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MEMAHAMI PROBLEM
KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI
Ir. Moh Sholichin, MT. Ph.D
(sho – lee - chin)
Sg Cisadane
Sg Ciliwung
Sungai Pasig dulu dan sekarang
di Kota Manila, Philipina
Tanaman wetland di
tepian sg Pasig
Manila
Sg Cheonggyecheon
Seoul Korsel
Di
Sungai di Itali
Konsep Utama
Tipe pencemar, sumber pencemaran, efek dari pencemaran air thd kesehatan.
Problem 2 utama pencemaran air permukaan
Problem 2 utama pencemaran air tanah
Pengurangan dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air
Kualitas Air Minum
Air adalah
kehidupan
di Bumi.
1. Point Source Pollution (PSP) (Sumber Pencemaran titik )
2. Nonpoint Source Pollution (NPSP)
(Sumber Pencemaran bukan titik/ menyebar)
2 Tipe Utama Sumber Pencemar
Sumber Pencemaran : Titik
Berasal dari sumber yg
pasti, seperti pipa
pembuangan
Pabrik, kawasan
industri, Kawasan IPAL
Dapat di monitor dan
dikontrol dg sistem yg
sdh di rencanakan
Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik
Nonpoint Source (NPS)
Pollution adalah
pencemaran yang
terbawa melalui air
limpasan hujan.
NPS tidak dapat di
deteksi secara pasti pd
suatu titik tertentu sprt
pd IPAL.
Contoh-contoh NPS
oil & grease from cars
fertilizers
animal waste
grass clippings
septic systems
sewage & cleaners from
boats
household cleaning
products
Mekanisme Transpor Polutan
• NPS pollutants berlangsung selama musim kemarau
Atmospheric deposition
Pemakaian pupuk kimia
Kotoran hewan/peternakan
Tumpahan minyak
• Sumber Pollutants akan tercuci saat musin hujan dan
mengalir kepermukaan tanah, selanjutnya masuk ke sungai, danau, telaga dll
Sumber Pollutant terjadi dan mengalir
bergantung pada land use.
Imperviousness increases runoff
Land use changes impact build up
Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air
More Imperviousness = More Water
Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?
Jalan raya
Atap rumah
Parking Area
Cor beton
dll
Penutup kedap air
• Menyebabkan adanya
akumulasi polutan
menyebabkan
peningkatan limpasan
tercemar dan banjir
menghambat resapan
air tanah
Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik
fish and wildlife
recreational water activities
commercial fishing
tourism
drinking water quality
Muatan Polutan dalam Runoff
Sediment Soil particles transported from their source
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ● Oxygen depleting material Leaves Organic material
Toxics ● Pesticides Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides ● Metals (naturally occurring in soil, automotive emissions/ tires) Lead Zinc Mercury ● Petroleum Hydrocarbons (automotive exhaust and fuel/oil)
Debris Litter and illegal dumping
Nutrients ● Various types of materials that become dissolved and suspended in water (commonly found in fertilizer and plant material): Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P)
Bacteria/ Pathogens
Originating from:
● Pets
● Waterfowl
● Failing septic systems
Thermal Stress Heated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation
Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman
Nutrients: Fertilizers and
septic systems
Pathogens: Pet waste and
septic systems
Sediment: Construction,
road sand, soil erosion
Toxic: Pesticides, household
products
Debris: Litter and illegal
dumping
Thermal: heated runoff,
removal of streamside
vegetation
Polutan dari pertanian
Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides
Polutan Penting
Sediment reduces light penetration in stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic plants which can cause highly varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels, the aquatic life has the potential to be harmed.
Toxics can impact life and contaminate drinking water supplies.
Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of possible viruses present in the system.
Apa Pencemaran Air?
PP 82 2001.
Pencemaran air yaitu
masuknya mahluk hidup, zat,
energi atau komponen lain ke
dalam air, sehingga kualitas
air turun sampai ke tingkat
tertentu yang menyebabkan
air tidak berfungsi lagi sesuai
dengan peruntukannya
Apa pencemaran air?
WHO:
• 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
• 1.9 million from
diarrhea
• U.S. 1.5 million
illnesses
• 1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
Apa pencemaran air?
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
Apa pencemaran air?
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents
often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and
phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban
fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt
photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog
rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants
Bagaimana Kualitas Air?
Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform counts from intestines of animals
• None per 100 ml for drinking
• >200 per 100 ml for swimming
Sources: human sewage, animals, birds, raccoons, etc.
Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?
Dissolved Oxygen: BOD
Biological Oxygen
Demand…the amount of
oxygen consumed by aquatic
decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for
presence of inorganic or
organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water
clarity
Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?
Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
• Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water
Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Sumber Pencemaran Air
Agriculture: by far the
leader
• Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
Pencemaran Air Sungai
Flowing streams can recover from moderate level of degradable water pollution if their flows are not reduced.
• Natural biodegradation process
• Does not work if overloaded or stream flow reduced
• Does not work against non biodegradable pollutants
Pencemaran Sungai
Kurva Kantong oksigen Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery
Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?
Dua Dunia
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth
• Nonpoint still a problem
• Toxic chemicals still problem
• Success Cuyahoga River, Thames River
Dua Dunia
Developing Countries:
Serious and growing problem
• Half of world’s 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
• Sewage treatment minimal
$$$
• Law enforcement difficult
• 10% of sewage in China
treated
• Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
Sungai Gangga India
• Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live
in watershed
• Little sewage treatment
• Used for bathing, drinking
etc.
• Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
• Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar
Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective
• Little vertical mixing
• Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
• Toxins settle
• Kill bottom life
• Atmospheric deposition
• Food chain disruptions
Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food chain
from the Great
Lakes.
Eutrofikasi Danau
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
• During hot dry weather can lead
to algae blooms
• Decrease of photosynthesis
• Dying algae then drops DO
levels
• Fish kills, bad odor
Pencemaran Danau
Eutrofikasi
Eutrofikasi Danau
Penyelesaian masalah:
• Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
• Household detergents
• Soil conservation
• Remove excess weed
build up
• Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes
•Pollution levels
dropped, but long
way to go
•95% of U.S.
freshwater
•30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
•38 million drink
•1% flow out St.
Lawrence
•Toxic fish
AIR TANAH = Groundwater
• Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
• What is the extent of the problem?
• What are the solutions?
Groundwater
Groundwater DAPAT
TERKONTAMINASI:
• No way to cleanse itself
• Little dilution and
dispersion
• Out of sight pollution
• Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
• REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
Pencemaran Groundwater
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Cold temperatures
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping well
Waste lagoon
Accidental spills
Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool septic tank
De-icing road salt
Water pumping well Landfill
Low oxygen
Aliran air bawah tanah
Groundwater
• Pollution moves in
plumes
• Soil, rocks, etc. act like
sponge
• Cleansing does not
work (low O, low flow,
cold)
• Nondegradables may
be permanent
Pencegahan
lebih efektif
dan murah
Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater
Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes
Pencemaran Laut
• Toleransi pencemaran laut
• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
• What are major sources of ocean
pollution and what is being done?
• Tumpahan Minyak
Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
• Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
• Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
• 40% of world’s pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
Mangrove Swamp
Estuaries
Pencemaran Laut
• Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
• Leaking septic tanks
• Runoff
• Algae blooms from
nutrients
• Dead zones NO DO
• Airborne toxins
• Oil spills
Pencemaran Laut
Preventing and
reducing the
flow of pollution
from land and
from streams
emptying into
the ocean is key
to protecting
oceans
TUMPAHAN MINYAK
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage
tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation
and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents
Pencegahan dan Reduksi
• How can we reduce surface water
pollution: point and also nonpoint.
• How do sewage treatment plants work?
• How successful has the U.S. been at
reducing water pollution? Clean Water
Act
Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi
Pencemaran Air Permukaan
Nonpoint Sources Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone
vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Reduksi Runoff
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Zone Penyangga sekitar
sungai
Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply
needed pesticides and fertilizers
Sumber Pencemaran: Titik
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean Water
Act 1972, ’77, ’87)
• Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
Peraturan Air Bersih
• Sets standards for key
pollutants
• Requires permits for
discharge
• Requires sewage treatment
• Require permits for
wetland destruction
• Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
• Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
Teknologi: Sistem Septic
Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan
•¼ of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
•Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.
Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
•EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
•EPA: $100 billion
to fix
Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air
Limbah
Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis
Primary: removes 60% of
solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???
Technological Approach: Advanced
(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer
Technological Approach: Using
Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig. 22-18 p. 513
Berita Baik
Largely thanks to CWA:
• Between 1972 – 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
• 74% served by sewage
treatment
• Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
• Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
Khabar Buruk
• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
• Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
• Livestock and Ag. Runoff
• Ikan dengan Racun
Solusi
Pencemaran Air
Air Bersih / Minum
• How is drinking water purified? High tech
way.
• How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
Kualitas Air Minum
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Purification of urban drinking water
Air Minum Botolan
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan
Surface Water: (like
Delaware River)
• Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
• Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does not
need much treatment
Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan
There can be simple ways
to purify water:
• Exposing to heat and UV
rays
• Fine cloths to filter water
• Add small amounts of
chlorine
• 54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
Hemat Air Bersih
Hemat Air Bersih
• Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public
notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion
Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s safest
tap water due to billions
of $$$ of investment
Bottle water 240 to 10,000
times more expensive
than tap water
25% of bottle water is tap
water
Air Botolan
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away each
year
Toxic fumes released during
bottling
Bottles made from oil based
plastics
Water does not need to meet
SDWA