PowerPoint
Medicine in East AsiaHI 176: Lecture 7Dr. Howard Chiang
Western Medicine and Self-StrengtheningTreaty ports e.g.,
Shanghai & Tianjincultural imperialism Western medicine to E
AsiaTokugawa Japan Dutch East India Company17th & 18th c. China
Jesuit Missionaries- 1693, French Dominique Parennin, Manchu
Anatomy19th c. China Protestant Missionaries- British Benjamin
Hobson, Outline of Anatomy and Physiology (1851) first systematic
translation- Tongwen Guan in Beijing translators school- Scottish
John Dudgeon, Grays Anatomy (1886)- American John Kerr, Refuge for
the Insane (1898)
Manchu Anatomy (1693)
Benjamin Hobson (1851)
Kerr Refuge for the Insane
History of Modern Chinese Medicine
Peking Union Medical College
Peking Union Medical College
The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20th
CenturyAmerican Rockefeller FoundationMissionary-run hospitals and
clinicsMultidenominational union medical collegesMilitary hospitals
of the Chinese, Japanese, and Russian armiesMedical facilities in
the colonial treaty portsChinese Customs Service quarantine
stationsPrivate and government hospitals
Pharmacies and drugstores Chinese or Western
The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20th
CenturyChinese Medicine:- scholarly physicians- graduates of the
new colleges of Chinese medicine- specialists such as the Bamboo
Grove monks- martial artists- acupuncturists- itinerant peddlers of
Chinese drugs- medical advisors in temples- dentistsWomen healers:-
midwives; specialists in pediatric care; smallpox variolation
specialistsVaccination
The Spectrum of Medical Practice in the Early 20th
CenturyLiterate Medicine medical lineages- Four Famous Physicians
of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties- Warm Diseases (wenbing, )- Cold
Damage- family lineage e.g., Menghe in Jiangsu (Volker
Scheid)Response to epidemics- collective organization of large
processions in the streets to expel the demons causing the
disease
Eventually harmonized into a single medical system in which
modern biomedicine became the model
History of Modern Chinese Medicine
Public Health & the Modern StatePublic health is a function
of the modern state- emerged first in Britain English Utilitarians
program for greater worker efficiency In China- exam required for
Imperial Medical Academy- free distribution of medicine by local
magistrates Angela Leungs article on organized medicine in
Ming-Qing China increasingly left to the charitable activities of
the local elites1902: late Qings first municipal health bureau
created in Tianjin protect the lives of the peopleMinistry of Civil
Affairs police and public healthManchurian plague (1910-1911)
Manchurian Plague (1910-11)
Manchurian Plague (1910-11)
1911: International Plague Conference
North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Chinas first attempt
at a public health service
1911: International Plague Conference
North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Chinas first attempt
at a public health service
First Medical Licensing Exam1909 Duanfang ():Describe the
advantages and disadvantages of Chinese and Western pulse
taking.Describe the similarities and differences between Chinese
and Western pharmacy.Discuss the use of anesthetic drugs in ancient
times.Discuss the properties and uses of X-rays.Discuss Chinese and
Western needling techniques.Discuss the cause and treatment of
rat-borne plague
Required candidates to be familiar with both classical medical
literature and Western medicine (e.g., X-rays and serum
therapy)
ScientismScientism emerged in the May 4th/New CultureNational
education system?1913: All China Medical Pharmaceutical
AssociationWang Daxie: I have decided in future to abolish Chinese
medicine and also not to use Chinese drugsRefusal to include
Chinese medicine in the national education system did not mean
trying to abolish Chinese medicineIn November 1908 a new Western
medicine department, with a Western pharmacy was installed in the
Imperial Medical Academy alongside its traditional counterparts
Chen Duxiu, Call to Youth, New Youth (1915):Our men of learning
do not understand science; thus they make use of yin-yang signs and
beliefs in the five elements to confuse the world and delude the
peopleOur doctors do not understand science; they not only know
nothing of human anatomy, but also know nothing of the analysis of
medicines; as for bacterial poisoning and infections, they have not
even heard of them.
ScientismLeaders of the Chinese medical community responded with
attempts to make Chinese medicine appear scientific:- edited new
textbooks- reliance on classical medical theory as a liability-
medical education Shanghai Technical College of Chinese Medicine
was founded in 1915- 1920s and 1930s: founding of many other new
schools of Chinese medicine curriculum included Western anatomy and
physiology (even pathology and bacteriology)
Movement to Abolish Chinese Medicine1928: Chinas first Ministry
of HealthYu Yunxiu (1879-1954) proposed a motion to abolish
old-style medicine in order to clear away the obstacles to medicine
and public healthFirst National Public Health Conference approved
the motionResponse of the Chinese medical community:- a national
conference of Chinese medicine on March 17, 1929, a date later
declared the National Medicine Day- National Union of Medical and
Pharmaceutical Organizations 5-member delegation to Nanjing
Formation of the Institute of National MedicineChinese medicine
allied with the National Studies movement National Medicine1931:
the Institute of National Medicine with the aim to scientize
Chinese medicine (inc. pharmacopea)- Chinese physicians began to
marginalize those peers who refrained from engaging with the
project of scientizationJapanese influence:- a movement for
preserving kanpo (Sino-Japanese medicine) flourished as a way to
maintain cultural identity by way of scientizing traditional
medicine- Chinese doctors borrowed the strategy from their kanpo
predecessors in Japan
Reinvention of Acupuncture
Reinvention of Acupuncture
Reinvention of AcupunctureCheng Danan (, 1899-1957) - mapped
Western anatomy and physiology onto the meridian tracts of
acupuncture (jingluo, ):
The pathways of acupuncture points recorded by our forebears are
mostly lacking in detail. There is even less recorded about the
contents of the acupuncture pathways. This book employs scientific
methods to correct this. Each acupoint must be elucidated
anatomically.In manipulating acupoints, although our forebears
needled into arteries, this was still needling the nerves of that
area, and certainly not [primarily] rupturing the artery.However,
when they did needle them (arteries) the objective was [to reach]
the nerves at that spot.
20th Century TransformationsChinese medicine in the PRC
(1949-present):1949-53 subsumed under biomedicine1954-65 creation
of traditional Chinese medicine1966-77 contracted by ideological
simplification1976-89 exploded into myriad
options/possibilities1989-present integration into global health
care
Globalization:Actively supported by WHO, promoted by the Chinese
state, dispersed by Chinese physicians, studied by conventional and
alternative practitioners throughout the world, sought after by
international clientele of patients
Chinese medicine- cultural imperialism?
