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8/10/2019 MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter3 Microprocessor
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MicroprocessorsChapter 3
MELJUN CORTES
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Overview
In this chapter, you will learn how to Identify the core components of a CPU
Describe the relationship of CPUs and RAM
Explain the varieties of modern CPUs
Identify specialty CPUs Install and upgrade CPUs
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Core Components
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Concepts
The CPU (Central Processing Unit)works as a verypowerful calculator
CPUs are not very smartjust very fast at
manipulating zeroes and ones
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Man in the Box
Visualize the CPU as a man in a box.
He will gladly perform anything you want him to do, but he cant
see or hear anything outside the box.
How can we communicate with him?
We need some
way to talk to the
guy inside the box
Is anyone out
there?
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Talking to the Man
Imagine 16 lights 8 on the inside and 8 on the outside
When an inside light is on, the corresponding outside
light is on. We can switch these lights on and off.
This communication system is like the external databus
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Talking to the Man
In reality, a lot of little wires flash on or off Voltage is applied or not
Represented not as on, on, off, off
but as 1, 1, 0, 0
On
1
Off
0
On
1
Off
0
On
1
Off
0
On
1
On
1
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External Data Bus
The CPU communicates with the outside world usingthe external data bus(EDB)
Instead of light bulbs, the EDB is made up of tiny wires
The state of a wire is expressed in a binary format, withzeroes and ones
Each discrete setting (series of zeroes and ones
representing the state of the wires) of the EDB is a line
of code in a program
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Registers
Inside the box are registers(temporary storage locations)
The four general-purpose registers found in all CPUs are AX,
BX, CX, and DX
10000101
00110101
11001001
10100001
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Codebook
The man in the box needs one more tool: thecodebook or instruction set
Called machine language
One command is a line of code
The complete set of commands for a processor is itsinstruction set
Place AX on EDB
Add AX to BX & store in AX
Store next line in BXStore next line in AX
Meaning
1011 0000
1000 00001001 0000
1100 0000
Instruction
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Codebook (Instruction Set)
Place AX on EDB
Add AX to BX & store in AX
Store next line in BX
Store next line in AX
Meaning
1011 0000
1000 0000
1001 0000
1100 0000
Instruction
Place AX on EDB1100 0000
Instruction (add AX and BX and place in AX)1011 0000
Data (number 2)Instruction (store data in BX)
Data (number 1)
Instruction (store data in AX)
1001 0000
1000 0000
0000 0001
0000 0010
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Clock
The CPU does no work untiltold toeven though data may
be on the EDB
You need a buzzer to tell theman in the box to start
This is referred to as a clock
A clock is actually a stream
of pulses
z
z
10000101
00110101
Time towork
10000101
00110101
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Clock
A clock cycleis the time taken by the special wire tocharge up
The CPU needs at least two clock cycles to act on
each command
A cycle is one complete up and down segment of thesine wave
The maximum number of clock cycles that can be
handled by the CPU is called the clock speed
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System Crystal
The system crystaldefines the speed at which theCPU and the rest of the PC operate
Quartz oscillator, usually soldered to the motherboard
Overheating results from overclockingthe CPU
(running it faster than its maximum clock speed)
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In Summary
The CPU is like a man in a box The external data bus gets data in and out of the CPU
Registers are used as temporary storage inside the CPU
The instruction set is like a codebook
The clock defines the speed of the CPU
10000101
00110101
11001001
10100001
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Memory
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Memory
Memoryis a device that holds binary data Memory was first stored on paper cards and then on magnetic
cards and magnetic tapes
Problems
Serial access
Slow
Random access memory (RAM) to the rescue!
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RAM
RAMis organized similar to a spreadsheet
Data can be read or written to by addressing the RAM
location
Typically represented as KB, MB, or GB
Volatilezeroes outwhen power lost
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Memory Controller Chip
The memory controller chip(MCC) is a device thatfacilitates the flow of data from the RAM to the CPU
MCC
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Address Bus
The address busenablesthe CPU to control the
MCC
Another set of wires in
addition to the externaldata bus
Used by the CPU to tell
the Northbridge which
line of code it wants fromRAM
MCC
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Address Bus
The number of wires in the address bus determinesthe maximum amount of RAM the CPU can handle
An 8088 had 20 wires, which provided 220 combinations
(1,048,576 or 1 MB)
Many current CPUs use 36 wires, which provide 236
combinations (68,718,476,736 or 64 GB)
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Terminology
Bits are represented as b(i.e., Kb)
Bytes are represented as B(i.e., KB)
240
230
220
210
1,099,511,627,776about 1 trillion
1,073,741,824about 1 billion
1,048,576about 1 million
1024about 1000
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
240
230
220
210
G
K
M
T
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Decimal Compared to Binary
22 21 20
4 2 1
643 Decimal
102 101 100
100 10 1
6 4 3 0 1 1
101 Binary
600 +
40 +
3
643
4 +
0 +
1 +
5 Decimal
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Modern CPUs
CompTIA A+
Essentials
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CPU Overview
Several specification are used to describe andcompare CPUs: Make (Intel, AMD)
Model (Pentium, Athlon, etc.)
Packages, or how its mounted (PGA, SEC, SEP)
External speed (speed of crystal)
Multiplier (applied to crystal)
Cache (L1 and L2)
Internal speed (speed when crystal multiplied)
Pipelining Hyper-threading
Well cover these in older and newer CPUs
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Manufacturers
Two main CPU makers Intel
AMD
CPUs might look similar, but they are not
interchangeable
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Common CPU Packages
Pin grid array (PGA) Most common
Number of pins vary by processor
Plugs into sockets that vary by processor
Single edge cartridge (SEC) Single edge processor (SEP) is similar
Processor mounted on board
Board plugs into motherboard
Zero insertion force (ZIF)
Allows processor to be easily inserted
Arm locks processor in place
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Pentium CPUThe Early Years
CPU makers have added a large number ofimprovements over the years Larger external data buses
Larger address buses
Faster clock speeds
Intel introduced the Pentium CPU in the early 1990s 32-bit registers
Speeds up to 300 MHz
Ability to run multiple programs at once
Access super-fast cache RAM
Processes two or more lines of code at the same time
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32-bit Addressing
Current operating systems are referred to as 32-bit(232)
Can directly address 4 GB of memory
Early Pentiums had 32-bit address bus
Newer CPUs have 36-bit address bus
236allows addressing 64 GB of RAM
Some 32-bit operating systems address the extra
memory via extensions
Memory is swapped in and out of the 4 GB base as
needed
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Pipelining
A pipelineis a series of steps taken by the CPU toprocess a command
Pipeliningis the process of processing more than one
command at a time through the use of separate sets ofcircuitry
Works like an assembly line
Commands go through the processor on a conveyer
belt Enables the processor to work on more than one thing
at a time
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Cache
Cacheis separate storage areaused for quick access of data
CPU runs faster than RAM
Using a faster RAM cache close tothe CPU helps the CPU run without
waiting
L1: close to the CPU and fastest
L2: faster than RAM
1011 0101
1001 0001
1011 0110
0001 1101
1101 1101
1100 0111
1001 1111
1100 1010
RAM Cache
RAM
CPU
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L2 Cache
L2 was originally on themotherboard
Referred to as external
cache
Not uncommon on todays
CPUs
Size of the cache varies
from 0 to
1 MB
C S
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Clock Speed and Multipliers
The clock is derived fromthe crystal
Referred to as externalspeed
Clock is multiplied and CPUruns at quicker speed
CPU runs at much quickermultiplied speed 66 MHz crystal
Sent through a 2X multiplier
Gives a 132 MHZ CPU
Original clock
Clock with 2x multiplier
Has twice as many cycles
for CPU to operate with
CPU V l
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CPU Voltages
Older CPUs needed 5 volts CPU voltage was reduced to 3.3 volts
Later improvements reduced voltage even more with
no single standard
Smaller size resulted in lower voltage and smaller chips Voltage regulator module(VRM) is a small card that
enables a CPU to standardize voltage regulators
CPU reports voltage requirements with CPUID
Old CPU
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Older CPUs
High-end
systems
Remarks
Socket 8Socket 7Socket 4, 5Socket
PGAPGAPGAPackage
256 KB,
512 KB, 1 MB
L2
16 KB1x to 3x
60200 MHz
5066 MHz
EarlyPentiums
16 KB1.5x to 2x
60150 MHz
5075 MHz
AMD K5
2.5x to 3xMultiplier
6066 MHzExt. speed
166200 MHzInt. speed
16 KBL1
Pentium Pro
I t
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Improvements
Out-of-order processing Enabled processors to predict data that was needed
90% accuracy in pulling the correct data
On-chip L2 cache On the same package, but not necessarily on the same
chip
B T
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Bus Types
Frontside busAddress bus and external data bus are combined
together between the CPU, MCC, and RAM
Backside bus
Connection between the CPU and L2 cache Remember that L2 cache used to be external cache but is now
internal to the CPU housing
CPU
L2 Cache
RAMMCC
Frontside bus
Backside
bus
Old CPU
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Older CPUs
AMD & Intel
Split
RemarksSocket 7Slot 1Socket 7Socket
PGASECPGAPackage
0 to 256 KB512 KBL2
32 KB
2.5x to 4.5x
166200 MHz
6675 MHz
LaterPentiums
32 KB
3.5x to 4.5x
233450 MHz
66100 MHz
Pentium II
3.5x to 5.5xMultiplier
60100 MHzExt. speed
200550 MHzInt. speed
32 or 64 KBL1
AMD K6
P ti I t
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Pentium Improvements
MMX (multimedia extensions)
Designed for graphical applications
Increased clocks and multipliers
Up to 4.5x
Pentium II
Faster than Pentium Pro
Used SEC
AMD K6
Proprietary 3DNow! Requires a Super Socket 7
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Old CPU
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Older CPUs
Celeron Offshoot of Pentium II for the
low-end PC
Pentium III Intels answer to 3DNow! by
AMD
AMD Athlon SEC package used slot A
M C t CPU
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More Current CPUs
4910021573875Wattage
180 nm180 nm180 nmProcess
WillametteThunderbirdCodename
Socket 423 or 478Socket ASocket ASocket
PGAPGAPGAPackage
256 KB64 KB256 KBL2
128 KB
6.5x to 14x
650 MHz
1.4 GHz
100133 MHz
AMD Athlon
128 KB
6.5x to 13.5x
650 MHz
1.8 GHz
100 MHz
AMD Duron
13x to 20xMultiplier
100133 MHzExt. speed
1.32 GHzInt. speed
128 KBL1
Pentium 4
IT T h i i
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IT Technician
Processing and Wattage
CompTIA A+
Technician
P i d W tt
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Processing and Wattage
Wattage is a measure of power Goal is to consume as little power as possible
while still having a powerful CPU
Solution: make it smaller so it takes less voltage;
less voltage is less wattage
Processing
Measures thickness of wafers
Some of todays processors are 65 nanometers About as thick as 455 hydrogen atoms
Or 1/3077thof the width of a human hair
Hydrogen atom
Penti m Competitors
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Pentium Competitors
AMD Athlon Thunderbird Double-pumped frontside bus doubled the data rate without
increasing the clock speed
Returned to PGA with Socket A
AMD Duron Generic name given to all lower-end Athlon processors
AMDs competitor to Intels Celeron for the low-end PC
Intel Pentium 4 (Willamette)
Completely redesigned core called NetBurst
Used 20-step pipeline
Quad-pumped frontside bus
More Current CPUs
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More Current CPUs
49706072Wattage
150 nm180 nmProcess
ThoroughbredPalominoCodename
Socket ASocket ASocket
PGAPGAPackage
256512 KB256512 KBL2
128 KB
13x to 16.5x
1.32.2 GHz
133 MHz
AMD Athlon
128 KB
13x to 16.5x
1.32.2 GHz
166 MHz
AMD Athlon
Multiplier
Ext. speed
Int. speed
L1
More Current CPUs
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More Current CPUs
86~844568Wattage
65 nm90 nm130 nmProcess
Cedar MillPrescottNorthwoodCodename
Socket 478 or 775Socket 478 or
775
Socket 478 or
775
Socket
PGAPGAPGAPackage
256, 512 KB256, 512 KB256, 512 KBL2
128 KB
13x to 23x
1.33.8 GHz
100 MHz
Pentium 4
128 KB
13x to 23x
1.33.8 GHz
133 MHz
Pentium 4
13x to 23xMultiplier
200 MHzExt. speed
1.33.8 GHzInt. speed
128 KBL1
Pentium 4
Newer Processors
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Newer Processors
AMD Athlon XP (Palomino and Thoroughbred)
Enhanced version of the Athlon core processor
Intel Pentium 4 (Northwood, Prescott, Cedar Mill)
Increased frontside bus to 800 MHz
Introduced hyperthreading
Hyperthreading
Looks like two CPUsto the operating system
More Current CPUs
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More Current CPUs
49706072Wattage
150 nm180 nmProcess
ThoroughbredPalominoCodename
Socket ASocket ASocket
PGAPGAPackage
256512 KB256512 KBL2
128 KB
13x to 16.5x
1.32.2 GHz
133 MHz
AMD Athlon XP
128 KB
13x to 16.5x
1.32.2 GHz
166 MHz
AMD Athlon
Multiplier
Ext. speed
Int. speed
L1
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Mobile Processors
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Mobile Processors
Mobile processors For laptops
Use less power to overcome problems of heat and
power requirements
Utilize throttling
Previously called system management mode (SMM)
Allows a CPU to slow down during low demand times
Intel calls it SpeedStepAMD calls it PowerNow!
More Processors
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More Processors
Intel Xeon processors
Series of powerful CPUs
Massive L2 caches
Xeon is codeword for high-end
Can easily be used in symmetric multiprocessing systems(multiple physical processors)
Early Xeon used slots
Later Xeons went back to PGA packages
64 Bit Processors
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64-Bit Processors
64-bit processingrefers to a 64-bit address bus We already had 64-bit external data buses
Intel Itanium processors
Itanium was Intels first 64-bit chip
Itanium II is made for the PC
64 Bit Processors
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64-Bit Processors
AMD Opteron processor Runs both 32-bit and 64-bit code
Athlon 64
First desktop 64-bit processor Backward-compatible with 32-bit programs
Two main groups (130 nm and 90 nm)
AMD Sempron CPUs
Less cache than the Athlon 64
Offer a tradeoff between price and performance
Dual core CPUs
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Dual-core CPUs
Due to practical limit of ~4 GHz in clock speeds,alternatives were sought
Dual core features two CPUs on same chip
Pentium D
Athlon Dual Cores
Dual core CPUs
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Dual-core CPUs
8911095130Wattage
90 nm90, 65 nmProcess
Smtihfield/PreslerCodename
Socket 939 or AM2Socket LGA 775SocketPGA775 LGAPackage
Two 512 KB or 1 MBTwo 1 or 2 MBL2
Two 128 KB
14x to 20x
2.63.6 GHz166, 200 MHz
Pentium D
10x to 12xMultiplier
200 MHzExt. speed22.4 GHzInt. speed
128 KBL1
Athlon Dual Core
Intel Core CPUs
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Intel Core CPUs
8911095130Wattage
90 nm90, 65 nmProcess
YonahCodename
Socket 939 or AM2Socket LGA 775SocketPGA775 LGAPackage
Two 512 KB or 1 MBTwo 1 or 2 MBL2
Two 128 KB
14x to 20x
2.63.6 GHz166, 200 MHz
Intel Core
10x to 12xMultiplier
200 MHzExt. speed22.4 GHzInt. speed
128 KBL1
Intel Core 2
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Installing CPUs
Why Replace a CPU?
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Why Replace a CPU?
Cost Chances are youll need to replace the motherboard as
well as the CPUis it worth it?
Cooling Faster CPUs will probably need better cooling
Performance
Faster CPUs may not be the best answer to speeding
up your PC
Many times you really need more RAM
The Right CPU
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The Right CPU
Consult your motherboard manual You need a CPU that will fit
in the socket or slot on
your motherboard
Buying a CPU
Most stores will not accept
returns
Retail-boxed CPUs are genuine and comewith a fan
Lots of illegal CPUs on the market
CPU Installation Guidelines
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CPU Installation Guidelines
Dont touch the pins(ESD)
Match the notch and dotprinted on the cornersof the CPUthey must
line up Incorrectly installing
your CPU may destroythe CPU and/or
motherboard!
CPU Installation Guidelines
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CPU Installation Guidelines
Use a heat sink
compound
Install a fan on top of the
CPU after the CPU has
been inserted into the
socket
Plugging in the CPU Fan
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Plugging in the CPU Fan
The Art of Cooling
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The Art of Cooling
Modern CPUs need to be keptcool
OEM fans are included in retail-
boxed CPUs
Specialized fans usually exceed
OEM fans
Liquid cooling works by runninga liquid (usually water) through
a metal block that sits on top of
your CPU to absorb heat
Overclocking
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Overclocking
Overclocking is running a CPU at a speed higherthan rated
Voids the warranty
Black market exists
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