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Mechanical Behavior of Materials
Marc A. Meyers & Krishan K. Chawla
Cambridge University Press
Chapter 1Materials, Structure, Properties, and
Performance
Thomas’s Iterative Tetrahedron
Properties of Main Classes of Materials
Biomaterials: Dental Implants in the Jawbone
Steps required for insertion of implant into mandible.
(Courtesy of J. Mahooti.)
Biomaterials: Typical Hip and Knee Prostheses
Total hip replacement prosthesis Total knee replacement prosthesis.
Composites: Schematic representations of different classes
Composites: Different Types of Reinforcement
Specific Modulus and Strength of Some Materials
Hierarchical Structure: Biological and Synthetic Materials
Tendon
Advanced Synthetic Composite
Crystal Structures:7 Crystal Systems, 14 Bravais lattices
Directions in Cubic Unit Cell
Miller Indices for Planes in Cubic Cell
Direction and Planes: Miller Indices
Hexagonal Structure
Three to four index conversion
Three Most Common Crystal Structures
(001) Plane in Molybdenum
Atomic Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy; Courtesy R. Gronsky
FCC and HCP Structures: Stacking of Closest Packed Planes
(a)Layer of most closely packed atoms corresponding to (111) in FCC and (00.1) in HCP.
(b) Packing sequence of most densely packed planes in AB and AC sequence.
(c) Ball model showing the ABAB sequence of the HCP structure.
(d) Ball model showing the ABCABC sequence of the FCC structure.
Different Structures of Ceramics
Ordered Structure: Intermetallic Compound
Important Intermetallic Compounds
Structure of Glasses
Ordered crystalline of silica Random-network of glassy silica
Structure of Glasses
(c)
Atomic arrangements in crystalline and glassy metals
Glasses and Crystals: Specific Volume
Classification of Polymers
Different types of molecular chain configurations.
(a) Homopolymer: one type of repeating unit.
(b) Random copolymer: two monomers, A and B, distributed randomly.
(c) Block copolymer: a sequence of monomer A, followed by a sequence of monomer B.
(d) Graft copolymer: Monomer A forms the main chain, while monomer B forms the branched chains.
Tacticity in Polypropylene
Tacticity : Order of placement of side groups.
Crystallinity of Polymers
A lamellar crystal showing growth spirals around screw dislocations. TEM.
(Courtesy of H.D. Keith.)
Spherulitic structures:a.Spherulitic structure
b. Each spherulite consists of radially arranged, narrow crystalline lamellae.
c. Each lamella has tightly packed polymer chains folding back and forth
Polymer Chain Configuration
Molecular Weight Distribution in Polymers
Liquid Crystals
Different types of order in the liquid crystalline state
Stress-Strain Curves for Biological Materials
Urether
(After F. C. P. Yin and Y. C. Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 221 (1971), 1484.)
Human femur bone
(After F. G. Evans, Artificial Limbs, 13 (1969) 37.)
Crack Propagation in an Abalone Shell
Cross section of abalone shell showing how a crack, starting at left, is deflected by viscoplastic layer between calcium carbonate lamellae (mesoscale).
Arrangement of calcium carbonate in nacre, forming a miniature“brick and mortar” structure (microscale).
Porous and Cellular Materials
Compressive stress–strain curves for foams. (a) Polyethylene with different initial
densities.
(b) Mullite with relative density = 0.08.
(c) Schematic of a sandwich structure.
L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, 1988), pp. 124, 125.)
Biological Material: Toucan Beak
Toucan beak
External shell made of keratin scales
Foams: Synthetic and Natural
Synthetic aluminum foam
Foam found in the inside of toucan beak
Courtesy of M. S. Schneider and K. S. Vecchio.
Biological Minerals: Atomic Structure
Atomic structure of hydroxyapatite: small white atoms (P), large gray atoms (O), black atoms (Ca).
Atomic structure of aragonite: large dark atoms (Ca), small gray atoms (C), large white atoms (O).
Courtesy K. S. Vecchio
Amino Acids
Missing eqn
Polypeptide ChainsAlpha Helix and Beta Sheet Structures
Collagen
Triple helix structure of collagen
Adapted from Y. C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues (Berlin: Springer, 1993).
Collagen: Hierarchical Structure
Hierarchical organization of collagen,starting with triple helix,
and going to fibrils.
(From H. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed. (New York, W.H. Freeman & Company, 1999).)
Mechanical Properties of a Collagen Fiber
Idealized configuration of a wavy collagen fiber.
Stress–strain curve of collagen with three characteristic stages.
Muscles:Actin
Molecular structure of actin.
Muscles: Myosin
Muscles:Movement of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Action of cross-bridges when actin filament is moved to left with respect to myosin filament; notice how cross-bridges detach themselves, then reattach themselves to actin.
Muscle Structure: Sarcomere Units
Muscle Structure: Myofibril
Muscle Hierarchical Structure: from Fibrils to Fibers
Biological Material: Sponge Spicule
Stress-deflection responses of synthetic silica rod and sponge spicule in flexuretesting. (Courtesy of M. Sarikaya and G. Mayer.)
SEM of fractured sponge spicule showing two-dimensional onion-skin structure of concentric layers.
(Courtesy of G. Mayer and M. Sarikaya.)
Active (Smart) Materials:Ferroelectricity
(a)Effect of applied field E on dimension of ferroelectric material.
(b) Linear relationship between strain and electric field.
(a) (Courtesy of G. Ravichandran.)
Electronic Materials
Cross section of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).
(Adapted from W. D. Nix, Met. Trans., 20A (1989) 2217.)
Nanomaterials: Carbon NanotubesThree configurations for single wall carbon nanotubes:
arm chair;
“zig-zag”;
chiral.
(Adapted from M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus and R. Saito, Carbon, 33 (1995) 883.)
Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes
Array of parallel carbon nanotubes grown as a forest. (From R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov and W. A. de Heer, Science, 297 (2002) 787.)
Strength of Copper Whisker
Strength of Whiskers
Tensile Strength of Whiskers at R. T.
Turbine Blade Subjected to Centripetal Forces