MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE WITH GRAPHENE … · A wire hacksaw blade is used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces, for various experiments: Tensile test- Sample is

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE

WITH GRAPHENE AS A FILLER MATERIAL IN

POLYESTER COMPOSITE

Kolli Balasivarama Reddy[1]

, Annumula Sai Kiran Reddy[2]

, Sagala Bharath Sai Chand[3]

,

Paricharla Bharath Kumar[4]

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur-603203

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected].

ABSTRACT

Natural fibers are excessively occurred in nature as they are one of the renewable products. From

these natural fibers we can get high performance with more strength composite materials. This

will reduce the usage of synthetic materials and give eco friendly environment[1]

. Now a day’s

composites place a crucial role in day to day engineering applications. These polyester based

composites give good dimensions and mechanical properties[2]

. So our aim is make a composite

material with Bio-degradable (Natural) material such as bamboo fiber with polyester as a

reinforced material in the matrix phase and in addition with graphite as filler material to study its

mechanical behavior[3]

. Graphene is a widely available economical reinforcement material with

high stiffness, high modulus, high strength and high theoretical efficiency[4]

. In this project we

use a hand layup method to fabricate the composite material. These fibrous materials have good

stiffness and strength for mechanical applications. Reinforced material is a boon in the sense that

it uses shorter lead times and tooling cost is considerably cheaper[5]

. The filler material is used in

different composition to find variations in bonding properties. With this fabricated material we

can test its mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, vibration and also its tribological

behavior in dry condition by using pin-on-disc apparatus[6]

. For the above tests the American

society for testing and material (ASTM) standards were used[7]

.

KEY WORDS: Bamboo fibre, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP), Cobalt Oxide,

polyester, Reinforced Composites, polymer matrix.

INTRODUCTION:

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 7 2018, 989-1000ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

989

In the last two decades, there has been resurgence in renewable alternatives to petrochemical

based materials. Another approach that has also seen a significant effort has been the

development of natural fiber composites. These are usually materials made by mixing naturally

grown fibers and polymers in different ways. There has been a significant effort in this area as

well driven by a need to provide higher value products to agriculturalists. whereas graphene is a

form of carbon consisting of planar sheets which are one atom thick, with the atoms arranged in

a honeycomb-shaped lattice .Properties of Graphene are Another graphene’s stand-out properties

is its inherent strength. Graphene is the strongest material ever discovered, with an ultimate

tensile strength of 130,000,000,000 Pascal's (or 130 gigapascals), compared to 400,000,000 for

A36 structural steel, or 375,700,000 for Aramid.

FABRICATION PROCESS:

Step-1 Step-2 Step-3

Step-6 Step-5 Step-4

Figure 1: Fabrication Process

The above Flow chart shows the fabrication of the composite material.

Step 1: 300 grams of polyester resin was weighed in a beaker.

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

990

Step 2: 5% of polyester weight that is 15 grams of graphene was weighed using weighing

machine.

Step 3: Setting up stir casting machine along with stirrer. The rpm was set to 450 and the

process takes 4 Hrs for equal distribution of filler into the polyester resin.

Step-4: Wax was applied to the polythene sheet and this sheet was placed on wooden plank.

Step-5: Then Resin was applied as first coat to the sheet and bamboo fabric was placed on the coated

polyester before it get hardened.

Step-6: Then we applied polyester mixture to the first layer and place the second fabric on the

other like sandwiched.

Repeat the same until we get a thickness of 4mm.

The above process is repeated for different composites of filler i.e 10%,15%,20% of

graphene and four different mould are fabricated.

Table 1: Combination of Graphene for preparation of composite materials

SAMPLE COMPOSITION OF PLATE

0% Graphene 300gms polyester+0gms Graphene+ Bamboo fibre






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Figure 2: Fabricated Composite Material

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Cutting the test specimen to as per ASTM Standards:

A wire hacksaw blade is used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces, for various experiments:

Tensile test- Sample is cut into 250x25x4 mm (ASTM 3039).

Flexural test specimen was cut into 150x30x4 mm (ASTM D 790)

TENSILE TEST:

The tensile was done by using universal Testing Machine (UTM).

We performed tensile test for 3samples for each composition of the composite material and we

took mean values for better accuracy. The following are the values obtained from these test.

Table 2: Tensile Test Values


992

S.no Graphene % specimen

Load at

yeild

(KN)

Elongatio

n of yeild

(mm)

Yeild

stress

(N/mm^2

)

Load at

peak

(KN)

Tensile

strength

(N/mm^2

)1 1 1.72 5.19 21.529 2.36 29.539

2 2 1.74 5.13 22.16 2.44 31.075

3 3 1.98 5.29 22.826 2.32 26.746

4 Mean 1.813 5.203 22.171 2.37 29.12

5 1 1.6 5.14 19.464 2.56 31.464

6 2 1.48 5.15 18.645 2.54 33.645

7 3 1.58 4.45 19.199 2.82 32.199

8 Mean 1.55 4.913 19.102 2.66 32.49

9 1 2.12 7.92 25.481 2.66 35.48

10 2 2.28 7.19 27.5 2.44 35.5

11 3 2.18 6.7 27.645 2.34 35.24

12 Mean 2.19 6.4 26.875 2.48 34.358

13 1 2.14 5.23 26.349 2.48 33.349

14 2 1.8 4.47 22.431 2.3 32.431

15 3 2.02 5.04 26.142 2.82 32.142

16 Mean 1.984 4.913 24.974 2.533 33.877

17 1 2.26 4.96 26.475 2.44 28.584

18 2 1.94 4.57 22.489 2.46 28.517

19 3 1.32 2.13 15.615 2.14 25.315

20 Mean 1.84 3.88 21.52 2.34 35.472

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Figure 3: Tensile Test Specimens Figure 4: Tensile Test Specimens

(Beefore Test) (After Test)


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Figure 5 : Graphical Representation of Tensile test values

Tensile test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards of (250x25x4). After

doing test we found that Tensile strength is more for 20% graphene has highest tensile stress

with 35.472 N/mm2, nextly 10% graphene has tensile stress with 34.358N/mm

2 and we also

found that 0% graphene has least tensile strength with 29.12 N/mm2 .

FLEXURAL TEST:

The Flexural test was done using Universal Testing machine (UTM).

We performed flexural test on three samples for each composition of the composite material

and we took mean from that for better and accuracy results.

Table 3: Flexural test Values

29.1232.49

34.358 33.877 35.472

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0% Graphene 5% Graphene 10% Graphene 15% Graphene 20% GrapheneTen

sile

st

ren

gth

N/m

m2

Bamboo + Polyester + Garaphene filler %

Tensile strength N/mm^2


994

S.noGraphene

%

Specimen

Number

Load at

Peak(K

N)

C.H Travel

Head(mm)

Transverse

Strength

(N/mm^2)

1 1 0.12 18.54 99.86

2 2 0.245 18.62 98.64

3 3 0.146 18.52 98.72

4 Mean 0.125 18.485 99.059

5 1 5.73 18.63 97.1

6 2 5.62 19.25 124.62

7 3 5.94 16.2 86.72

8 Mean 5.79 17.62 102.81

9 1 0.8 14.96 52.079

10 2 0.71 14.27 56.37

11 3 0.11 14.18 54.89

12 Mean 0.9 14.47 164.7

13 1 0.12 12.64 119.837

14 2 0.23 12.35 201.612

15 3 0.13 15.13 120.703

16 Mean 0.15 13.373 147.384

17 1 0.72 17.52 474.48

18 2 0.18 12.89 113.92

19 3 0.47 23.76 348.8

20 Mean 0.456 18.056 324.45

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%


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Figure 5: Flexural Test Specimen Figure 6: Flexural Test Specimen

(Before Test) (After Test)

Figure 7: Graphical Representation of Flexural Test Values

Flexural test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards (150x30x4) mm. After

doing test we found that Transverse strength is more for 20% Grapheme has highest Transverse

strength with 324.45 N/mm2

, next 10% graphene has Transverse strength with 164.7 N/mm2

and we also found that 0% graphene has least tensile strength with 99.059 N/mm2.

Water Absorption Test:

Water absorption test is done on our specimen according to ASTM standards. After doing the

test we can say that the more amount of graphene material consumes less water. The factors that

affect water absorption test are the type of specimen, temperature and the material we had added

in it. The amount of water absorbed is calculated by using the formulae as below.

99.06 102.81

164.7147.384

324.456

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0% Graphene 5% Graphene 10% Graphene 15% Graphene 20% Graphene

Tra

nsv

erse

tes

t N

/mm

2

Transverse strength N/mm^2


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𝑾 =𝐌𝟐−𝐌𝟏

𝐌𝟏 x 100

Here M1 indicates the initial mass of the composite and M2 indicates the final mass of the

composite after water absorbed.

Table :4 Water Absorption

GRAPHENE

COMPOSTION

INITIAL

WEIGHT (M1)

FINAL

WEIGHT

(M2)

WATER

ABSORBED

PERCENTAGE

OF WATER

ABSORBED(%)

0% Graphene 14.538 15.296 0.782 5.37

5% Graphene 13.11 14.131 0.661 4.33

10% Graphene 13.141 13.931 0.590 3.77

15% Graphene 14.77 15.627 0.357 3.02

20% Graphene 17.291 17.825 0.234 1.96


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Figure 8: Comparison between % of water absorbed and different Graphene Compositions

Conclusion:

At the end of all testing it is found that Graphene reinforced laminates providing better

mechanical properties like Tensile strength, Flexural strength. We found that the tensile is more

for 20% graphene and coming to the 0% graphene it gradually decreased and in the Flexural test

we got high value for 20% graphene and coming to the 0% we got least value. For water

absorption test water absorption percentage is gradually decreasing by increasing of amount

graphene percentage. Over all the values between 15% graphene and 20% graphene are

gradually decreasing. By seeing these the properties of the material will increase up to certain

range of adding of filler material and after that it will decrease.

5.37

4.33

3.77

3.02

1.96

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0% Graphene

5% Graphene

10% Graphene

15% Graphene

20% Graphene

Per

centa

ge

%

Bamboo + Polyester + Graphene filler %

Percentage Of Water Absorbed

Percentage Of Water Absorbed


998

REFERENCE

[1] Vivek Kumar, Sanat Mohanty, “High Performance Moldable Bamboo Fiber-Epoxy

Composites” Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Inkilab Technologies Private Limited.page-1

[2] C.S. Verma, V.M. Chariar, AICTE, “Development Of Layered Laminate Bamboo

Composite And Their Mechanical Properties” Chanderlok Building, Janpath, New Delhi,

India.Volume-43 issue-3

[3] Manuela Cano, Umar Kahn, Toby Sainsbury, et al, “Improving The Mechanical

Properties Of Graphene Oxide Based Materials By Covalent Attachment Of Polymer

Chains’’ Instituto De Carboquimica Icb-Csic, C/Miguel Lusma Castan 4. E-50018 Zaragoza,

Spain Centre Of Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nano devices(CRANN) School Of

Physics Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.Volume-52

[4] William Slocumb, “Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites for Prosthetics and Orthotics”

Department of Bio Medical, Chemical and Materials Engineering.

[5] N.Saba, M.Jawaid, Othman Y. Alothman, M.T.Paridah “A Review On Dynamic

Mechanical Properties Of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites” Biocomposite

Technology Laboratory, Institution Of Tropical Forestry And Forest Products(INTROP),

University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Upm Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Chemical Engineering

Department, College Of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Volume-106

[6] Karen Davis(MSc) “Material Review: Alumina (Al2O3) “Student Of PHd In Chemical

Engineering At The School Of Doctoral Studies Of The EU Square De Meeus 37-4th

Floor 1000

Brussels, Belgium.Volume-74

[7] M.Bagci, H.Imrek and Omari M. Khalfan “Effects Of Silicon Oxide Filler Material A nd

Fibre Orientation On Erosive Wear Of GF/EP Composites”.Volume-65

[8] Dr.-Ing.Dipl.-Chem, Ulrich Riedel, Dip.-Ing.J^rg Nickel Institute “Applications of

Natural Fiber Composites for Constructive Parts in Aerospace, Automobiles, And Other

Areas”.Volume-45


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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE WITH GRAPHENE … · A wire hacksaw blade is used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces, for various experiments: Tensile test- Sample is