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medical terminology
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
dr. Siti Farida I.T. Santyowibowo, SpMMEU Univ. MataramMataram
The WORD PARTS Root word:
The basic meaning of the word, usually, but not always, indicate the involved part of the body
Suffix: Comes at the end of the word. Usually, but not
always, indicate procedure, condition, disorder, or disease
Prefix: Always comes at the beginning of the word.
Usually, but not always, indicate location, time, number, or status
WORD ROOTS
Indicating body parts: Myel/o (spinal cord) My/o (muscle) Oste/o (bone) Myel/o (bone marrow) Neur/o (nerve) Arthr/o (joint)
WORD ROOTS Indicating color
Cyan/o: blue Cyanosis= blue discoloration of the skin
(cyano=blue, -osis=condition Erythr/o: red
Erythrocyte= mature red cells (erythr/o= red, -cytes= cells)
Leuk/o: white Leukocytes = white blood cells (leuk/o= white, -
cytes= cells)
WORD ROOTS Melan/o: black
Melanosis = any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment (melan/o= black, -osis= condition)
Poli/o: gray Poliomyelitis = a viral infection of the
gray matter of the spinal cord (poli/o= gray, myel= spinal cord, -itis= inflammation)
Word Root Guidelines
A word root cannot stand alone Combining vowels apply when adding
suffixes to word root Prefixes are placed at the beginning
of the word, combining vowels are unnecessary
Word Root Guidelines Neur/o + plasty: combining vowel “o” =
Neuroplasty Neur/o + itis: combining vowel not used,
= Neuritis Gastr/o + enter/o = gastroenter… Gastr/o + enter/o + itis = gastroenteritis A prefix is added to the word root
without a combining vowel
SUFFIXES
Meaning “Pertaining to” Changes the word root into an
adjective Cardi cardiac
Examples -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -eal,- ical, -ial, -ic -ine, -ior, -ory, -ous, -tic Abdominal, pulmonary, brachial, colonic
SUFFIXES
Suffixes as noun endings Changes the root into a noun
Crani + -um = cranium Examples:
-a, -e, -um, -us, -y
SUFFIXES
Meaning abnormal condition/ disease
Gastr/o + osis = gastrosis Examples:
-ago, -esis, -ia, -iasis, -osis, -ion, -ism, - Lithiasis, diathesis, uremia, botulism
SUFFIXES
Suffixes related to pathology Pathology = the study of disease Examples:
-algia, -dynia, -itis, -malacia, -megaly, -necrosis, -sclerosis, -stenosis Cephalgia, acrodynia, gastritis,
keratomalacia, arterionecrosis, hepatomegaly, arteriosclerosis, arteriostenosis
SUFFIXES
Suffixes related to Procedures Examples:
-centesis, -ectomy. –graphy, -gram, -plasty,
-scopy Amniocentesis, thyroidectomy,
arteriography, arteriogram, labioplasty, endoscopy
SUFFIXES
“Double RRs” -rrhage/ -rrhagia: bursting forth -rrhaphy: to suture or stitch -rrhea: abnormal discharge or flow of
body fluids -rrhexis: rupture
PREFIXES A prefix is added to the beginning of a word
to change the meaning of that term Prefixes usually indicate location, time, or
number Example:
Natal = pertaining to birth Prenatal= the time and events before birth Perinatal= the time and events surrounding birth Postnatal= the time and events after birth
Contrasting and Confusing Prefixes
Ab-: “away from” Abnormal: not normal, away from normal
Ad-: “toward”, “in the direction of” Addiction: drawn toward or a strong dependence
on a drug of substance Dys-: “bad, difficult, painful”
Dysfunctional: an organ/ part not working properly
Eu-: “good, normal, well, easy” Euthyroid: a normally functioning thyroid gland
Contrasting and Confusing Prefixes Hyper-: “excessive or increase”
Hypertension: blood pressure that is higher than normal
Hypo-: “deficient or decreased” Hypotension: blood pressure that is lower than
normal Inter-: “between or among”
Interstitial: between, but not within parts of a tissue Intra-: “within or inside”
Intramuscular: within the muscle Sub-: “under, less, below”
Subcostal: below a rib or ribs Supra-: “above or excessive”
Supracostal: above or outside the ribs
Determining meanings on the basis of word parts
Otorhinolaryngology: Ear Nose Larynx Study of
Neurochorioretinitis: Nerve Choroid Retina Inflammation
SPELLING: forming plurals
-a -ae Bursa bursae
-ex/ -ix -ices Appendix appendices
-is -es Diagnosis diagnoses
-itis -ides Meningitis meningitides
-nx -ges Phalanx phalanges
-on -a Criterion criteria
-um -a Diverticulum diverticula
-us -i Alveolus alveoli
LOOK ALIKE, SOUND ALIKE TERMS AND WORD PARTS
Arteri/o, ather/o, athr/o Ileum, ilium Infection, inflammation Laceration, lesion Mucous, mucus Myc/o, myel/o, my/o -ologist, -ology -ostomy, -otomy
LOOK ALIKE, SOUND ALIKE TERMS AND WORD PARTS
Palpation, palpitation Prostate, prostrate Pyel/o, py/o, pyr/o Supination, suppuration Suturing, ligation Triage, trauma Viral, virile
Origin of Words
Latin Greek others
Root words
Body part Greek root Latin Root
Abdomen Lapar/o- Abdomin-
Blood Haemat-/hemat-/ haem-
Sangui-
Bone Oste/o Ossi-
Brain Encephal/o Cerebr/o
Eyelid Blepharo- Palpebr-
Kidney Nephro- Ren-
Nose Rhino- Nas-
Things to do
Look for more words and find their meanings
REFERENCE
Ehrlich, A.; Schroeder, C.L.; (2004) Introduction to Medical Terminology, Thomson - Delmar Learning, Canada