Media Timeline: Key EventsCindy Royal, Ph.D

Associate Professor

Texas State University

School of Journalism and Mass Communication

croyal@txstate.edu

www.cindyroyal.com

www.onthatnote.com

cindytech.wordpress.com

twitter.com/cindyroyal

facebook.com/cindyroyal

Media Timeline

Media and tech tightly tied to trade (china - silk production), production, math, calendars, astronomy, science, art, law; highly influenced by economic, political and social events

International influences - Asia, Europe New technology has often reflected/disrupted shifts in

power over time - from the few to the many

1600-1900 1605: First regularly published weekly newspaper appears in

Antwerp.

1650: Leipzig publishes the first daily newspaper.

1690: After one issue Publick Occurrences, first colonial newspaper, is suppressed.

1702: The first daily newspaper in the English language, the Daily Courant.

1783: Pennsylvania Evening Post, the first daily newspaper in America.

1794: Nearly flat rate U.S. postal law mails most newspapers for a penny stamp.

1797: In England, a heavy tax is levied on newspapers to limit the radical press.

1801: Joseph-Marie Jacquard loom uses punch cards, anticipates computers.

1827: First African-American newspaper, Freedom’s Journal.

1828: First Native American newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix.

1833: A penny buys a newspaper, the New York Sun, opening a mass market.

1834: Babbage conceives the analytical engine, forerunner of the computer.

1870: More than 5,000 newspapers are published in the U.S.

1843: Byron’s daughter, Ada Lovelace, explains concept of computer programming.

1898: Newspapers, led by Hearst and Pulitzer, help push U.S. into war with Spain.

1900-1950 1900: U.S. has 2,150 daily newspapers, 478 tri- or semi-weeklies, 14,717 weeklies.

1900: Total newspaper circulation in U.S. passes 15 million daily.

1900: 562 cities in U.S. have more than one daily newspaper; New York City has 29.

1914: 1,300 journals, 140 daily newspapers in U.S. targeted to ethnic populations.

1930: Lowell Thomas begins first regular U.S. network newscast.

1930: BBC transmits a play by television, 240 lines/sec of resolution.

1930: Vannevar Bush’s partly electronic computer can solve differential equations.

1933: U.S. newspapers pressure AP to cut service to radio, start “Press-Radio War.”

1933: FDR begins radio Fireside Chats, bypasses hostile newspapers.

1936: BBC starts world’s first regular television service, three hours a day.

1938: CBS World News Roundup ushers in modern newscasting.

1941: Radio networks on 24/7; heavy on news.

1942: Atanasoff and Berry in Iowa build the first electronic digital computer.

1944: NBC presents first U.S. televised network newscast, a curiosity.

1944: Harvard’s Mark I, first digital computer to be put in service.

1946: University of Pennsylvania’s ENIAC heralds the modern electronic computer.

1948: CBS and NBC begin nightly 15-minute television newscasts.

1948: WFIL-FM, owned by Philadelphia newspaper, transmits fax editions twice a day.

1949: Hollywood studios begin to produce television programs.

1949: The United States has 98 television stations.

1950-1970 1950: Nielsen’s Audimeter tracks television audiences.

1951: Color television sets go on sale.

1951: Univac I is the first mass-produced computer.

1952: Television sets in about 19 million U.S. homes.

1954: 54% of American homes have television sets.

1957: Many television programs switch to color.

1958: The microchip; it will enable the computer revolution.

1959: Television sets in more than 46 million U.S. homes.

1960: 90% of American homes have television sets.

1961: The time-sharing computer is developed.

1961: FCC Chairman Newton Minow calls television a “vast wasteland..

1963: TV is now principal source of news in U.S., according to Roper Poll.

1963: Douglas Engelbart gets a patent for the computer mouse.

1963: TV news “comes of age” in reporting JFK assassination.

1963: Julia Child cooks on television as The French Chef.

1967: Newspapers, magazines start to digitize production/computers in operation

1968: 60 Minutes starts ticking, proves than news on TV can be profitable.

1965: FCC rules bring structure to cable television.

1969: UCLA computer sends data to Stanford computer, foreshadowing Internet.

1970-1990 1972: Philadelphia Inquirer builds a computer database for a news story.

1972: The Xerox Alto, first computer with mouse and graphical interface.

1974: U.S. newspapers start to replace reporters’ typewriters with terminals.

1975: On television, Saturday Night Live.

1975: In Los Angeles, the first computer store; it sells assembled computers.

1975: Microsoft founded

1976: Apple Computer founded

1976: Barbara Walters becomes first woman to anchor a U.S. TV nightly network newscast.

1979: News groups arrive on the Internet.

1980: A 25 lb. portable computer is favorite of reporters who send news from field. RS TRS- 80

1980: CNN, 24-hour news channel, begins reports.

1981: The laptop computer is introduced by Tandy.

1982: USA Today is a newspaper influenced by television news style.

1983: Time names the computer as "Man" of the Year for 1982.

1983: Apple's Lisa, the first microcomputer with a graphical user interface.

1984: Apple Macintosh and IBM PC AT are introduced.

1983: Computer chip holds 288,000 bits of memory.

1983: TCP/IP becomes standard for Internet communication between computers.

1983: Internet domains get names instead of hard-to-remember numbers.

1985: America Online founded as Quantum Computer Services.

The '90s 1991: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) written; helps create the World Wide Web.

1992: Number of newspapers offering online news rises to 150.

1993: Graphical user interface, Mosaic, is developed for the World Wide Web.

1994: Two million computers connected to the Internet.

1994: Almost 1/3 of all American homes have a computer.

1994: Radio HK, a 24-hour Internet-only radio station.

1995: U.S. population continues to increase, but newspaper readership declines.

1995: 30 million Internet users worldwide.

1995: Amazon.com starts selling books online, will become Web’s hottest retailer.

1996: From Microsoft: Hotmail.com, a Web-based email site.

1996: 45 million Internet users, including 30 million in U.S.

1996: More than 100,000 Web sites, and growing fast.

1996: Computer makers sell flat-panel displays.

1996: A pocket telephone/computer comes on the market.

1996: Several large newspapers offer Web access to archives.

1997: Streaming audio and video are available on the Web.

The '90s, continued 1993: Wired Magazine launches

1994: NY Times on AOL

1995: Craigslist, Houston Chron online

1997: 2,600 U.S. newspapers have Internet sites or dial-up connections.

1997: 43% of U.S. homes have computers

1997: Blackhawk Down on Philadelphia Inquirer

1998: Drudge Report, an online website, breaks news of Clinton-Lewinsky affair.

1998: 3,250 newspapers, 1,280 TV stations now have online websites.

1998: Google

1998: 150 million Internet users estimated at year’s end, half in the U.S.

1998: Estimated number of World Wide Web pages: 300 million.

1998: Estimated number of Web pages added each day: 1.5 million.

1998: Apple unveils the colorful iMac computer.

1999: Number of U.S. daily newspapers drops to 1,483; total 56 million circulation.

1999: Nielsen, Arbitron start World Wide Web rating service.

1999: 150 million Internet users can access more than 800 million web pages.

1999: Blogger starts

2000s 2000: Seventy million computers connected to the Internet. 2001: Dotcom bust, 9/11 tributes, Wikipedia launches 2002: Google News, an automated service without human

editors. 2002: Friendster sets up Internet social contact network. 2002: On the Web, creators of online journals, or "web logs," now

"blog on." 2003: 239 million computer games are sold. 2003: From Apple Computer: the browser Safari. 2003: Cell phones add computer and Internet capabilities. 2003: Google buys Blogger; MySpace launched 2004: Facebook 2005: YouTube launches; News Corp buys MySpace

2000s, continued 2006: TV networks place their most popular programs on the Web.

2006: Battle in Congress over "net neutrality" regarding website access.

2006: YouTube Invention of the Year; You – Person of the Year; Google Buys YouTube

2009: Major U.S. newspapers face bankruptcy as readers, income erode.

2007: iPhone surfs Web, emails, plays videos, iTunes, makes phone calls, takes pictures; Invention of the Year.

2007: Twitter

2008: Candidates embrace social media

2009: Hudson plane crash photo on Twitter

2010: iPad brings multi-touch email, books, movies, maps, apps.

2010: Foursquare and Gowalla

2010: iPad released

2010: Mark Zuckerberg Person of the Year; The Social Network

2011: Steve Jobs dies

2011: Egyptian protests

2011: Coupon sites, like Groupon, launch

2012

Gowalla – RIP Founder Jerry Yang leaves Yahoo SOPA protests work Marissa Mayer of Google becomes Yahoo CEO Facebook buys Instagram Facebook becomes a public company

2013

Tumblr purchased by Yahoo Facebook rolls out graph search Google Glass released to developers Vine and Instagram videos become popular

From Pencils to Pixels

Humanists not considered in tech loop

Stages of Literacy Technology

Restricted communication function; small number of initiates

Adapted to familiar functions associated with an older technology

Decreased costs improves spread of new technology; better able to mimic ordinary forms of communication

New literacy; technology creates original forms of communication

Ultimately effects older technologies

Pencil originally used for marking measurements

Earliest forms of writing were to record business transactions, not transcribe speech

Writing was considered cumbersome, expensive

Written documents not considered “interactive”

Validity questioned

From Pencils to Pixels

Do you agree with the author’s contention that “the computer is simply the latest step in a long line of writing technologies?”

Milestones in New Media

1997Blackhawk Down

1998Drudge ReportGoogle

1999BloggerIndyMedia

2001DotCom Bust9/11 TributesWikipedia launched

2002Google News

2004Jon Stewart on CrossfireRathergatePress Credentials to BloggersWikiNews, Facebook, Digg

2005YouTubeNews Corporation buys MySpace

2006MacacaInvention of the Year -YouTubePerson of the Year - YouGoogle Buys YouTube $1.65B

2003RSSGoogle Buys BloggerMySpace launched

1995Craigslist launchedSlate, Salon, USA Today, Houston Chronicle, Philadelphia Inquirer

2007VA Tech ShootingTwitter tips at SXSWInvention of the Year - iPhoneCNN/ YouTube Debates

Pre-1995Wired Magazine - 1993NY Times on AOL - 1994Nando -1994

1996Washington PostWall Street JournalChicago TribuneLA TimesMSNBC

2008CBS acquires CNETCandidates embrace social mediaEveryBlock.com

2009Hudson Plane Crash photoIran electionsPolitifact wins PulitzerMSNBC purchases EveryblockFoursquare & Gowalla

2000AOL/Time Warner merger

2010iPad releasedWikileaksFacebook -500M Users; Zuckerberg Person of the Year; The Social Network

2011Egyptian ProtestsCoupon sitesAOL/HuffPo mergerMySpace sold to Specific MediaDeath of Steve Jobs