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There are Three steps in information processing 1. Encoding-or getting information into the memory system 2. Storage or retaining information in memory over time 3. Retrieval or getting information out of memory storage Encode external events into memory Memory storage Retrieval of stored memories
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Memory Module22 :Information Processing
Module 23:Forgetting and Memory Construction
There are Three steps in information processing1. Encoding-or getting information into the
memory system2. Storage or retaining information in memory
over time3. Retrieval or getting information out of
memory storage
Encode external
events into memory
Retrieval of stored memories
Memory storage
SourcesThinking About Psychology-Second Edition
allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCached - Similar
Association for Psychological Science: Bookswww.psychologicalscience.org/books
Automatic processing and Effortful Processing Automatic processing is the unconscious process of
remembering without any effort. Effort processing encoding that requires attention
and conscious effort. Research shows that the most effective way of
remembering is rehearsal the conscious repetition of information
Over learning – continuing to rehearse information you have already memorized
Serial Position Effect Serial position effect- Tendency to recall the
first and last items in a list more easily.The primacy effect enhances are ability to
recall items near the beginning The regency effect enhances are ability to
recall items near the end of the list
Spacing of rehearsal
An example is the difference between studying a week before the test and cramming the information a night before the test
Encoding MeaningSemantic processing encoding by meaningSelf reference effect enhanced semantic
encoding of information that is personally relevant or relating it to your own life.
Encoding imageryEncoding an image is more easy like
remembering 9/11 we can remember this image
Mnemonic Devices Mnemonic devices is a memory trick or
techniqueMethod of loci – associating items you want to
remember with imaginary placesPeg word system associating items you want to
remember with a list of words you have already remembered
Two is a shoe
Three is a tree
Four is a door
Organizing Information
Chunking-organizing information into meaningful units
Effectiveness of chunkingGive yourself 10 seconds to learn the letters in
row 1.now row 2. the identical letters appear in both rows nut they are easier to remember if they are chunked
ROW1 RNN TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR OYOROW 2 ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU
Sensory memoryHumans have five main senses: sight,
hearing , taste, smell, and touch sensory memory allows individuals to retain these impressions and relate them.
Short term memoryPart of your memory system that
contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored permanently or forgotten.
Short term memory decays rapidly within a few seconds most people cannot recall three consonants and by 20 sec they have completely los the three consonants
Long term MemoryLong term memory is the relatively
permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Flashbulb memory is a vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Compare your memory to that of a Clarks nutcracker it can remember up to 6,000 places where it stored seeds for the winter.
Explicit and implicit memoriesExplicit memory- memory of facts and experiences Implicit memory- memory of skills and procedure
Types of long term memories
Explicit With conscious recall processed by Hippocampus
Motor Skills (how to walk)
Personally experienced
events (what I had for
Breakfast)
Facts general knowledge ( the
name of the largest ocean)
Cognitive skills (how to
read)
Implicit Without conscious recall
(processed by the cerebellum)
A structure in the limbic system linked to explicit memory
Processes implicit memory
as well as coordinating
voluntary movement and
balance
RetrievalRecall-information you must search as in a fill in
the blank testRecognition-type of retrieval in which you must
identify items as a multiple choice test
Context effectContext effect- describes the influence of
environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.
State DependencySate dependent memory enhances ability to
retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information
Forgetting as Encoding Failure
Which is the real penny?
Forgetting as Storage FailurePermastore memory- long term memory that are
especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to lat a life time
Forgetting as Retrieval FailureProactive interference- When an older memory
disrupts the recall of a new oneRetroactive interference – when a more recent
memory disrupts the recall of an older memory Motivated forgetting
repression –the process of moving anxiety producing memories to the unconscious mind
SourcesMemory and Forgetting in Psychology
101 at AllPsych Onlineallpsych.com/psychology101/memory.html
Cached - SimilarThinking Psychology Second EditionAssociation for Psychological Science: Bookswww.psychologicalscience.org/books