Mechanism of deterioration due to frost damage and ... · ①Frost damage mechanism due to deicing agents penetration → Influence of temperature histories → Influence of deicing

Mechanism of deterioration due

to frost damage and

performance prediction

Hokkaido University

HASHIMOTO Katsufumi

1

For Durability design of concrete structure under freeze-thaw actions

① Frost damage mechanism due to→ Influence of temperature histories

→ Influence of deicing agents

② Permeability under freeze-thaw cycles→ Pore structure (MIP and X-ray CT)

→ Effective diffusion coefficient and Apparent diffusion coefficient

③ Life Cycle Management and Life Cycle Cost→ Dispersion of deicing agents

→ Design of a concrete structure in cold region

2


① Frost damage mechanism due to→ Influence of temperature histories






3

① Frost damage mechanism due to

Influence of temperature history

20℃

-20℃

20℃

-20℃4h 3h 4h

-10℃/h +10℃/h

2h 1.5h 2h

-20℃/h +20℃/h

【RILEM12hr】【RILEM6hr】

Temp. Temp.

30mm5mm

Water absorption in

every 5cycles

Attached strain gauges

1h 5h 8h 12h12h12h12h 30min 150min 4h 6h6h6h6h

20℃

-20℃

20min 100min 160min 4h4h4h4h

20℃

-20℃


4h 3h 4h 2h 1.5h 2h

80min 60min 80min

-30℃/h +30℃/h

40min 30min 40min

-60℃/h +60℃/h

【RILEM4hr】【RILEM2hr】Time Time

Temp.

Time

Temp.

Time4

5mm

70mm

FTC under sealed condition

analysis



0

200

400

600

800

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 300

200

400

600

800

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Strain(µ)Strain(µ)

Residual strain=364(µ) Residual strain=491(µ)【RILEM12hr】【RILEM6hr】

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-400

-200-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-400

-200-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Strain(µ)

Temp.(℃)

Strain(µ)

Temp.(℃)

Temp.(℃)Temp.(℃)

Residual strain=128(µ) Residual strain=45(µ)


5



1

2

3

1

2

3

Residual strain=364(µ)

Tensile strength ft =1.28[MPa]Elastic modulus E =4.75[GPa]

Residual strain=491(µ)

Tensile strength ft =0.84[MPa]Elastic modulus E =2.66[GPa]


Tisil

estress (MPa)

Tisil

estress (MPa)

00 0.05 0.1

00 0.05 0.1

0

1

2

3

0 0.05 0.10

1

2

3

0 0.05 0.1Crack width (mm)

Tisil

estre

ss

(MPa)

Residual strain=128(µ)Tensile strength ft =1.37[MPa]Elastic modulus E =5.03[GPa]

Residual strain=45(µ)Tensile strength ft =1.83[MPa]Elastic modulus E =7.69[GPa]


Crack width (mm)

Tisil

estre

ss

(MPa)

Crack width (mm)

Tisil

e

Crack width (mm)

Tisil

e

6


① Frost damage mechanism due to deicing agents penetration→ Influence of temperature histories






7

100

200

300

D-FTR

esid

ual str

ain

(µ)

without NaCl

① Frost damage mechanism due to deicing agents penetration

Influence of deicing agents

00 10 20 30

N-FT

Freeze Thaw cycles

Resid

ual str

ain

(µ

with NaCl

Deicing agent (NaCl) is possible to accelerate

frost damage (increase of strain)

8

with NaCl

Under FTC

without NaCl

Under FTC

10cycle

20cycle

50cycle

10cycle

20cycle

50cycle

M

EF

K



5 10 15

2θ(°)

Initial

5cycle

5 10 15

2θ(°)

Initial

5cycle

XRD peak

M: Monosulfate

E: Ettringite

K:Kuzel’s Salt

F:Friedel’s Salt

OHCaSOOAlCaO 2432 123 ⋅⋅⋅OHCaSOOAlCaO 2432 3233 ⋅⋅⋅

OHCaClOAlCaO 2232 103 ⋅⋅⋅OHCaClCaSOOAlCaO 22432 1021213 ⋅⋅⋅⋅

9

with NaCl

Under FTC

with NaCl

Under 20℃ condition

1week

2week

5week

10cycle

20cycle

50cycleE

FK

=10cycle

=20cycle

=50cycle

F

K

M



XRD peak

M: Monosulfate

E: Ettringite

K:Kuzel’s Salt

F:Friedel’s Salt

OHCaSOOAlCaO 2432 123 ⋅⋅⋅OHCaSOOAlCaO 2432 3233 ⋅⋅⋅

OHCaClOAlCaO 2232 103 ⋅⋅⋅OHCaClCaSOOAlCaO 22432 1021213 ⋅⋅⋅⋅

Initial

0.5week

5 10 15

2θ(°)

Initial

5cycle=5cycle

5 10 15

2θ(°)

10








11

② Permeability under freeze-thaw cycles

Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter (MIP)

- influence of temperature history -

Under depressurization Under depressurization

12

Under depressurization

Low continuityHigh continuity

Pore size

Cumulative pore volume

Under pressurization

Pore size

Cumulative pore volume

Under pressurization

Permeability: Low, Frost damage: ? Permeability: High, Frost damage: ?



20℃

-20℃

20℃

-20℃4h 3h 4h

-10℃/h +10℃/h

2h 1.5h 2h

-20℃/h +20℃/h


Temp. Temp.

1h 5h 8h 12h12h12h12h 30min 150min 4h 6h6h6h6h

20℃

-20℃


20℃

-20℃


4h 3h 4h 2h 1.5h 2h

80min 60min 80min

-30℃/h +30℃/h

40min 30min 40min

-60℃/h +60℃/h

【RILEM4hr】【RILEM2hr】Time Time

Temp.

Time

Temp.

Time13

0.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex20.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex2

Cumulative pore volume(cm3/g)





「in1」：1st intrusion 「ex1」：1st evacuation 「in2」：2nd intrusion 「ex2」：2nd evacuation

No FTC

2hr/cycle

×10cycle

14

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

ex2

Pore diameter(µm)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

ex2

Pore diameter(µm)

Cumulative pore volume(cm



X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT)


0.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex20.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex2




No FTC

4hr/cycle

×10cycle

15

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Pore diameter(µm)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

ex2

Pore diameter(µm)



0.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex20.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex2







No FTC

6hr/cycle

×10cycle

16

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Pore diameter(µm)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

ex2

Pore diameter(µm)



0.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex20.03

0.04

0.05in1

ex1

in2

ex2







No FTC

17

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Pore diameter(µm)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

ex2

Pore diameter(µm)



12hr/cycle

×10cycle

Pore connectivity：6hr>12hr>4hr>2hr

Cumulative pore volume： 12hr>6hr>2hr>4hr




Capturing an 3D image Random Walk Simulation (RWS)

18

L




L

Lτ

''=

L

Lτ

'''' =Tortuosity: τ

Capturing an 3D image Random Walk Simulation (RWS)

19

L

'L

''L




( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )

∑=

−+

−+

−

=n

i

iDi

iDi

D

ztz

yty

xtx

ntr

1 2

2

2

2

0

0

0

1 n：number of Walker

x, y, z：displacement of Walker

tD：time step

Average displacement of random walker from start to end point

20

( ) ( )( )= −+

i

iDi ztz1 2

0tD：time step

( )( )

D

D

Ddt

trdtD

2

6

1=

Self-diffusion coefficient

D

Dτ 0=

Tortuosity

0D ：Self-diffusion coefficient (θ=100%)

D ：Self-diffusion coefficient (porous body)








21


3

4

PAE-D

PAE-Cwith NaCl

without NaCl

Effe

ctive

Diffu

sio

n

co

effic

ien

t (c

m2/y

ea

r)

Effective diffusion coefficient and Apparent diffusion coefficient

- influence of deicing agents -

eD apD

cycle year

Ap

pa

ren

t d

iffu

sio

n c

oe

ffic

ien

t apD

22

0

1

2

0 10 20 30 40 50

Freeze-thaw cycles

Effe

ctive

Diffu

sio

n

co

effic

ien

t (c

m

( ) int02

1, CtD

xerfCtxC

ap

+

⋅−=

yearAp

pa

ren

t d

iffu

sio

n c

oe

ffic

ien

t

year


Effective diffusion coefficient Apparent diffusion coefficient

The number of FTC Time in real situationShould be converted

Could be related

eD apD

cycle year

23

Freeze-thaw testⅠ・measure De

・ caluculate Dap

Freeze-thaw testⅡ・measure chloride ion content

・measure C0

Simulation of chloride ion diffusion by using Dap and C0

( ) int02

1, CtD

xerfCtxC

ap

+

⋅−=


Effective diffusion coefficient Apparent diffusion coefficient

The number of FTC Time in real situationShould be converted

Could be related

eD apD

cycle year

Freeze-thaw testⅠ Freeze-thaw testⅡ

24

Freeze-thaw testⅠ Freeze-thaw testⅡ

40mm

40mm

70mm

5mmNaCl 5mass%

30mm5mm

70mm

Water absorption in

every 5cycles

Sealed FTC

FTC with one side immersion


① Frost damage mechanism due to FTC cinditions→ Influence of temperature histories




③ Life Cycle Management and Life Cycle Cost→ Dispersion of deicing agents (NaCl)


25

③ Life Cycle Management and Life Cycle Cost

bridge

abutment

C

26

abutment

地覆・壁高欄

beam

A

BArea

Pathway of deicing agents and

thaw water

ABridge seat and lateral side

(water leak and stagnant)

B Footing crest

C Roadway side

Areacase1

Co(kg/m3) cover(cm)

A 11 6

B 7 4

C 6 4

Areacase2

Co(kg/m3) cover(cm)

A 10 6

B 6 4

C 5 4

Areacase33 Area

case43

③ Life Cycle Management and Life Cycle Cost

Clim it =1.2 (kg/m3)

27

AreaCo(kg/m

3) cover(cm)

A 11 7

B 7 5

C 6 5

AreaCo(kg/m

3) cover(cm)

A 6 6

B 6 4

C 5 4

sWC 286.00 =

Hideaki SAKAI: A study on predictive method of the chloride ion

concentration of bridge protective barrier in region using the antifreezing

agent, Journal of JSCE, E2 (Materials and Concrete Structures), 2010

Ws：An amout of deicinagent dispersion (kg/m)


① Frost damage mechanism due to FTC condition→Temperature history and chloride penetration influenced on

progress of frost damage, which was shown in hydration products,

strain, pore structure and physical characteristics.

② Permeability under freeze-thaw cycles→Pore structure subjected to FTC was investigated by multi-

dimensional analysis with using MIP and X-ray CT.

→Permeability was related to pore continuity and tortuosity.

③ Life Cycle Management and Life Cycle Cost→ Method of deicing agents dispersion and Design of a concrete

structure in cold region were affecting LCC and that was

evaluated quantitatively. 28

Thank you very much for your kind attention!!

29

Thank you very much for your kind attention!!

Documents

Mechanism of deterioration due to frost damage and ... · ①Frost damage mechanism due to deicing agents penetration → Influence of temperature histories → Influence of deicing