Mediterranean country report English final

RIPE NETWORK COORDINATION CENTRE

RIPE NCCInternet Country Report: Mediterranean Europe

June 2021

RIPE NCC Internet Country Report: Mediterranean Europe | 2021RIPE NETWORK COORDINATION CENTRE

2

Introduction

The Internet is a global network of networks, yet every

provides an outlook on the current state of the Internet in

market landscape and its state of development, examine Internet routing within the region, take a close look at its access to the global domain name system, and investigate

on what we can observe from the RIPE NCC’s measurement

RIPE NCC’s service region – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece – and present a comprehensive analysis of the region’s Internet development and potential for future growth in order to inform discussion, provide technical insight, and facilitate the exchange of information and best practices regarding Internet-related developments in

countries along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, as they were covered in the RIPE NCC Southeast Europe Country

to support Internet development throughout our service region by making our data and insights available to local

Highlights tdevelopment, healthy market competition, and robust and resilient Internet infrastructure

t Although IPv4 shortage is less of an issue in this region than other parts of the world, further IPv6 deployment is still needed to achieve EU-wide connectivity goals as well as future growth

t The level of IPv6 deployment varies greatly in the region, with several countries at the forefront while

toptimised, although there are a number of anomalies

tconnecting them to the rest of the global Internet


3

The Mediterranean Europe Market and Opportunity for Growth

The Market LandscapeThe countries included in this report span a wide range of

have some shared ICT objectives, such as the EU’s 2025 broadband goals,1 and, to a large extent, share a common

development and although incumbent providers maintain

open and competitive, providing a good level of choice for

Some of the providers in this region are global players,

2

Number of Providers and Other Organisations Running Their Own NetworksAs the Regional Internet Registry for Mediterranean Europe, the RIPE NCC can track the development of the local Internet over time through growth in the number of RIPE

growth in the three larger countries – Spain, France and

It’s interesting to note that the number of LIRs in Spain, after skyrocketing between 2016 and 2020, actually started to

those of France and Italy, although the population of Spain is

market, with a larger number of service providers operating

1 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/broadband-strategy-policy 2 European 5G Observatory

Figure 1: Number of Local Internet Registries over time

PortugalItalyGreeceFranceSpain PT

PT

ES ITFR GR

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

ES

FR

GR

IT


4

RIPE NCC Members and Local Internet Registries (LIRs)RIPE NCC members include Internet service providers, content hosting providers, government agencies, academic institutions and other organisations that run their own networks in the RIPE NCC’s service

The RIPE NCC distributes Internet address space to these members, who may further assign IP addresses

open more than one account, called a Local Internet

For a long time, the majority of RIPE NCC members were

own networks, including hosting providers, government

more organisations to exert more control over their Internet address resources and the ways in which they

of LIRs doesn’t necessarily translate into an increase in the

In addition, it’s possible for the same organisation to hold

trend after 2012, when the amount of IPv4 address space being allocated was restricted as the remaining IPv4

this taking place in Mediterranean Europe – especially in Spain, where 175 LIRs closed between the start of 2020 and the time of writing, 93 of which were “additional accounts”

opened in Spain, creating a downward trend in terms

Network Growth and DiversityIn general, a larger number of Local Internet Registries corresponds to a larger number of independently operated networks called Autonomous Systems, each of which is represented by an Autonomous System Number, or

The number of networks in a given country is one indication

opportunity exists for interconnection among networks,

The RIPE NCC is responsible for the allocation of ASNs in its

Again, we see the larger countries dominating here,

countries doesn’t translate directly into more competition

prices, at least, Italy is one of the six least expensive countries in the EU, while France is one of 11 EU countries

Portugal are three of the seven EU countries that fall

3

Figure 2: Number of networks

PTES ITFR GR

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

124

1,191

215

1,802

1,154

3 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/broadband-connectivity


5

IPv4 Address Space in Mediterranean EuropeUntil 2012, RIPE NCC members could receive larger amounts

2012, the RIPE community instituted a policy allowing new

in order to help them make the transition to IPv6, the next generation protocol that includes enough IP addresses for

made the last of these allocations and a system now exists whereby organisations that have never received IPv4 from the RIPE NCC can receive an even smaller allocation from

accounts are closed and address space is returned to the

growth in the amount of IPv4 space in Portugal and Greece,

growth in Italy and the highest growth rate in France – all

of organisations opened additional LIR accounts to receive further IPv4 allocations, the amounts were so small that

IPv4 Secondary Market

secondary market has arisen in recent years, with IPv4

ensuring only that the RIPE Database – the record of which address space has been registered to which RIPE

Figure 3: IPv4 holdings

Figure 4: IPv4 holdings by organisation

PTES ITFR GR

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80%

VodafonePortugal

MEO

NOSComunicações

Wind Tre

Vodafone

Telecom Italia

Forthnet

Vodafone-Panafon

OTE

Orange Espagne

Vodafone (Ono)

Telefonica

Proxad

SFR

Orange

PTES ITFR GR

0

20

40

60

80

100Millions

32,012,096

82,565,520

5,705,216 6,687,776

55,013,440


6

As demand for IPv4 continues despite the dwindling pool of available space, many providers and other organisations

IPv4 transfers that have taken place within, into and out of

world, with IPv4 addresses being transferred both to and

is dominated by the three larger countries of Spain, France and Italy, all of which include a large number of domestic

organisations have been:

t t t Vodafone España: 646,144 addresses t t

4

Internet Penetration and Potential for Future Growth

especially, we see the unusual case of there being more

Outgoing transfers Incoming transfers

IT

IT

US

FR

ES

ES

IN

FR

RO

PTOther

NL

CARU

DK

DE

UK

CH

UA

SY

NL

UK

JP

USPT

GR

1,041,920

1,385,984

675,584

548,352

1,040,384

989,184

666,112

353,536

255,232

262,656

280,320

383,488

212,480

175,872

153,856

136,704 BG

GR

Other

IR

SE

CH

1,928,704

2,142,720

2,460,928

854,016

262,656

116,736

157,952

136,960

69,632

108,288

37,888

54,528

131,072

38,912

27,392

33,280

Figure 5: IPv4 transfers within, into and out of Mediterranean Europe between December 2016 and May 2021

4 https://www.reuters.com/article/rcom-debt/rcom-goes-to-bankruptcy-court-to-resolve-debt-burden-idINKCN1PQ4WT?edition-redirect=in


7

two orders of magnitude more IPv4 addresses per capita than we’ve seen in some other countries in the RIPE NCC’s service region, and can likely be attributed to the early Internet development that took place in Mediterranean

the lower Internet access rates in the EU, these percentages

Interestingly, rates for broadband subscriptions don’t follow

access, Greece and Portugal have higher rates of broadband

explained, at least in part, by the fact that Spain and Italy have the most mobile subscriptions per capita, suggesting that people in those countries rely more on their mobile

Figure 7: Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people over time

EU

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

45

40

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

PTES ITFR GR Source: OECD

Figure 6: Percentage of households with Internet access

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

20202018201620142012201020082006

PTES ITFR GR Source: OECD


8

In particular, Italy’s notably larger number of mobile subscriptions might be at least partially attributed to

rates, averaging more than one per person, even though

a slight decline in Italy in recent years, possibly signalling

regulator and key operators, which have invested in shared 5

address space, the high rates of mobile subscriptions mean that mobile operators in particular are likely relying on

users to share a single IP address, such as carrier-grade

documented drawbacks to address-sharing technologies, and deploying IPv6 remains the only sustainable strategy for accommodating future growth and reaching the EU’s

Mbps connection by 20256 – not to mention supporting emerging technologies such as 5G, the Internet of Things

IPv6 in Mediterranean Europe

the region, followed by Italy and Spain, with Portugal and Greece holding just a fraction of the space that these larger

Figure 8: Mobile subscriptions per 100 people over time

EU

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

180

160

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

PTES ITFR GR

Figure 9: IPv6 holdings

PT

ES

IT

FR

GR

0Number of addresses (multiples of /32)

3k 6k 9k 12k 15k

5,567

14,174

9,658

378

471

6 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/broadband-strategy-policy

Source: OECD

5 ITU background paper: Infrastructure sharing and co-deployment in Europe: good practices based on collaborative regulation


9

shows the organisations with the three largest amounts

organisations hold large amounts of IPv6 address space does not mean they have actually deployed IPv6 and that

entire networks and be able to serve their entire customer

addresses registered in Italy, but has achieved more than

Figure 10: IPv6 holdings by organisation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60%

ES FR ITGR PT

Adjenet Networks

Proxad

Orange

SFR

Secretaria de Estado de

AdministracionesPublicas

Telefonica

Vodafone-Panafon

Prokopiou A.Toulkaridis

Enartia

Sky ItaliaWind Tre

Telecom Italia

WebSP

Dream Fusion

NOS Comunicações


10

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

IPv6 capability

38-40%PT

28-35%World

47-51%FR

3%ES5-6%

47-50%GR

Because larger IPv6 allocations are made according to need, we would expect to

of the amount of IPv6 address space as France, but its deployment rate is a small

In trying to better understand the situation, we look to the RIPE NCC Survey 2019,7 which polled more than 4,000 network operators and other members of the technical community, including 674 total respondents from Portugal, Spain,

in Portugal, France and Greece indicated that they believe their organisations will

is in line with the total average among all

about the current state of their networks’

Portugal, France and Greece said that they

total average among all respondents was

in Spain and Italy said they had no plans to deploy IPv6, compared to an average

looking at why respondents from Spain and Italy hadn’t yet deployed IPv6, the top reasons given were a lack of business need

and Italy who said they were fully deployed,

were currently testing IPv6 or had just started deployment, so perhaps we will see improvement in IPv6 deployment in these

Governments, regulators, Internet

for example, the telecommunications regulator, Arcep, has been active in pushing IPv6 deployment, launching an IPv6 task force in 2019 and publishing

where we also see a high level of IPv6

has also been very active in encouraging its members to deploy IPv6, and the local technical community, through GRNOG, is extremely active in supporting the country’s network operators in their own

overall Internet development and the ability to transition to the next generation

Figure 11: IPv6 deployment rates

Sources: Akamai: https://www.akamai.com/us/en/resources/our-thinking/state-of-the-internet-report/state-of-the-internet-ipv6-adoption-visualization.jsp. APNIC: https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ipv6. Google: https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html#tab=per-country-ipv6-adoption. 7 RIPE NCC Survey 2019: https://www.ripe.net/survey


11

2. Domestic and International Connectivity

Domestic Connectivity Between NetworksTo understand the relationships that exist between

within each of the countries using data from the RIPE NCC’s

distributed set of route collectors to collect and store

For each country, we plot how the routes propagate from

through international networks; our focus is on routing inside each country and the connections to the outside

the width of the lines is determined by the number of paths

correspond to any kind of geographical layout; instead,

the RIS route collection processes, our view is limited to the

peering relationships between two service providers in a country when one or both partners announce the other’s

that we can detect provides valuable insight into domestic

France and Italy, and one to two hundred in Portugal and Greece, it is unfortunately not possible to visualise all the

get a picture of high-level patterns, however, we restricted


12

In France, we can see nine clusters around various

country’s domestic connectivity by connecting a number

OpenTransit – Orange’s international backbone – for its

3215

5511

8218

6461

2914

3356

1299

174

200484

12670

15557

2200

3257

6453

30781 56844

34177

1634735280

31167

39405

25540

34659

13193

57809

6939

12956

35625

29396

28708

3216

6762

13273

60855

1712

8487

12566

8362

34949

61205

1239

29467

1301

1273

41291

34235

44530

34549

43531

57752

60983

35012

20900

2280

344443259

42845

201325

9180

41327

20926

872349961

44407

3299

50664

21409

60032

50628

197033

34019

16073

15829

203058

29608

198682

2132024954

43646

35393

202089

35184

Figure 12: Connectivity between networks in France

ES ITFR SEUS NL RU LU DE GB


13

Spain’s domestic connectivity is dominated by two networks:

situation in France, we can also see how Orange España

12479 5511 3352

1295612357

124301273

3356

6939

43833

6739

29119

33891

202766

174

13030

431601299

34977

6453

2914

48146

50129

35699

16371

50563

39551

12541

3257

200845

201453

15704

34927

12338

31577

51487206487

42947

57910

5990839155

62235

39020

37468

198760

200773

2134

201942

49835

50977

62412

8637

60458

16039

9002

48427198066

50564

13287 3339

6060916030

2026363267

41343

39737

198193

3549

10429

200064

8311

3214

57970

12386

Figure 13: Connectivity between networks in Spain

ES FR SEUS DE CH RO BRRUGBAO


14

main upstream provider for Telecom Italia’s domestic

3269

6762

20746

12874

30722

1273

2914

1299

3303

174

198471

3257

6453

1267

28716

8968

50316

24608

51569

31034

3313

48544

42425

137

49367

3242

41327

62240

6461

3302

36236

12779

5400

56376

6939

12956

31115

15605

203201

20959

21176

15589

9002

197293

31638

4230

49289

43976

5602

3356

16232

57300

201602

196983

2594

62007

5396

44092

20270960798

209897

56550

15720

44831

12559

43364

2603

3963641364

15663

47187

198102

48815

30848

Figure 14: Connectivity between networks in Italy

IT ESSEUS DKBRCHGB


15

3329

1273

679912713

5408 21320

56910

6939

199081

174

25472

3356

35506

6762

198477

1241

31042

47521

3257

15617

129929247

12361

8280

197580

8388

198188

349157463

209150

197746

15439

200736

8581

60597

15544

206652

8248

50520

8762

3260

208149

13335

199370

8643

8991

8617

15690

12402

205053

208108

50919

39062

208785

8253

15536

9069

8611

5489

15948

37468

199375

34927

39867

42365

206697

208552

15430

201293

199246

29353

28969

200744

200314

199382

16013

8522

6867

5470

20813 13153

196945

35472

8618

12364

30850

206456

GB NLGR ITUS RS SE BG AO CH

The role of GRNET, the national research and education

which is seen as a direct upstream provider for several

Figure 15: Connectivity between networks in Greece


16

15525

8657

2860

174

6939

1930

21320

13156

9186

6453

24768

12353

1273

42863

3243

5626

33876

8426

15457

12926

25060

37468

9002

5516

29003

201523

35038

41962

42580

35280

57350

8220

207112

47202

197802

34643

47784

6773

47787

203020

210300

39384

1299

200706

207002

43887

202170

51167

2914

199155

31413

64472

200942

13200

49941

43652

4230

201782

3356

199993

13030

3257

20965

4115934873

44785

35822

212073

9118

213277

43990

59528

201449

201170

5519541708

8609

210221

US NLPT GBBR AO FR IN SE DE CH CA

substantial fraction of Portugal’s networks to the rest of the Internet, both directly and indirectly, with most of the indirect connections passing through MEO Internacional

Internacional, in turn, is the exclusive upstream for other

a single organisation can use multiple ASNs to structure its

Other major players in connecting Portugal to the rest of the

external connectivity, though some paths are also seen

A visualisation of Internet connectivity, like we see in these

with a large distribution of paths and interconnections

countries included in this report display a high level of interconnectivity among their domestic networks, indicating a mature, developed local landscape that provides a good

Figure 16: Connectivity between networks in Portugal


17

International ConnectivityExtending our view, we now look beyond domestic connectivity to examine how Mediterranean Europe

again turn to the RIPE NCC’s Routing Information Service

us an overview of which operators provide international

In France, we see OpenTransit, Orange’s international backbone, in a large number of the paths connecting

international players like Cogent, Level3, Telia and others directly serve hundreds of other French networks without going through the incumbent or a handful of large domestic

choice of large upstream providers serving Italy’s domestic

Figure 17: France’s international connectivity

Figure 18: Italy’s international connectivity

102,686

86,335

14,192

24,495

30,549

66,512

23,316

7,80213,992

41,329

31,295

129 Other non-FR ASNs

Cogent

COLT

GTT-Backbone

Hurricane Electric

Level3

NTT-COMMUNICATIONS

TI SparkleTata Communications

Telia

ZAYO-6461

664 Other FR ASNs

NEO

OpenTransit

LDCOMNET

JAGUAR

RENATER

ALPHALINK.: 5,052

EURAFIBRE

ACORUS

ServeurcomCELESTE

216,621

35,310

95,608

29,721

21,235

14,341

5,052

5,964

8,381

4,2935,977

France442,503

RIS routecollectors442,503

98,785

72,415

45,852

29,395

75,371

29,660

7,251

13,6898,75838,016

20,285

101 Other non-IT ASNs

Cogent

GTT-Backbone

Hurricane Electric

Level3

NTT-COMMUNICATIONS

PROLEXIC

SWISSCOMTata Communications

Telia

VODAFONE GlobalNet

195,187

90,732

23,701

41,922

18,606

17,782

15,68211,733

8,3137,301

8,518

454 Other IT ASNs

TI Sparkle

VODAFONE-IT

FASTWEB

WINDTRE

LINKEM

RETELITBT-Italia

GARRITGATE

FIBERTELECOM

RIS route collectors439,477

Italy439,477


18

In Spain, international connectivity is dominated by the

two is clear, the relative size is not representative of the real

probably caused by Orange España announcing its address space in smaller fragments, creating a larger number of

Figure 19: Spain’s international connectivity

127,726

170,179

28,576

28,680

72,497

106,501

23,613

389,092

31,230

54,335

38,891

87 Other non-ES ASNs

Cogent

COLT

GTT-Backbone

Hurricane Electric

Level3

NTT-COMMUNICATIONS

OpenTransit

Tata Communications

Telia

VODAFONE GlobalNet

Orange España

348 Other ES ASNs

VODAFONE_ES

SERVIHOSTING

PRODUCMEDIA

as-codinet

Telefonica

PROCONO

ADAMOEUWikiker

XTRA TELECOM

474,387

274,068

57,231

89,074

23,983

19,262

54,485

22,137

18,94315,357

22,393

RIS routecollectors1,071,320

Spain1,071,320


19

earlier, these countries have an order of magnitude fewer

main providers in Portugal and Greece play a role in a much larger fraction of the routing paths into and out of

Panafon being overrepresented in terms of its actual market share, as it simply has a larger number of announced

Vodafone-Panafon, the former likely has diverse peerings

This is because relying on a small number of dominant domestic providers to provide the vast majority of the connections into and out of a country creates the potential for bottlenecks and single points of failure, negatively impacting that country’s Internet stability, regardless of how

Europe, the visualisations of the countries’ international

and Italy we see an especially high level of diversity in

in Portugal and Greece, the interconnection environment is

Figure 20: Portugal’s international connectivity

1,158

516

5,994

516

546

2,988

11,274

288

9,126

894

1,578

9 Other non-PT ASNs

CLARANET

Cogent

COLT

FNXTEC

GEANT

Hurricane Electric

NTT-COMMUNICATIONS

Tata Communications

Telia

VODAFONE GlobalNet

MEO-INTERNACIONAL

NOS_COMUNICACOES

NOWO COMMUNICATIONS

RCCN

ALMOUROLTEC

VODAFONE-PT

22 Other PT ASNs

XERVERSFlesk

REFERTELECOM

ArTelecomPT

6,354

8,904

6,594

3,768

2,646

1,974

2,442

702486

522

486


Portugal34,878

Figure 21: Greece’s international connectivity

2,178

7,806

5,394

522

7,800

6,846

1,3745,604

3,312

22,722

690

20 Other non-GR ASNs

Cogent

GEANT

GTT-Backbone:

Hurricane Electric

Level3

PCCW GlobalTI Sparkle

Telia

Vodafone GlobalNet

ZAYO-6461

Vodafone-Panafon

GR-NET

OTEGlobe

LamdaHellix

LANCOM

FORTHNET-GR

WIND

OTENET-GR

35 Other GR ASNs

TISGR-NET

SYNAPSECOM

21,390

5,466

7,500

3,930

3,426

6,636

4,392

1,920

5,418

1,548

2,622


Greece64,248


20

Paths and Routing Security

Reaching the Domain Name System

K-root and DNS K-root is one of the world’s 13 root name servers that

constellation of these root name servers consists of

resiliency and results in faster response times for DNS

These measurements are based on the RIPE NCC’s RIPE Atlas measurement platform, which employs a global network of probes to measure Internet connectivity and

Note that K-root is just one of the world’s 13 root name

make its own decisions about which particular root name

would be relatively slow, it is highly likely that clients would opt for faster alternatives among the other root name

some insight into how the routing system considers the various options and decides which networks and locations

Border Gateway Protocol and Anycast The K-root name server, like many other DNS servers,

instance of K-root is independently connected to the Internet via a local Internet exchange point or any

Each instance communicates using the Border Gateway

important criterion here is path length, and the system will choose the path with the lowest number of intermediary

the BGP decision-making process, often for reasons

networks to prefer routes that may be longer but are less expensive due to peering arrangements via an


21

There are eight K-root instances hosted in this region,

which K-root instances were reached by RIPE Atlas probes

were located in the region, while the other half were located

seven of the eight K-root instances in the region being reached overall, with the exception of the instance in Prato,

far away as Brazil, Armenia, China and Iran – all of which are

Figure 22 also showcases how dynamic the domain name

From early December 2019 to early February 2020, the K-root instance in Lyon was unavailable as the host network

an impact on the performance of the root name service, as the Border Gateway Protocol automatically found available alternatives in Amsterdam, Karlsruhe and Gdynia – all of

Once the work was completed on the host network in Lyon, the K-root instance hosted there was re-enabled and DNS

we saw the majority of probes reaching the instance in

instances in Barcelona or Madrid, with a smaller number

probes reaching the K-root instance in Lyon than any other instance; interestingly, however, far more probes reached the instance in Palermo than the one located in

in Milan or Palermo, but the majority of the remainder were sent to Frankfurt, with a smaller number reaching

Figure 22: K-root locations reached from within Mediterranean Europe (IPv4)

50k

350k

250k

150k

450k

550k

650k

Num

ber

of m

easu

rem

ents

10/2019 4/202002/202112/202010/202008/202006/202004/202002/202012/2019

Karlsruhe/DE Geneva/CH Barcelona/ES Gdynia/PL Salvador/BR Madrid/ES Hamburg/DE Yerevan/AM

Tehran/IR Prague/CZ Vienna/AT Luxembourg/LU Moscow/RUGuangzhou/CN

Lyon/FR Paris/FR Frankfurt/DE Palermo/IT Zurich/CH Milan/IT Athens/GR London/GB Berlin/DEAmsterdam/NL


22

in Greece, where the vast majority of probes reached the K-root

the region were reasonable, with a few exceptions of probes in France reaching an instance in Salvador, Brazil that resulted in longer response times and one case of a probe in Spain taking an unusually long time to reach an instance in Madrid, perhaps due to network congestion or suboptimal routing, although the

As we have RIPE Atlas probes in hundreds of networks in this region, a graph including every network would be illegible; as a compromise, we included networks that have at least four active

Traditionally, the BGP decision-making process would ensure

option, there is consistency across all the routers that are part of

few cases in which we see networks favouring a K-root instance

due to the peering arrangements or other relationships that exist

we see that Greece is particularly optimised, with all the probes

for a network in Mediterranean Europe to a root name server

generally have less control over their routing and will be more

0 10k 20k 30k 40k 50k 60k 70k 80k 90k 100k 110k

Palermo/ITLyon/FRZurich/CH Berlin/DE Frankfurt/DE Athens/GR Barcelona/ESSalvador/BRAmsterdam/NLGeneva/CH

Madrid/ESMilan/IT Karlsruhe/DE London/GB Paris/FR

Measurements

Network name ProbesASNOrange

PROXAD

LDCOMNET

BOUYGTEL-ISP

OVH-TELECOM

KWAOO

CEGETEL

FR-RENATER

OVH

Online SAS

JAGUAR

NordNet

Tubeo

E-LIANCE

FREEM

NOS_COMUNICACOES

MEO-RESIDENCIAL

VODAFONE-PT

NOS_MADEIRA

CABOTVA

Telecom Italia

WIND TRE

FASTWEB

VODAFONE-IT

NGI

TISCALI-IT

LINKEM

ASGARR

CASAWEB

NET_GLOBAL_SRL

Telefonica_de_Espana

Orange Espagne

DIGISPAINTELECOM

XTRA TELECOM

RedIRIS

OTENET-GR

VODAFONE-PANAFON

FORTHNET-GR

WIND

3215

12322

15557

5410

35540

24904

8228

2200

16276

12876

30781

8362

208574

41090

51207

2860

3243

12353

15457

42580

3352

12479

57269

15704

766

6799

3329

1241

25472

3269

1267

12874

30722

35612

8612

198471

137

21309

50316

215

81

5 14 41

13

9

7

6

4

4

312

30

11

8

6

67

25

23

14

14

9

6

5

4

4

44

15

4

4

4

29

15

12

7

7

10

4

57

11

219FR

PT

IT

ES

GR

Figure 23:


23

unless they make their own peering arrangements and individual

remembering that these results are for K-root only, and that DNS clients in the region are likely reaching other root name servers

Again using data from the RIPE Atlas measurement network, we

performed traceroutes from each RIPE Atlas probe to every other

those measurements disclose the IP addresses of the routers involved, we then used RIPE IPmap to geolocate those network

Routing packets a long way to an exchange point, only to have them travel back to a destination close to the origin, is referred

detours generally increase costs for the network operator and, more importantly, the additional distance travelled

additional dependencies on external providers, which could

Figure 24: Paths between origin and destination in Portugal (IPv4)

Barcelos

Santa Cruz das Flores

HortaPonta Delgada

Funchal

LisbonBarreiro

Leira

Faro

Braga

MirandelaPorto


24

subset of paths detour to locations outside of the country

a performance point of view they are not necessarily the

farther away locations, rather than relying more heavily on

exchange points, some of the paths we observed are really suboptimal, extending as far away as San Francisco to the

is for Internet users in France depends on the amount of

cannot measure – instead, we can only discover which

Figure 25: Paths between origin and destination in Greece (IPv4)

London

Paris

Milan

BratislavaMunich

Frankfurt

Belgrade

Athens

???

Magoula

Joanina

ThessalonikiVeroia

Goumanissa XanthiKomotini

Heraklion

Makrygialos

Amsterdam

Hamburg


25

Figure 26: Paths between origin and destination in France (IPv4)

MarseilleMontpellier

NiceCannes

Toulon

San SebastianTouleuse

NantesTours

Les MansArenconRennes

BrestLannion

Caen

Bordeaux

Pau Bastia

Amsterdam Hamburg

Munich

StrassbourgZurich

MullhouseGeneva

Milan Turin

GrenobleAix lesBains

Tirana

Mumbai

Singapore

Moscow

Warsaw

Kiev

Odessa

ViennaBudapest

Prague

Copenhagen

Stockholm

Leeds

Dublin

Lisbon

Madrid

Miami

Atlanta

Washington

New York

Chicago

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Seattle

ParisMetz

Nancy

BelfortBesancon

DoleDijon

ClemontFerrant

Villeurbanne

AmiensLille

Dunkirk Frankfurt

London


26

Figure 27: Paths between origin and destination in Spain (IPv4)

Marseille

Santa Cruz

Amsterdam

Lisbon

Madrid

TerrassaMataró

Barcelona

Valldolid

San Sebastian

Paris

Frankfurt

London

Zaragoza

MurciaSevilla LucenaMalaga

Granada

Allicante

Albacete

Albacete

ValenciaGandia

Palma deMallorca

Las Palmas


27

Figure 28: Paths between origin and destination in Italy (IPv4)

Amsterdam

Munich

Zurich

GenevaMilan

TrentinoTrieste

Bolzano

PordenoneBelluno

Padua

AnconaRimini

PugliaPescara

San Benedetto del Tronto

MonopoliFasano

Mandatoriccio

Turin

Rome

AscoliPiceno

Jesi

TursiMontoro

LatinaNaples

Nevara

Vienna

Budapest

Stockholm

Dublin

Paris

Marseille

Olbia

MessinaPalermo

VittoriaCatania

Frankfurt

London


28

Routing Security

originating in the region, we can also investigate routing

IP address space is protected by Resource Public Key

allocated or assigned to the resource holder by a Regional

routing error on the Internet: the accidental announcement

which provides all available information about IP address space, ASNs, and related information for hostnames and countries – we can see what percentage of a country’s IPv4

space registered to organisations in those countries is

and that most of the country’s providers, even the smaller

shows various sharp increases for all countries, which happen when a single, large provider adopts RPKI and

Vodafone-Panafon in Greece creating ROAs, which shot the

Figure 29: IPv4 address space covered by RPKI

0

20

40

60

80

100%

20212020201920182017201620152014201320122011

PTES ITFR GR


29

provider, Orange, creating a ROA for its large /19 allocation

can all help encourage smaller players to certify their

current operational practices around routing security in general to better safeguard the Internet and reduce the opportunity for bad actors to hijack resources and attack

Figure 30: IPv6 address space covered by RPKI

0

30

20

10

40

50

60

70

80%

20212020201920182017201620152014201320122011

PTES ITFR GR


30

It’s worth noting that all of the observations in this report are based on active paths, and we cannot know what “hidden” world of backups exists that would automatically

redundancy does exist would provide the system with

Conclusion

Mediterranean Europe has a long history of Internet

competitive markets, sophisticated infrastructure, skilled

Enterprises and citizens alike have access to a wide range

through multiple exchange points – the result of regulators and operators working together and prioritising shared

highly interconnected, providing a good level of resiliency

the rest of the global Internet by a large number of diverse routes into and out of the country, adding further stability

Routing is generally optimised for fast response times, although there are a number of cases where more distant exchange points seem to be favoured over domestic options, which unnecessarily increases costs, foreign

Countries in Mediterranean Europe enjoy high Internet penetration rates and large amounts of IPv4 address

to connect the millions of remaining households that are yet to be connected as part of the EU’s connectivity goals

the roll-out of 5G and the development of IoT and other


31

About the RIPE NCC

The RIPE NCC serves as the Regional Internet Registry for

we allocate and register blocks of Internet number resources

support the open RIPE community and the development of

Data SourcesThe information presented in this report and the analysis provided is drawn from several key resources:

RIPE Registry

information is contained in the RIPE Database, which can be accessed from

RIPE AtlasRIPE Atlas is the RIPE NCC’s main Internet measurement

users can also perform customised measurements to

Routing Information Service (RIS)

and storing Internet routing data from locations around

The data obtained through RIPE Atlas and RIS is the

always looking at ways to get more RIPE Atlas probes

Other RIPE NCC tools and services t RIPEstat: t RIPE IPmap: t K-root:

External Data Sources

providing background information included in this report

Documents

Mediterranean country report English final