MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF … · MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE REINFORCED EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITES Sivakumar.M Assistance professor, Department

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 196–207, Article ID: IJMET_07_02_022

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM

ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE

REINFORCED EPOXY HYBRID

COMPOSITES

Sivakumar.M

Assistance professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Maharaja Institute of Technology, Coimbatore–Tamilnadu

Ranjith kumar.M

Assistance professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

K.Ramakrishnan Collage of technology, Trichy

Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C, Sengottaiyan.P

Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Maharaja Institute of Technology, Coimbatore–Tamilnadu

ABSTRACT

Now-a-days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the

potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to

the use of glass, carbon and other man-made fibres. Attempts have been made

in this project work to study the effect of fibre loading on the physical,

mechanical and water absorption behavior of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced

epoxy based hybrid composites and it’s fabricated by hydraulic press

technique. Work has been carried out to investigate the flexural properties,

tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and water absorption test of the

composites and compared with glass and epoxy composite. It has been

observed that the tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness increase

with the increase in the weight fraction of natural fibers to certain extent. The

morphology of composites is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope

(SEM).

Key words: Natural Fibres, Glass/Nylon/Jute, Scanning Electron Microscope

Cite this Article Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D,

Sabarish.C and Sengottaiyan.P, Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of

Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. International

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp. 196–207.

http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=2

http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=2

Mechanical Properties and SEM analysis of Glass/Nylon/Jute Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid

Composites


1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforcement provides strength and rigidity, helping to support structural load. The

matrix or binder (organic or inorganic) maintains the position and orientation of the

reinforcement. Significantly, constituents of the composites retain their individual,

physical and chemical properties; yet together they produce a combination of qualities

which individual constituents would be incapable of producing alone. The

reinforcement may be platelets, particles or fibers and are usually added to improve

mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength and toughness of the matrix material.

Long fibers that are oriented in the direction of loading offer the most efficient load

transfer. This is because the stress transfer zone extends only over a small part of the

fiber-matrix interface and perturbation effects at fiber ends may be neglected. In other

words, the ineffective fiber length is small. Popular fibers available as continuous

filaments for use in high performance composites are glass, carbon and aramid fibers.

If the fibres are derived from natural resources like plants or some other living

species; they are called natural-fibres. Among all reinforcing fibres, natural fibres

have gained great significance as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites.

Depending upon the source of origin, natural fibres are classified as plant, animal and

mineral fibres. Recently, due to the growing global energy crisis and ecological risks,

natural fibres reinforced polymer composites have attracted more research interests.

Rana Prashant Singh (2015) among an assortment of fibres, jute is widely used

natural fibre due to its advantages like easy of availability, low concentration, low

fabrication cost and satisfactory mechanical assets. Designed for a composite

material, their mechanical action depends on many issues such as fibre content,

orientation, types, length etc. A hybrid composite is a combination of two or more

dissimilar kinds of fibre in which one type of fibre stability the scarcity of an

additional fibre [15]. Sathish. S et al (2014) three different fibers such as sisal, jute

and glass with thermo sets epoxy resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as

15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite has more tensile and

impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite[16].

2. MATERIALS USED

The main advantages of natural fibres are their availability, biodegradable, renewable,

environmental friendly, low cost, low density, high specific properties, good thermal

properties and enhanced the energy recovery, low energy consumption, non-abrasive

nature and low cost. These fibres are low-cost fibres with low density and high

specific properties which are comparable to synthetic fibres. The raw materials used

in this work are,

Jute fibre

Glass fibre

Nylon fibre

Epoxy resin and

Hardener

3. METHODOLOGY AND FABRICATION TECHNIQUES

The composite materials are fabricated by hydraulic press technique process. Jute

fibre, glass fibre and nylon fibre were cut into the dimensions of length and breadth is

of 250×150mm was used to prepare the specimen. The composite specimen consists

of totally 14 layers fibres. A measured amount of epoxy is taken for different volume

Sivakumar.M, Ranjith kumar.M, Sasikumar.S, Prabhu.D, Sabarish.C and

Sengottaiyan.P


fraction of fibre and mixed with the hardener in the ratio of 10:1.The layers of fibers

were fabricated by adding the required amount of epoxy resin. The glass fibre is

mounted on the table and the epoxy resin is applied on it. Before the resin gets dried,

the second layer of natural fiber is mounted over the glass fiber. The process is

repeated till six 12 layers of different fibres. The epoxy resin applied is distributed to

the entire surface by means of a roller. The air gaps formed between the layers during

the processing were gently squeezed out.

Figure 1 Hydraulic press

The processed wet composite were then pressed hard and the excess resin is

removed and dried. Finally these specimens were hydraulic pressed to force the air

present in between the fibres and resin, and then kept for several hours to get the

perfect samples as shown in figure 1. After the composite material dried completely,

the composite material was taken out from the hydraulic press and rough edges were

neatly cut and removed as per the required ASTM standards. Four types of

composites were prepared and their composition as shown in table 1.

Table 1 Composition of Composites

Composites Compositions

C1 glass 37% + nylon 23% + jute 23% + epoxy 18%

C2 glass 11% + nylon 26% + jute 35% + epoxy 20%

C3 glass 87% + epoxy 13%

C4 nylon35% + jute 39% + epoxy26%

The hybrid composites were prepared by using weight fraction as shown figure.4.

The different composite plates are prepared by changing the weight fraction of glass,

jute, nylon and epoxy. The composite plates were cut for our requirements testing

based on the ASTM standards like tensile testing, flexural testing, impact testing,

hardness and etc.

4. MECHANICAL TEST

4.1. TENSILE TEST

The standard used is ASTM D638- 03 the gauge length and cross head speeds are

chosen according to the standard as shown in figure 2. The test is carried out in

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at room temperature. The test involves application

of tension in the work piece until it fracture. The tensile stress recorded according to

strain. The test conducted for the following combinations and corresponding graph is

plotted. The fabricated specimen for tensile test is presented in the figure 2.

Type of test: Tensile strength

Standard : ASTM D638-03


Composites


Figure 2 ASTM D638-03 standard for tensile test

4.2. FLEXURAL TEST

The three points bending flexural test of composite sample is carried out in ASTM D

790 test standard. In flexural test, a uniaxial load was applied through both the end.

The flexural test specimen of bidirectional glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy

hybrid composites is shown in following Figure 3. Type of test: 3 point Flexural Test

Standard : ASTM D 790

Figure 3 Flexural testing machine

4.3. IMPACT TEST

The Charpy impact test is carried out in Charpy setup and standard followed is ASTM

D256-05 as shown in figure 4.The center of the specimen is made into a shape of V-

notch and it is loaded for testing. The pendulum is present in the idle position and it is

released and made to hit the V-notch repeatedly until it gets fractured. The effect of

strain rate on fracture and ductility of the material can be determined by using the

impact test.

Figure 4 Impact testing specimen

4.4. MICRO-HARDNESS TEST

Micro-hardness tester is used to measure the hardness of fabricate composite

specimens. Figure.8 shows the experimental set up for micro-hardness test. A

diamond indenter in the form of a right pyramid of a square base of an angle 136°

between opposite faces under a load P is forced into the specimen. After the removal

of load, the two diagonals of the indentation (D1 and D2) left on the surface of the


Sengottaiyan.P


specimen are measured and their arithmetic mean L is calculated. In the present study,

the load is considered as P = 25N and Vickers hardness number is calculated using the

following equation:

Hv =0.1889

and L=

Where P= applied load (N)

L = diagonal of square impression (mm)

D1 = horizontal length (mm)

D2 =vertical length (mm)

4.5. WATER ABSORPTION

Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified

conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used,

temperature and length of exposure. For the water absorption test, the weights of the

samples of the composites of glass/nylon/jute fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid

composites were taken and then submerged them to normal water glass beaker at

room temperature for different time periods. At certain time intervals, Specimens of

the composites of glass/nylon/jute fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were

taken out from the beaker and wiped smoothly with tissue paper or a lint free cloth

and then weighed immediately. Percent of water absorption was then calculated using

the formula. Water absorption test of composite sample is carried out in ASTM D750-

98 test standard. The water absorption test specimen of glass/nylon/jute fiber

reinforced epoxy hybrid composites

Percentage of water uptake of the sample was then calculated using the following

formula.

Where,

Wup(%) = % of water uptake of the sample in %

Wi= Initial weight before immersion in water

Wf= Final weight after immersion in water

4.6. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces

images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. The

morphological characterization of the composite surface is observed in scanning

electron microscope of Model JEOL JSM-6480LV.The composite samples are

cleaned properly; air dried and are coated with 100 Å thick platinum in JEOL sputter

ion coater and observed SEM at 20 kV. A thin film of platinum is vacuum evaporated

onto the composite specimens in order to improve the conductivity before the

micrographs are taken. The fracture surface morphology of the composite specimens

is observed by means of SEM.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1. TENSILE TEST

This chapter deals with mechanical behavior and water absorption behavior of

glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites. The percentage of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron


Composites


elongation (%) is higher than the composite C1 for the percentage of nylon fibre.

Nylon fibre higher elongation properties that’s why composite C1 have high

elongation of 13.67% as shown in table 2. The load withstanding capacity of

composite C1 is more than composite C4. The three different composite specimens

C1,C2 and C4 glass-nylon-jute fibre composites are tested in the universal testing

machine to find the young’s modulus, stress and percentage of elongation. These three

composites mechanical properties are compared with pure glass fibre composite C3.

The graph indicates that the value of ultimate tensile strength of component C1 is

higher than the other components.

Table 2 Result for tensile test of composite materials

Composites

Young’s

modulus (E) Load(P) Stress(S)

MPa N MPa

C1 2889.405 3948.725 47.00863

C2 888.16 2524.797 25.76323

C3 9675.336 11023.65 271.7665

C4 942.1875 3791.61 45.13821

We are known about maximum possibilities of ultimate strength from the

composite C3. The pure fibre composite C3 gives higher young’s modulus of

9675.336Mpa.

Figure 5 Tensile result of components

But are studied the mechanical behavior of glass/nylon/jute based polymer

composites and compared with pure glass fibre composite C3.Young’s modulus value

of composite C3 in equal to 4 times of composite C1 as shown in figure 12.Table 2

compared the various mechanical properties of composite C1, C2 and C4 compared

with C3. It can be absorbed that young’s modulus of composite C1 is more than the

composite C2 and C4.The composite C4 consulting of nylon and jute fibres, but not

presence of glass fibre. Their stress value is 45.13Mpa nearly equal to composite C1

as shown in figure 5.The percentage of elongation of composite C1(glass 37% +

nylon 23% + jute 23% + epoxy 18%) is found to be higher than the other composites

C2 and C4, hence it is found to be more ductile in nature.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-2 0 2 4

Ten

sile

str

ess[

Mpa]

Extension[%]

C3

C1

C2

C4


Sengottaiyan.P


5.2. FLEXURAL TEST

The resulted table 3 indicates that the flexural modulus and flexural strength of

different variation of fabricated composites. The flexural strength of composite C3 is

246.87MPa and these value equal to three times of composite C3. But nylon-jute

composite C4 flexural strength is 70.89MPa nearly equal to composite C1.

Table 3 Result for Flexural test of composite materials

Figure 6 flexural load for C1,C2,C3 &C4 components

From the figure 6 it is evident that the flexural modulus of composite C1 and C4

along longitudinal direction 2912.8MPa and 2532.9MPa respectively. As a result

there will be weak adhesion of epoxy resin with the Jute fibre, accordingly flexural

strength decreases. The force vs deformation curve for three different types of

composites is shown in figure 6. The flexural property of jute-nylon composite has

nearly equal strength of glass based jute-nylon composite. The curve increases

linearly with respect to displacement up to the maximum flexural load and then it gets

decreased. The flexural modulus of the composite is found from the linear portion of

the curve by determining the load and its corresponding deformation which shows

jute-nylon-glass hybrid composite has highest flexural modulus when compared to

other two composites C2 and C4

5.3. IMPACT TEST

Impact test is conducted to analyses the energy absorbed by the specimen of different

composites. The impact test is done by charpy impact test machine. The nylon, jute

hybrid composite has high impact strength due to the presence of nylon and jute fibre.

Result indicated that the maximum impact strength is obtained for nylon-jute hybrid

composites are 28.84 kJ/m2. The energy absorbed by each composites are calculated

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-10 0 10 20

Sta

ndar

d f

orc

e[M

pa]

Deformation[%]

C2

C1

C3

C4

Composites

Flexural

modulus(EH)

Flexural

strength(SM)

MPa MPa

C1 2912.871 79.69587

C2 1435.742 41.75701

C3 9950.879 246.8793

C4 2532.911 70.89729


Composites


when it is impacted by a heavy blow from pendulum crack is formed. The crack

usually travels through the fibre and epoxy resin of the composite. The impact

strength of the composite C4 is more than the composite C2 and C1 as shown in

figure 7. But pure glass fibre composite C3 impact strength is two times equal to

impact strength of the composite C4 for the reason of presence of pure glass fibre in

composite C3.

Figure 7 Impact strength of composites

5.4. HARDNESS TEST

Figure 8 Hardness of the composite specimens

The micro hardness measured by Vickers hardness test machine. The hardness

value of composite C1 is 28 Hv. The hardness of jute-nylon composite C4 is nearly

equal to hardness of C1 as shown in figure 8.

5.5. WATER ABSOBTION TEST

Figure 9 Weight of water uptake in grms

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4

Impac

t st

rength

(kJ/

m2)

Specimen

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

C1 C2 C3 C4

Mic

ro h

ardnes

s

Specimens

0

5

10

15

20

25

com

po

site

s w

eight

in

gra

ms

Immersion time in hrs

WATER OBSORBTION

C1

C2

C3

C4


Sengottaiyan.P


The water uptakes of the composite were plotted against soaking time of 160

hours. The result indicated that composite C1 (glass 37% + nylon 23% + jute 23% +

epoxy 18%) poor water absorption characteristics. After 24 hours, the composite C1

absorbed 5% of water. But water absorption capacity of composite C1 is almost equal

to composite C4 (nylon35% + jute 39% + epoxy26%) around 5.56%. The percentage

of water absorption of fabricated composites as shown in figure 10.The Weight water

uptake for different composites with respect to soaking time as shown in figure 9.

The results indicate that water absorption of these composites is mainly due to

presence of jute fibres. The main reasons are the lumen, the cell & gaps between

fibres and epoxy resin in the case of weak interface adhesion in obtained. The

maximum water absorption obtained in composite C2 of 9.52%due to above

mentioned the reason.

Figure 10 Percentage of water absorption

5.6. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

The following Figure shows that information about the sample's surface topography

and composition of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy composite after

composites fabrication. The topography properties of the fabricated composite surface

show the variation in mechanical properties through phase information of the

fabricated composites specimens. Figure 11(a) shows that phase of jute-glass-jute

fibre composite. It can be seen that topography that poor bonding capacity of

composite. So that mechanical properties are reduced. Figure 11(b) shows that jute-

nylon-glass fibre bundles were obtained, which indicates that these fibres were not

properly wet by epoxy polymer resin and thus led to low stress. Figure 11(c) shows

that large number of glass fibre were found, which indicates that high cohesive properties of glass fibre.

Fibre 11(d) indicates that presence of nylon-jute fibres which indicate that

medium interfacial bonding between nylon and jute and gives good mechanical

properties compared to composite C2.

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

24

48

72

96

120

144

168

Spes

imen

wei

ght

in g

ram

s

Immersion time in hrs

WATER OBSORPTION

C1

C2

C3

C4


Composites


11 (a) C1 Composite 11 (b) C2 Composite

11 (c) C3 Composite 11 (d) C4 composite

Figure 11 SEM image for Glass/nylon/jute com

6. CONCLUSIONS

This work shows that were successfully fabricated the glass/nylon/jute reinforced

polymer composites with different composition by simple hydraulic press technique.

The following results obtained from different testing, The results indicated that jute-

nylon fibre composite C4 gives stress is 45.1 MPa and these value is nearly equal to

glass fibre based jute-nylon fibre composite C1. The weight fraction of jute fibre is

increase, the percentage elongation increase of 13.67% for composite C1.The flexural

strength of composite C3 is 246.87MPa and these value equal to three times of

composite C3. But nylon-jute composite C4 flexural strength is 70.89MPa nearly

equal to composite C1. The deformation percentage is more than pure glass fibre

composite C3 hence it shows that ductile nature of composite C1.In Vickers hardness

test, the maximum hardness value is obtained 27.086 HV in pure glass fibre

composite C3. But nylon-jute fibre composite C4 is nearly equal hardness of glass

based jute-nylon composites C3.The maximum impact strength is obtained for

composite C3 and the value of 52.88 kJ/m2. But impact strength of composite C4 is

higher than the composite C1.The water absorption rate gradually increases with

increase in weight fraction of jute fibre. The maximum water absorption is obtained

for composite C2 due to presence of jute fibre. The SEM images of the fabricated

composite morphology of jute/nylon composites reveal that relativity less fibre

pullouts and deboning was observed for composite C2. It shows that better bonding

and better dispersion of composite C1 as compared with C2 and C4.


Sengottaiyan.P


7. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

This work can be further extended to study other aspects of such composites effect of

fiber content, fiber orientation, loading pattern, fiber treatment on mechanical

behavior of glass/jute/nylon reinforced epoxy composites and the resulting

experimental findings can be similarly analyzed.

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Documents

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF … · MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE REINFORCED EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITES Sivakumar.M Assistance professor, Department