Upload
lani416
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
1/8
BULLETS(Authored from previous board exam questions)
Chest X ray painless procedure
Bronchoscopyo AtSO4
Anticholinergic mimics SNR
Decreases saliva dry moutho NPO 6 to 8 hourso Local anesthesia check gag reflex before feeding
ABGo Hyperventilation decreased CO2 increased blood pH respiratory alkalosiso Hypoventilation increased CO2 decreased blood pH respiratory acidosiso Diarrhea decreased HCO3 decreased blood pH metabolic acidosiso Vomiting gastric content decreased HCL increased blood pH metabolic alkalosiso Vomiting blood decreased O2 anaerobic metabolism formation of lactic acid
decreased blood pH metabolic acidosiso Blood pH normal 7.35 to 7.45 If increased alkalosis; If decreased acidosiso Partial CO2 normal 35 to 45 If increased Respiratory Acidosis; if decreased Respiratory
Alkalosiso Partial HCO3 normal 22 to 26 If increased Metabolic alkalosis; If decreased metabolic
acidosis
Cancer of the larynx CS, alcohol and over usage of voice (choir member)o A - nterior neck masso B urning sensation with hot beverages / Bad breatho C - hange in the voice (hoarseness)o D ysphagia/dyspnea
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseaseo Chronic Bronchitis
Blue bloater Excessive mucus production
o AsthmaPeriods of bronchospasm and bronchoconstriction
o EmphysemaDisequilibrium of elastase and antielastasePink puffer
o Manifestations
A LTERATION IN LOC decreased O2 Thoracic anatomy over distention of alveoli TD = APD barrel chest Skin
o Temperature cool clammy skino Color pale to cyanotic
ABG Respiratory acidosis Increased CO2B reathing difficulty, purse lip expiration > inhalation removal of excess CO2(diet low CHO)C ough (mucus production); Chronic hypoxia (2 to 3 lpm of O2 therapy, decreased O2
demand by rest and SFF) clubbing of the fingers and decreased TP to the kidneyscausing polycythemiaD ecreased Metabolism
Anorexia weight loss (high calorie diet) fatigue weaknessBronchodilators
o Theophylline and aminophyllinePrimary effect stimulates beta 2 receptors smooth muscle relaxationbronchodilationSide effect stimulates beta 1 receptors increases cardiac rate need not to notifythe physician
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
2/8
Adverse effect hypotension monitor BP sign of toxicityEvaluation check breath sounds
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndromeo Causes
A spirationR espiratory trauma (embolism)
fracture embolism ARDSD rug toxicity (ASA)S epsis and shock
Vomiting, bleeding, dehydration hypovolemia shock ARDSo Syndrome
Severe hypoxiaBilateral infiltratesDyspnea
Pulmonary embolismo Restlessness earliest sign
Water Seal Systemo Drainage Bottle marked the level every shifto Water seal bottle
Presence of fluctuation normalAbsence of fluctuation lungs are fully expanded assess first patient (X ray confirm) OR presence of obstructionIntermittent bubbling normal
Absent obstruction Continuous leakage
o Suction Control continuous bubbling normal
Risk factors for cardiovascular disorderso R ace non modifiableo I ncreased blood pressure modifiableo S tress SNR increased BP and CR, vasoconstriction modifiableo K nowing sedentary life style modifiableo F at foods atherosclerosis modifiableo A lcohol (modifiable) / Age above 40 (non modifiable)o C igarette smoking vasoconstriction (nicotine) modifiable / Contraceptive pills clotting
of blood thrombus formationo T ype A behavior (modifiable) competitiveness, perfectionist high stress levelo O besityo R esult of DM lipolysis increased fatty acids atherosclerosiso S ex gender males > female (before menopausal because estrogen decreases PVR)
after menopausal female eversible}[inverted T wave] Injury [elevated ST segment] > male
Decreased TP in heart Ischemia (Angina) {r necrosis (MI) {irreversible}[pathologic Qwave/permanent in the ECG]
Eating a heavy meal, strenuous exercise, sex, exposure to cold Decreased blood flow (heart)decreased TP (heart) decreased O2 (heart) anaerobic respiration production of lactic acidPAIN management decreased O2 demand by rest and SFF
Anginao Pain relieved by rest and NTGo NTG
Vasodilation orthostatic hypotension move gradually Monitor BPStore in a dark and amber container
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
3/8
Effective tingling sensation no need to notify physicianMaximum of 3 tablets with 5 minute interval
MIo Pain relieved by Morphine SO4
Narcotic analgesicCan cause respiratory depression monitor RR and O2 saturationAntidote narcan
Cardioversion synchronous
Defibrillation unsynchronous
Buergers disease CS vasoconstriction stop CS common in men
Raynaud s stress and cold vasoconstriction common in female
Congestive heart failureo Left sided pulmonary
DyspneaCracklesPolycythemia due to decrease O2 to the kidneysClubbing of the fingers due to prolonged hyxiaOrthopnea
o Right sided systemicHepatomegalyDistended neck veinsEdemaPortal hypertension
Ascites weight gainVaricose veins
o DigoxinCardiac glycosidePositive inotrophic effect increased strength of myocardial contractionNegative chronotrophic effect decreased cardiac rate monitor CR never give if CR below 60 bpmAdverse effect
V omitting A norexia N ausea D iarrhea A bdominal pain REMEMBER : earliest GI; late halo vision Antidote Digibind
Decreased RBC Activity in tolerance, Fatigue, provide rest, Anemia
Decreased Platelets Prone to bleeding, avoid parenteral injection, appl pressure on injectionsite, high risk for injury
Decreased WBC prone to infection, reverse isolation
Increased WBC presence of infection
First Day/Newly diagnosed Knowledge deficit
Diuretico D iet high K diet except aldactoneo I input and Output expected increased outputo U ndesirable effect electrolyte imbalance (K)
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
4/8
o R ecord weight expected decreased weighto E lderly special precautiono T ake in AM and with foodo I ncreased orthostatic hypotension monitor BP and move graduallyo C ancel alcohol because of mild diuretic effect
Heparin anticoagulant prevent further enlargement of clot not dissolve them monitor APTT/PTT antidote protamine SO4
Coumadin anticoagulant prevent further enlargement of clot not dissolve it monitor PTvitamin K is the antidote
Urokinase/Streptoase dissolves the clot
Pernicious anemia absence of intrinsic factor (gastric surgery) problem in absorption of VitaminB12 beefy red tongue schillings test definitive test 24 hour urine collection life long VitaminB12
Gastritis LUQ pain
Gastric ulcer affected area stomach pain (precipitated by food intake increased HCl) painrelieved by antacids
Duodenal ulcer affected area duodenum pain (2 hour after eating) pain relieved by food
Ulcers bleeding (+) occult blood test (guiac) high fiber diet, avoid red meat, iron, steroids,NSAIDs, indomethacin
Vagotomy resection of vagus nerve decreased cholinergic stimulation decreased HCl and
gastric movement
Dumping syndrome tachycardia and weakness 3 Ds (diarrhea, diaphoresis and dizziness)fluids after meals, lie down after meals and SFF
Appendicitis RLQ pain avoid heat pads cause rupture signs of ruptured appendixsudden cessation of pain, elevation of temperature and WBC
Diverticulitis LLQ pain low fiber diet
Diverticulosis high fiber diet
Ulcerative colitis bloody diarrhea 15 to 20 times a day fluid volume deficit, anemia
Liver cirrhosis alcohol and malnutrition (laennecs) , infection and drugs (post necrotic) , RSCHF(cardiac) and biliary obstruction (biliary)
o Portal hypertention can lead toBlood shifted to the different collateral
Esophageal varices Spider angioma (face and neck) Caput medusae (abdomen) Hemorrhoids (rectal) Management avoid rupture avoid shouting, valsalva maneuver
Increased hydstatic pressure fluid shifting asciteso Decreased albumin decreased oncotic / colloidal osmotic pressure fluid shifting ascites
management high protein dieto CHON metabolism by product ammonia liver cannot convert to urea increased level of
ammonia in the brain Alteration of LOC and changes of behavior and asterexis hepaticencephalopathy management low CHON diet and lactulose for removal of ammonia
Hepatitis A fecal oral prone plumber
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
5/8
Hepatitis B body secretion prone working in a dialysis
Cholecystitis 5 Fs (fair, female, fat, fertile and forty) RUQ pain after ingestion of fatty fooddemerol to relieved pain
Cholecystectomy T tube level of the incision site drain excess bile
Pancreatitis alcohol autodigestion LUQ pain
Anterior Pituitary glando Growth hormone
Increased before the closure of the epiphysis of the long bones gigantism tallIncreased after the closure of the epiphysis acromegaly big hands (big gloves), bigfeet (big shoes) and big head (big hat)Decreased dwarfism
o ProlactinIncreased galactorrheaDecreased decreased milk production
o ACTH
Increased secondary cushingsDecreased secondary addisons
o TSHIncreased secondary hypethyroidismDecreased secondary hypothyroidism
Posterior pituitary glando ADH
Increased water retention oliguria edema (fluid volume excess) and weight gainconcentrated urine increased urine specific gravity
Decreased water excretion polyuria dehydration (fluid volume deficit and weightloss) diluted urine decreased urine specific gravity
Parathyroid glando Parathormone
Increased increased calcium in the blood and decrease calcium in the bones stoneformation and decreased bone mass osteoporosis management increased water intakeDecreased hypocalcemia calcium supplement
Thyroid Glando Increased (hyperthyroidism)
T3 and T4 increased BMR hyperactive inability to focus insomia increasedcatabolism weight loss increased appetite increased peristalsis Diarrheafluid volume deficit Increased CR and RR (due to increased BMR)
Increased T3 heat intoleranceCalcitonin decreased calcium in the blood tetany compensatory calciumwithdraws from the bones bone destruction (complication)PTU decreased synthesis of TH watch out for SE (similar to signs and symptomsof hypothyroidism) watch out for agrunulocytosis (fever, skin rash and sore throat)Lugols solution decreased released of TH before thyroidectomy decreasedvascularity of the thyroid gland
o Decreased (hypothyroidism)T3 and T4 decreased BMR hypoactive sleeps a lot decreased metabolismweight gain anorexia decreased peristalsis constipation decreased CR andRR due to decreased BMRT3 cold intoleranceCalcitonin hypercalcemia stone formationSynthroid and Proloid increased TH
Adrenal Glando Incresead (cushings)
Glucocorticoids hyperglycemia and decrease wound healing
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
6/8
Mineral corticoids increased aldosterone sodium retention and potassium excretionhypernatremia and hypokalemia
Hypernatremia water retention oliguria edema (moon face,buffalohump,fluid volume excess and weight gain) concentrated urine increased urinespecific gravity low sodium diet
Hypokalemia weakness Prominent U wave high potassium dietEpinephrine and Norepinephrine Increased BP and CRSex hormones
Males gynecomastia and falling of hair Females hirsutism and deepening of the voice
o Decreased (addisons)Glucocorticoids hypoglycemia and inability to cope with stressMineralcorticoids decreased aldosterone sodium excretion and potassiumretention hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia water excretion polyuria (dehydration, fluid volume deficitand weight loss) diluted urine --. Decreased urine specific gravity increasedfluids and Na
Hyperkalemia weakness tall or peaked T waves low K diet
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine decreased BP and CR
Diabetes Mellituso Type I absolutely no insulin thin insulino Type II insufficient insulin obese OHAo Diet 50% CHO, 30% Fats, 20% CHONo Exercise Increased uptake of glucose Decreased insulin requiremento Oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA)
Stimulates pancreas to produce insulin
o InsulinSC; IV if DKANever massage the areaNever administer cold insulinRotate the site of injection
PREVENTS LIPODYSTROPHYMix
Aspirate clear first Inject air to cloudy first
o HypoglycemiaW eaknessH unger pangsA alteration of LOCT achycardia and tremors
A bdominal painB blurring of visionC ool clammy skinD iaphoresisGive orange juice (simple sugars)
o DKA increased lipolysis increased ketoneso Hyperglycemia polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, kussmaul breathing, glycosuria, ketonuria
and warm flush skino Glycosylated hemoglobin reflect BSL for the past 3 to 4 months most accurateo Foot care
PodiatristAvoid removing corns and callusesCut toe nails straight acrossAvoid walking bare foot
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
7/8
Hepatitis A fecal oral
Hepatitis B body and bloody secretions (hemodialysis)
Peritoneal Dialysiso Diasylate output is decreased turn patient from side to sideo Complication infection monitor WBC and temperature, diasylate is cloudy boardlike and
rigid abdomen peritonitiso Dont include diasylate solution in the output of the cliento Expected decreased weight monitor weight before and after decreased createnine and
BUN
Heart block decreased tissue perfusion
Parkinsons diaseaseo Decreased dopamine in the basal ganglia levodopa to increased dopamine avoid Vit B6
foodso Cardinals signs tremors (non intentional) muscle rigidity bradykinesiao Pill rollingo Microphonia ask your client to speak aloud to be awareo Artane and Cogentin anticholinergic decreased muscle rigidity
Myasthenia Graviso Tensilon test confirmatory testo Decreased Acetylcholine and increased cholinesteraseo Muscle weakness priority airwayo NO tranquilizer, Morphine SO4, Muscle relaxant and neomycino Cholinergics (mestinon) increased muscle strength antidote ATSO4
Undermedication myasthenic crisis give cholinergics
Over medication
cholinergic crisis
give ATSO4
Multiple Sclerosiso Demyelinization of the myelin sheatho Charcoats triad
Intentional tremors
Scanning of speechNystagmus
o Visual disturbances diplopia
Pancreatitis autodigestion alcohol bleeding shocko Elevated amylase
Rheumatoid Arthritiso No specific diagnostic testo NSAIDs and ASA (antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory)o Synovitis Pannus formation fibrous ankylosis (limited joint movement) Bony ankylosis
(joint fixation)o Avoid flexion and promote prone position
Gouty Arthritiso Increased uric acid allopurinol and avoid organ meats (liver) tophi (ears)
Osteoarthritiso Most common related with agingo Pain after weight bearing exercise or activity rest to relieved pain weight reduction
8/14/2019 Medical Surgical Nursing Board Highlights
8/8
Diverticulitis LLQ pain and low fiber diet
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis to avoid increased fluid intake
Vincristine (Oncovin) increased fiber in the diet
Iron supplement When is the best time to take (empty stomach), How is best taken (with orange juice)
Steroids and NSAIDso DEATH inflammationo BIRTH side effects
B one marrow depression prone to infection monitor temperature and WBCI ncreased gastric irritation take it with food or after mealsR enal toxicityT innitusH epato toxic
Cataract common cause is aging (senile) opacity of the lens position on the unaffected side
Glaucoma increased IOP decreased of peripheral vision first halo, tunnel and gun barrel vision miotics (constricts pupils) avoid ATSO4 (dilates pupil)
Retinal detachment trauma blood clots floating spots dependent position scleral buckling
Avoid Increased Intraocular pressure PRIORITYo Avoid vomiting, coughing, valsalva maneuver, lifting heavy objects, bending, crying
Menieres Triad tinnitus, impaired hearing loss and vertigo low Na dieto Vertigo imbalance high risk for injury decreased vertigo by focusing on one side of the
room assume a flat or reclining position
ASA 8 th cranial nerve damage tinnitus, impaired hearing loss and vertigo
Antibiotics allergic reactions
Normal Valueso BUN = 10 20 mg/dlo Calcium = 9 to 10.5 mg/dlo Creatinine = 5 to 1.5 mg/dlo GTT = 70 to 115 mg/dlo O2 sat = 97 to 98%
Signs and Symptoms of Increased Intracranial Pressureo B lood pressure and temperature are elevatedo R espiratory and cardiac rate are decreasedo A lteration of LOCo I rritabilityo N ote for projectile vomitingo S eizure