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1. THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIT CHARACTER – HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS ARE CONTROLLED BY A PAIR FACTORS ( GENES IN PAIR)
2. THE PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE AND RECESSIVENESS – ONE FACTOR IN A PAIR (DOMINANT) PREVENTS THE EXPRESSION OF THE OTHER TRAIT( RECESSIVE)
3. THE PRINCIPLE OF SEGRAGATION – ONE AND ONLY ONE MEMBER OF A PAIR OF FACTORS GOES TO A GAMETE.
MENDEL’S PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE
A A x a a = Aa x Aa
MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE with the
use of PUNNET SQUARE – a diagram
named after REGINALD C. PUNNET w/c helps in
predicting the outcome of a given cross w/ ease.
THE PUNNET SQUARE OR CHECKER BOARD METHOD
ROUND
R R
WRINKLED
r rR r R r
R r R r
GENOTYPE 100% Rr
PHENOTYPE
100% ROUND
CHECKPOINTS: BLACK COAT COLOR IN A PIG IS DOMINANT OVER WHITE COLOR . A HOMOZYGOUS BLACK PIG IS MATED WITH A HYBRID BLACK PIG.
1. GIVE THE GENOTYPES OF THE PARENTS.
2. LIST DOWN THE PROBABLE GAMETES THAT THE TWO PARENTS WILL REPRODUCE.
3. FIND THEIR OFFSPRINGS USING A PUNNET SQUARE AND GIVE THE PHENOTYPE/ GENOTYPE.
DIHYBRID INHERITANCE:
2 traits are crossed at a time.Ex. Smooth and yellow seed is crossed with constricted and
green seeds pea plant. ( SSYY- ssyy respectively)
SS YY x ss yy ( smooth,yellow –
constricted,green) S Y s y Ss Yy (self fertilized
SsYy x SsYy
S Y S Y s y s y
S
Y
S
Y
sy
s y
ovum
sperm
Checkpoints: Complete the table below.
Phenotype =
Genotype =
CATTLEP₁ rr x ww --- rw ( roan) F₁ (red) ( white)
P₂ rw x rw --- ( red, Roan, white) F₂GUMAMELA FLOWERP₁ RR x WW --- RW ( PINK) F₁
P₂ RW x RW –---- RR, RW, WW (RED, PINK, WHITE) F₂
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
In a radish, long and round shapes are both dominant. Find the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of the cross between ;
1. Long and round radish2. oval and long radish3. oval and round radish
ANALYZE AND SOLVE:
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOME?
A long strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
The stuff in your body that carries information that makes you” you”.
The long strand of DNA gets coiled in your body cell that during cell division, it ends up coiling by forming 2 sisters chromatid joined together by A centromere Known as theChromosome.
The long strand of DNA in all our body cells, when unwrapped, it could make us travel3000 times from the earth to the moon.
However, only 2 to 3 % of all the DNA actually codes for the traits inside our bodies. Those important parts are the GENES.
gene
gene
GENES – a DNASegment sequencesThat code for manyDifferent traits.
junk
A DNA has a thousands of GENES.
An average gene has 10,000 to 15,000Pairs of bases.
chromosome
CENTROMERE
CHROMATID
CHROMATID
adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
BASES OF NUCLEOTIDES (4 NITROGENOUS)
Purine group
Pyramidine group
Double helix strand DNA
TA
NUCLEOTIDE – simplest unit of DNA
Nitrogen base
sugar
sugar
Nitrogen base
phophate
phophate
During cell division, exact duplicates of the chromosomes are made so that the genetic information in the chromosomes are passed to the chromosomes of the succeeding cells.DNA REPLICATION
Provides the blueprint of all forms of life
Which is responsible in synthesizing
the complimentary strand?
RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
Gets direction in making protein from the DNA
Messenger RNA – containsthe sequence of 3 unpaired bases that compliment
those in the DNA code. Transfer RNA – moves the
codeFrom the nucleus to the
cytoplasmand attaches it to an amino acid
and combines it with another for a
certain protein depending on the GENETIC CODE.
Difference between RNA and DNAFound in the nucleus,
cytoplasm and ribosomes
Sugar component is ribose
Single strandNitrogen base-
ADENINE,GUANINE,CYTOSINE and URACIL
Involved in protein synthesis
Found in the nucleusDeoxyribose for the
sugar componentDouble – strandedBases – ADENINE,
GUANINE, CYTOSINE and THYMINE
Directs protein synthesis
Checkpoints :
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Double helix strand DNA
RNA
Nucleus, cytoplasm and
Ribosome
?Single strand?Involved in protein
synthesis
?Deoxyribose- sugar
component?Thymine – base?
DNA
NUCLEUS
RIBOSE
DOUBLE STRAND
URACIL
DIRECTS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
