments to minimize negative numbers.

e.g.: Tourism -> Hotels & restaurants Exports from CR to USA. National sources: $418,2MImports of EE.UU. USA data: $53,8MDiscrepancies ROW: -$364,3 M

National accounts consistency: Export data from CR, (no mirror data) to ensure consistency with the national accounts.

Consistency testing

1

2

3 Discrepancies vector: When Costa Rica data is more accurate than international data.

22

Results for Costa Rica

• Lessons lerned from the international IOT

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From gross value to value added

Gross value• Cumulative value exported to another country• E.g.: Korea – product to China: 65%• Accurate to measure value if trade is focused on

final goods

Value added• Contribution in the exported value to the final

destination• E.g.: Korea – manufacture: 15% to USA• Accurate to measure the value of the

international trade if it is focused on intermediate goods

40

10

Research and development

Manufacture of basic inputs

30Marketing and

Sales & customer service

15 Advanced manufacture

5 Assembly

100

% of the final value

of the product

7065

5040

0

EEUU

EEUU

China

Corea

Vietnam

24

New methodology shows different magnitudes on exports according to GV vs. VA

Costa Rica: Structure of the export by country2009

Exports detinationX gross value

X Added value

Rest of the world 41,6% 38,5%

USa 26,8% 28,2%

Western Europe 15,8% 17,1%

China 6,1% 5,4%

Mexico 4,1% 3,1%

Canada 2,3% 2,7%

Rest of Europe 1,7% 2,5%

Japan 0,9% 1,5%

Brazil 0,9% 1,0%

Total 100% 100%

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Also differences on imports GV vs. VA

Origin of

the imports

M gross

value

M value

added

USA 39.3% 34.9%

Rest of the world 29.6% 28.6%

Western Europe 8.0% 10.6%

China 7.0% 8.0%

Mexico 8.2% 6.7%

Japan 2.5% 4.0%

Resto of Europe 1.9% 2.7%

Brazil 2.5% 2.5%

Canada 1.1% 2.0%

Total 100% 100%

Costa Rica: Structure of the imports by origin2009

26

Implication por trade policy

• Goals of diversification in terms of value added• Real diversification according to final demand

• Reduce trade barriers direct and indirect trade partners on CGVs• Multilateral agreements to help create GVC´s:

• Alianza del Pacífico

• Agreements on the supply chains: • IT Agreement (ITA)• Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. (ACTA)

1

2

27

Implications for public policies

Encourage participation of CR in CGV

• Diversification: companies, markets, activities• High value FDI.• Expand trade platform

• Strengthen: Participation• Merging with local companies.• Entrepreneurship.

• To higher vale added activities• Continuous investment and human capital.• Promote innovation.

1

2

3

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What are the components of the exports

Source: Koopman, Shang, Zhi (2013)

Gross exports

Domestic content Foreign component

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Domestic content of the exports

• Intermediate and final product have the same weight.

• Exports indirectly to third parties.

Domestic con-tent, 74.3%

foreign con-tent; 25,7%

30

Implication for public policies• Trade policy towards intermediate goods

• Imports contribute to the competitiveness of the companies.• To reduce trade barriers on the supply chains.

• Strategy to increase domestic content• No restrictions for inputs with competitive prices.• Strength the capacity building for companies to provide inputs with a

clear competitive advantage.

1

2

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Measuring Costa Rica´s participation in GVC´s

Department of Macroeconomic StatisticsICMTEG, Aguascalientes, México

Sep-Oct, 2014