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Medical
Ultrasonography
PLAN
BONNARD Maud – ESIL - Biomedical Department - Promotion 2008
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations
III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
ULTRASOUNDS = high frequency sound waves
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Definition
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Medical ultrasonography = ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique.
High frequency sound waves and their echoes
Muscles and internal organs ( size, structures, pathologies or lesions).
VISUALIZE
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Historic
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition
2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
1940 Sonar extensively developed and used to detect submarines.
1953 First successful measurement of heart activity .
1964 It became possible to study pregnancy from start to finish and diagnose complications.
1975 Invention of 2D and real time ultrasound.
1994 Invention of the 3D ultrasound …
Starts in the mid 19 century by measuring distance under water using sound waves.
5. Dynamic images
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – How are ultrasound performed ?
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic
3/ How are ultrasound s performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
4. Calculations by a computer
1. Gel smeared on the area of the bodyto undergo the ultrasound
2. High frequency sound waves sent
3. Their echoes are received
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic
3/ How are ultrasound s performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
At a given temperature, the sound velocity is constant in a given material, but it varies if the materials are different.
• Solid structures (bones, muscles) reflect sound waves . show up as white in an ultrasound image.
• Soft or hollow areas (tissues, chambers of the heart) don’t reflect sound waves. appear as black.
Like many organs, the tennis ball is solid on the outside and hollow on the inside.
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – How are ultrasound performed ?
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – The Equipment
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?
4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Console
Transducers
CPU : central processing unit
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Different types of ultrasound
PLAN
3D Ultrasound Imaging
Doppler Ultrasound
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment
5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Power Doppler ultrasound of the kidney.
3D ultrasound images
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Benefits vs Risks
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound
6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Benefits
Risks
No confirmed adverse biological effects caused by exposures to ultrasound
No ionizing radiation X- RAYS Non invasive and painless Easy-to-use Less expensive than other imaging methods
Provides real-time imaging
• Ultrasound waves do not pass through air or gas, can be reflected
evaluation of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine limited
• Ultrasound has difficulty penetrating bone
only see the outer surface of bony structures but not within.
MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Limitations
PLAN
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks
7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Echocardiogram : heart and its valves, heart's pumping ability
Obstetrical ultrasound : follow development of the fetus
Abdominal ultrasound : detect abnormalities in abdominal organs (kidneys, liver, pancreas, gallbladder…)
Renal ultrasound : examine the kidneys and urinary tract.
Vascular ultrasound : see the vascular system and its function, detection of blood clots.
…
MANY !!!!
PLAN
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Cardiology
What is an echocardiogram ?I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Ultrasound of the heart 2D pictures of cardiovascular system Assess velocity of blood (doppler ultrasound) Size, shape of the heart, pumping strength. Any cardiac valve disfonction (leak, regurgitation of blood) Detect abnormalities linked to deseases (coronary artery )
Advantages : noninvasive, no side effects
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram?
- Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Cardiology
Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) Views of the heart obtained by moving the transducer to different locations on the chest or abdominal wall.
Stress echocardiogram An echocardiogram is done both before and after the heart is stressed by having the patient exercise or by injecting a medicine. To detect coronary artery diseases
Doppler echocardiogram To look how blood flows through the heart chambers, heart valves, and blood vessels. Measures the direction and speed of blood through blood vessels.
Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) Shows clearer pictures of the heart. (The probe is closer to the heart and the lungs bones of the chest wall do not block the sound waves)
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram
- Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Cardiology
PLAN
• No risks from a transthoracic or doppler echocardiogram.
• Stress echocardiogram : dizziness, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, irregular heartbeats, and heart attack.
• Transesophageal echocardiogram : sometimes nausea, mouth and throat discomfort, minor bleeding, trouble breathing, slow or abnormal heartbeats.
No risks due to ultrasounds itselves
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric
Ultrasound is commonly used to:
• Measure the size of the fetus to determine the due date
• Determine the position of the fetus
• See the number of fetuses in the uterus
• Check the fetus' growth rate
• See tumors of the ovary and breast
• …
PLAN
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
PLAN
-Assess fetal heart beat (doppler ultrasound ) and malformations in the fetus.
-Make measurements (gestational age, size and growth in the fetus).
Information recomposed into a dynamic picture (sonogram) on the monitor screen.
Color Doppler clearly depict the blood flow in fetal blood vessels in a realtime scan.(different colors = different directions)
Used :- in diagnosis of fetal cardiac and blood vessels defects- in the assessment of the hemodynamic responses to fetal hypoxia and anemia.
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging?
- The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
PLANPlacing the transducer (that emits high frequency sound waves) on the maternal abdomen.
Moving it to "look at" (likened to a light shined from a torch) any
particular content of the uterus.
The procedure is done by :
Repetitive arrays of ultrasound beams scan the fetus in thin slices and are reflected back onto the same transducer.
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric
I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure
- Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
PLAN
Development of heat: Tissues or water absorb the ultrasound energy which increases their temperature locally.
Formation of bubbles (cavitation): When dissolved gases come out of solution due to local heat caused by ultrasound.
Major dangers with ultrasound :
No substantiated ill-effects of ultrasound documented in studies in either humans or animals.
BUT :
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations
II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound
- Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric
Obstetric ultrasound cannot identify all fetal abnormalities
Amniocentesis (Evaluation of fluid taken from the sac surrounding the baby)
If suspicions for a possible abnormality
OTHER TESTS !
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations
III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUNDS
Improve the ultrasound machines technology
Improve the imaging techniques.
Ultrasonography can still be improved !
- Faster, smaller- Better storage capacity- Transducers smaller
more insertable
- Develop 3D ultrasound- Develop ultrasound imaging + virtual reality-type displays help for amniocentesis, biopsy.
CONCLUSION
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Very used and useful technic for diagnostic applications in medecine.
Various forms allow to see many things
Benefits and limitations but no risk known .
Can still be improved to help even better preventing deseases or curing people.
HOWEVER :
ULTRASONOGRAPHY :
PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks
2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND
Thank youfor your attention !
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