Medicinal Plants of the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea Part I

Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 20(1982), No. 4, pp. 169-181

Medicinal Plants of the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea

Part I

DAVID HOLDSWORTH* and BENEDICT WAMOI

INTRODUCTION

Manus is the largest of the 160 Admiralty Islands, a group of volcanic islands, uplifted reefs and atolls scattered about 250 km northeast of the New Guinea mainland and 2” south of the Equator. Other Admiralty Islands include Los Negros, Rabutyo, Lou, Pak, Tong, Baluan and the scattered Purdy Islands. The Western Islands of Wuvulu, Ninigo and the Hermits are geographically separate though they are now administered in the Manus province, the smallest in land area and population in the independent state of Papua New Guinea. Manus Island rises to 700 m on Mt. Dremsel and is now linked by road bridge to Los Negros Island.

Manus people are experienced sailors and fishermen. They use a fast outrigger canoe with a characteristic square sail. Fish abound in the warm shallow seas near protecting reefs. Turtle, octopus and other sea foods are also plentiful. Manus islanders, especially the Western islanders, have historical contacts with Microne- sian peoples of Yap and Palau. The Admiralty Islands were first visited by European navigators in 1615 when the Dutchmen van Schouten and Le Maire made contact on their round the world voyage in the “Eendracht”. However, the Spaniard de Sasvedra had previously sailed past Manus in 1529.

PREVIOUS BOTANICAL AND MEDICINAL PLANT COLLECTIONS

Very few plant collections have been made in the Admiralty Islands. The English scientist H. N. Moseley visited in the sailing ship “Challenger” in 1875 and his collection is the basis of present knowledge of the flora of the islands. Collections made during the German colonial occupation were housed in the Berlin Herba-

“Chemistry Department, University of Papua New Guinea

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170 DAVID HOLDSWORTH and BENEDICT WAMOI

rium and destroyed by bombing in World War 11. American servicemen collected plants, especially ferns, in the mid 1940s. These and more recent collections are detailed by Croft (1981). The first medicinal plant collection was that of Holds- worth and N’Drawii (1972). They visited various villages on the north coast of Manus as well as the nearby islands of Andra and Ponam. 25 medicinal plants were collected and identified.

THE OPERATION DRAKE EXPEDITION

The operation Drake Round the World Expedition was planned to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe. The flagship, a refitted brigantine “Eye of the Wind”, visited Papua New Guinea in 1979. This sailing ship was used to support the University of Papua New Guinea expedition to survey the traditional medicinal plants of the islands of Manus, New Hanover and New Ireland for two weeks in September 1979. The expedition was led by Dr. David Holdsworth and included two University science undergraduates from the provinces visited, Mr. Benedict Wamoi and Miss Bospidik Pilokos, with Mr. Osia Gideon, a botanist from the Papua New Guinea National Herbarium, Lae. Over 80 different medicinal plants were collected and identified in the three island groups. The expedition visited volcanic Lou Island and the Plitty settlement on the south coast of Manus. A reception for expedition members was hosted by the Manus Provincial Government in Lorengau when the ship anchored at Momote on Los Negros Island. 32 different medicinal plants were collected in the

Hospital wards with thatched roofs at the Plitty Health Centre, Manus Island. The Operation Drake flagship “Eye of the Wind” lies at anchor,

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MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS 171

Manus Province. Their traditional names and uses were recorded and the plants were tested immediately for the presence of alkaloids.

f l0” I S

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Rombutyo I s &

k3 - Fig I Outline mop o f Popuo N e w Guineo with detoils of the Admirolty lslonds of the Monus Province

R G E O G O E P T U P N

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LOU ISLAND

Lou Island is a small volcanic island (12 x 5 km) 25 km south-east of Manus Island. The “Eye of the Wind” anchored off the west coast near Solang village on the morning of Papua New Guinea Independence Day (4th Anniversary). Mr. Robert Pam, Provincial Medical Orderly, Lou Island, met Dr. Holdsworth’s group consisting of five young explorers representing Papue New Guinea, England, Canada, U.S.A., together with a botanist and a medical doctor. Ten traditional plant medicines were collected by Mr. Pam. They were tested whilst fresh at the village first-aid post using a field alkaloid portable laboratory. The plants collected were used to treat tropical ulcers (2), cuts (2), coughs (2), sores, headache, diarrhoea and sterility. The party visited the thermal area of the island where food can be cooked in hot springs. Nests of megapode birds, which lay their eggs in a hole they dig in the warm thermal sands were found. Eggs were cooked and tasted.

THE PLITTY HEALTH CENTRE

Plitty Health Centre was founded by Manus Islanders Luke and Sokolo Silih-Tau in 1970 on their family land on the sea coast. They soon established a reputation for treating ailments with traditional herbs from the forest in the hills behind the settlement. Today Plitty is a recognised health centre comprising six hospital wards built of traditional materials, two outpatient wards, a storage building for medicines, two staff houses and a guest house. Almost 500 patients from all areas of Manus, as well as some from nearby provinces, are treated at the centre annually. Some patients are referred to Plitty by the Provincial Hospital in Lorengau, five hours distant by outboard-motor canoe. In 1975 Plitty was officially recognised by the Provincial Health Department as a health centre specializing in traditional herbal medicine and treatment. The centre receives some financial support from the Office of Village Development.

The “Eye of the Wind” anchored off Plitty on 8th September 1979 to be welcomed by staff, nurses and certain patients in traditional dress performing vigorous Manus dances. Dr. Holdsworth’s group were shown around the hospital and the medicine store and were allowed to collect the plants used for treatment in the nearby tropical rain forest. At the time of the visit the staff consisted of about twelve locally trained nurses, together with the Silih-Tau family. Medicines were prepared from the barks of several trees.

Luke sun-dried the barks and milled them to a fine powder before storage. When necessary the dried powders were boiled or soaked in cold water, filtered through muslin and stored in bottles. Without adequate refrigeration facilities the shelf life of the medicines was short. Sokolo supervised the patients’ medicine dosage with the nurses. There were 70 patients in residence when we visited the wards. Plitty Health Centre appeared to have an excellent local reputation and most of the patients were claimed to have been cured. No fatalities were reported from Plitty’s tuundation. No surgery was attempted there. Patients were referred to a nearby mission health centre 8 km distant for minor surgery, whilst more

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serious cases were sent to the Lorengau hospital by sea. Twenty-two different plants used in medicines at the hospital were collected for

identification at the Papua New Guinea National Herbarium. All were tested at the centre for the presence of alkaloids. Plants collected were used in the treatment of malaria, diarrhoea, hookworm, asthma, backache, pneumonia, mental illnesses, bruises, sores and tropical ulcers. Plitty represents an example of self reliance within a community and a model self help project worthy of encourage- ment and financial support.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. David Holdsworth, Operation Drake project leader, and Mr. Benedict Wamoi, Operation Drake Manus coordinator, wish to thank the following per- sons and institutions for assistance in the organisation of a successful and reward- ing traditional medicinal plant project in the Manus Province:

His Royal Highness Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Patron of Operation Drake

Members of the Operation Drake Executive Committee Colonel Ken Noga, Chairman, Miss Somare Jogo, executive officer, and

Mr. Banabas Kombil, Premier, Mr. Matthew Tuam, Deputy Premier, ministers

The University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby Mr. Michael Galore, Mr. Osia Gideon and staff of the Papua New Guinea

Mr. Luke Silih-Tau and Mrs. Sokolo Silih-Tau and the staff of the Plitty Health

Mr. Robert Pam, Lou Island, Manus Lt. Col. John Blashford-Snell, Mr. Andrew Mitchell and Capt. Michael

Kitchenside and Operation Drake Young Explorers of many countries, especially Miss Bospidik Pikolos and Mr. Gaudi Gomara of Papua New Guinea.

members of the Papua New Guinea Operation Drake Committee

and staff of the Manus Provincial Government

National Herbarium, Lae

Centre

THE MEDICINAL PLANTS

It was a unique opportunity to visit a remote health centre where patients are being treated entirely with traditional medicines of the immediate environment. Arrangements are in progress for selected plants to be tested for pharmacological activity at the Medical Faculty, University of Papua New Guinea and W.H.O. Certain plants are to be screened for anticancer potential at the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.

Two of the medicinal plants in the Apocynaceae family Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., and Alyxiu rostrata (Markgr.) Markgr.

were found to be strongly alkaloid-positive in both bark and leaves.

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Benedict Wamoi, a Manus science graduate tests medicinal plants for alkaloids at Plitty Health Centre. Staffand nurses watch with interest

TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE MANUS PROVINCE

The following plants which have been collected and identified are arranged alphabetically by families and listed by genus and species. The vernacular name follows and the village where the plant was collected.

AGAVACEAE

Cordyline fmcticosa (L.) A. Chevalier sieka (Baon, Lou Island) Leaves, heated until soft over a fire, are applied to small sores. The plant is reported to be used to heal wounds and stomach bleeding by the Tauade mountain dwellers near Tapini in Central Papua. It is used to heal wounds in Tonga (Weiner, 1971), cuts, inflammation and fevers in Western Samoa (Uhe, 1974).

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APOCYNACEAE

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. sip0 (Plitty) The bark is scraped, boiled with water, strained and the cooked solution is drunk to relieve stomach upsets, diarrhoea and dysentery. A. scholaris is also reported to be used to treat asthma, anaemia and lung cancer. The bark is used in villages along the Sepik river for stomach ache (Holdsworth and Tringen, 1973). Webb (1960) reports its use in New Ireland to treat fever, dysentery and abdominal pains. The dried bark is reported to be also used to cure fevers in Central Papua New Guinea (Holdsworth et a]., 1981) as well as in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (Burkill, 1966).

Alyzia rostrata (Markgr.) Markgr. kaw’iu (Plitty) The white sap of the inner bark is mixed with coconut bark and these boiled together. The solution is drunk twice daily for five days to relieve backache and relax the back muscles.

Parsosnia buruensis (T. et B.) Boerl. queam (Plitty) The stem bark is boiled, mixed with seawater, and drunk twice daily to cure coughs and colds. Sap from the freshly cut stem when placed on a cut acts as a styptic and antiseptic.

BARRINGTONIACEAE

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. maliou (Plitty) The fresh nut is scraped and applied directly to a sore. The dried nut is ground into a powder, mixed with water and drunk to treat coughs, influenza, sore throat, bronchitis, diarrhoea and swollen spleen after malaria. B. asiutica is used on wounds and to treat tuberculosis in Samoa (Uhe), and to relieve stomach ache on Normanby Island (Holdsworth, 1974).

Barringtonia racernosa (L.) Sprengel. poniak (Plitty) The seed nut is scraped and boiled with water. The solution is drunk to relieve a cough, sinusitis or bronchitis. The seeds are used in traditional Indian medicine to treat coughs, asthma and diarrhoea (Chopra, 1956).

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CARICACEAE

Carica papaya L. kunam - paran pop0 (Lou Island) poyam (Plitty) The soft bark is scraped onto a leaf and heated over a wood fire. The soft material is rubbed into a new cut. The leaf sap is applied to skin with siponia eruptions, twice in one day. After inspection in five days' time the treatment may be repeated if necessary. The latex is used in the Philippines for various skin complaints (Padua et al., 1977).

CYCADACAE

Cycas rumphii Miq. par0 (Lou Island) puepotrou (Plitty) The grated fruit is used to treat ulcers. The application is changed daily. At Plitty aid post, it is used externally on sores and a swollen spleen resulting from malaria. A solution using the fruit and cold water is used for coughs and influenza. The fruit is reported to be used for ulcers in Burma (Burkill, 1966), India (Chopra, 1956),for sores in the Philippines and swellings in Malaysia (Burkill, 1966). Burkill also reports the seeds contain toxins.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Phyllanthus niruri L. pei (Plitty) The bark and leaves are boiled with water. The solution is taken twice daily (500 ml) for up to six months by patients with acute venereal disease. Burkill (1966) reports the use of the plant for gonorrhoea and syphilis in Indonesia; patients with gonorrhoea are treated with a decoction in India (Chopra, 1956) and Ghana (Usher, 1974).

GUlTIFERAE

Calophyllum inophylturn L. piro (Lou Island) New leaves are heated over a fire until soft and the warm compress placed on ulcers and boils. The treatment is repeated daily until successful. The plant is used by traditional healers for skin rashes in Fiji (Zepernick, 1972), for ulcers, wounds and sores in New Caledonia (Rageau, 1973). East New Britain (Futcher, 1959) Philippines (Weiner, 1971), for boils in India (Burkill, 1966) and the Solomon Islands (Altschul, 1973).

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LEEACEAE

Leea indica L. akon pel (Baon village) A person with a severe cough will chew the young root and swallow the sap.

LEGUMINOSAE

Albizzia falcataria (L.) Fosberg pieai (Plitty) The plant is used to treat venereal diseases and to induce sleep.

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. na (Plitty) The bark is boiled, filtered, cooked and drunk twice daily to treat a patient with pneumonia.

MALVACEAE

Hibiscus tiliaceus (L.) kumi-imp0 (Baon, Lou Island) Leaves are squeezed into sea water and drunk to cure coughs. The seashore plant is used to treat coughs in Sepik villages (Holdsworth and Tringen, 1973), Western Samoa (Uhe, 1974), Malaysia and Indonesia (Soepardi, 1967) and East New Britain (Futcher, 1959). Burkill (1966) reports its use for bronchitis in Java. Bushnell (1950) states the plant is used in many Pacific countries for congestive pulmonary conditions and sore throats.

MELIACEAE

AgIaiu goebeliana Warb. chokere’n (Plit t y) The scraped bark is boiled with water and drunk daily by a patient with a badly swollen stomach. Schizophrenic and other psychoatric patients at Plitty Hospital are given extracts daily for up to two years to obtain relief.

Amoora culcullutu Roxb. chokere’n (Plit t y) A decoction of the bark is used in the Plitty wards for many ailments including hookworm, asthma, pneumonia and gastritis. It is also used to relieve pain, for mental illnesses and as a muscle relaxant. Altschul (1973) notes the latex of Amoora spp. can cause severe skin irritation.

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MORACEAE

Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq. var. refractus (Becc.) Jarrett sursur (Plitty) Sap from the leaf and branch is placed on the mother’s nipple to be sucked by a young child with a malarial swollen spleen. Adults drink the sap with a little water. Two species of Artocarpus, heterophyffus and hirsurus, are used in India for glandular swellings (Chopra, 1956).

Paratocarpus venenosus (Zoll. & Mor.) Becc. pekian (Plitty) A decoction is prepared at Plitty hospital by filtering the boiled bark. It is drunk twice daily by patients with fevers or severe headaches. Altschul(l973) reports its use as a dog poison in the Solomon Islands.

MY RTACEAE

Acmena sp. oh (Plitty) A medicine for diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal upsets is made by boiling the inner bark with water and filtering. The solution is drunk twice a day as required.

PALMAE

COCOS nucfera (L.) puf (Lou Island) The coconut tree is used in several ways to treat diarrhoea and stomach upsets. The young roots or leaves can be chewed directly. A ripening husk can be boiled and the solution drunk. The root is chewed on the Gazelle Peninsula of East New Britain to relieve stomach ache (Holdsworth, 1975) whilst in Western Samoa coconut oil is used (Uhe, 1974).

PIPERACEAE

Piper berfe L. tiruk (Lou Island) A styptic to stop the bleeding of new cuts is made quickly by squeezing the leaves onto the affected area. One application is usually sufficient. P. betfe is used on wounds in Malaysia (Burkill, 1966), ulcers in the Central (Holdsworth and Farnworth, 1974) and East New Britain Provinces of Papua New Guinea (Holds- worth, 1975), as well as Irian Jaya (de Clercq, 1909).

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RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis clemansiae Eichl. tel-ro-rot (Lou Island) Crushed leaves are sniffed rapidly to relieve a headache. Crushed leaves are used in the Northern Province of Papua New Guinea to relieve a cold (Holdsworth et al., 1974).

ROSACEAE

Cyclandrophora laurina (A. Gray) Kosterm. alis (Plitty) The seed is boiled in sea water, filtered, and the decoction drunk twice daily for hepatitis or heart pains.

RUTACEAE

Evodia elleryana F. Muell. sahik (Plitty) A medicine for malaria is made at Plitty hospital by boiling the bark. The solution is drunk twice on the first day of treatment and then as prescribed.

SOLANACEAE

Capsicum frutescens L. yih (Plitty) Juice from the red pepper fruit is rubbed onto body pains and aches to act as analgesic. The fruit is used for backache and wounds in Samoa (Uhe, 1973), as an irritant liniment and for rheumatic pains in the Philippines (Padua et al., 1978). The dried pepper is used externally as a stimulant and counter irritant in Indonesia (Steenis-Kruseman, 1953).

THEACEAE

Ternstroemia cherryi (F.M. Bail.) Merr. surupuie (Plitty) Bark, boiled in water and filtered, is used to treat headaches and heatburn. The fruit is scraped and placed on a sore or cut. Ph

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DAVID HOLDSWORTH and BENEDICT WAMOI

URTICACEAE

Dendrocnide Iatifolia (Gaud.) Chew. katche (Plitty) The leaf is rubbed on body bruises and aches to act as an analgesic. A decoction of the leaves is drunk to relieve a headache.

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber officinale Rosc. lei (Baon, Lou Island) The rhizome is used as a contraceptive. It is stated that a sorcerer places a spell on one hundred rhizomes which are to be eaten by the woman, without the knowledge of her husband, at intervals and in quantities prescribed by the traditional practitioner. Burkill (1966) reports the use of the plant as an abortifacient in Malaysia.

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ALTSCHUL, S. R., 1973. Drugs and foods from little known plants. Harvard Uni. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

BURKILL, I. H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Ministry of Agriculture. Vol. 1&2., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

BUSHNELL, 0. A.eiaZ., 1950. The antibacterial properties ofsome plants found in Hawaii,Pacific Science, 4(3), 167-183.

CHOPRA, R. N., NAYAR, S. L., and CHOPRA, I. C., 1956. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

DE CLERCQ, F. S. A., 1909. Nieuwplantkundig woordenboek voor Nederlandsch-Indie. (Amster- dam ed. M. Greshoff; 2nd Ed. 1927, ed. A. Pulle).

CROFT, J. R., 1981. An Historical Survey of Botanical Exploration in the Admiralty Islands, Manus Province, P.N.G., Science in New Guinea, in press.

FUTSCHER, PATER O., 1959. Taulil-Grammatik und naturwissenschaftliche Sammelarbeiten (Neubritannien, Sudsee) Micro-Bibliotheca Anthropos, 30.

HOLDSWORTH, D. K. and N. DRAWII, C. S., 1973. Medicinal and poisonous plants from Manus Island, New Guinea, Science in New Guinea, l(3). 11-16.

HOLDSWORTH, D. K. and TRINGEN, S. B., 1973. Medicinal Plants of the Sepik, Science in New Guinea, 1(3), 5-10.

HOLDSWORTH, D. K., 1974. A phytochemical survey of medicinal plants of the DEntrecasteaux Islands, Papua. Science in New Guinea, 2(2), 164-171.

HOLDSWORTH, D. K. et a/ . , 1974. Phytochemical Survey of the Northern District of Papua. Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Scientific Society, 25.85-98,

HOLDSWORTH, D. K., 1975. Phytomedicine of the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain. Science in New Guinea, 3(1), 32-40.

HOLDSWORTH, D. K. and LACANIENTA, E., 1981. Traditional Medicinal Plants of the Central Province of Papua New Guinea (Part I), Quarterly Journalof Crude Drug Research, 19(4),

MOSELY, H. N., 1877. Notes on Plants Collected and Observed in the Admiralty Islands, March

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UHE, G., 1974. Medicinal plants of Samoa,Economic Barany, 28(1), 1-30. USHER, G., 1974. A Dictionary of Plants used by Man. Constable, London. WEBB, L. J., 1960. Some new records of medicinal plants used by the aborigines of Tropical

Queensland and New Guinea. Proc. Royal Society of Queensland, 71(16), 103-1 10. WEINER, M. A,, 1971. Ethnomedicine in Tonga. Economic Botany, 25(4), 423-50. ZEPERNICK, B., 1972. Arnzeipflanzen der Polynesier, (Berlin, Dietrich Reime Verlag).

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