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Mental Models : Theory and Application inHuman Factors
JOHN R. WILSON' and ANDREW RUTHERFORD, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
고려대학교 산업경영공학과
김보람
Mental Models : Theory and Application inHuman Factors
1. Introduction
2. What are Mental Models? A Starting Point
3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychology
4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Representation
5. Pictures in the Mind?
6. Use of Mental Models within Human Factors
7. Conclusions
1.Introduction
“Designing the machine to fit the human”
The importance ofemploying knowledge
of the users’ mental mod-
elsin specifying the dis-
play
1. Introduction
Mental Model theories developed and tested by cognitive psychologist
Human factors literature on system design
Cognitive ergonomicsthe application of psychological theories, models, and findings to problem of user interface design
Is Mental Model Panacea?
We don’t know if it has utility as an explanation of mind and behavior
Theory
Application
Difficulty to matching
2. What are Mental Models? A Starting Point
Toffler
“ Every person carries within his head a mental model of the world - a subjective representation of external reality”
Wickens
“hypothetical constructs that assist scientists in understanding behavior”
“Users’ conceptual models” “Conceptualization”
“Device model” “ Naive Theories”
Norman & Young
Designer’s conceptual modelof the target system
User’s mental modelof the system
3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychol-ogy
Rouse and Morris
“The mechanism whereby humans are able to generate description of system purpose and form,
explanations of system functioning and observed system states, and predictions of future system state”
Rasmussen
“Internal representations of environmental factors that determine the interrelationships among observable environmental data”
Ergonomists Say
3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychol-ogy
Psychologist SayJohnson Laird
“enable individuals to make inferences and predictions, to understand phenomena, to decide
what action to take and to control its execution, and above all to experience events by proxy”
3. Different Approaches in Ergonomics and Psychol-ogy
1. One source of confusion between the psychological and human fac-tors notions of mental models lies in what the concept is employed to describe
2. Another source of confusion, at least with respect to Rasmussen’s account of mental models, is the claim that these are not psychological models but functional models
Human factors it is the product of such processes that is of concern
Rasmussen intends to communi-cate the product
Ergonomists
The attempt is to describe men-tal processes
Psychology is interested in both the function computed and the representation and algorithm(effective procedure) that com-pute the function
Psychologists
4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Rep-resentation
FrameSce-
nario
Script
Schema
Frame of Restaurant
Roles Props
CustomerAttendanceChef Menu TableFood
SlotInput slots with appropriate in-formation whichFrom default value
4. Mental Models and Theories of Knowledge Rep-resentation
Frame
Sce-nario
Script
SchemaFram
e
Sce-nario
Script
Schema
Schemata
Frame
Sce-nario
Script
SchemaFram
e
Sce-nario
Script
Schema
Schemata
Mental model
Mental model Schemata
Mental models are regarded as the utilization of such information in a computationally dy-namic manner
schemata provide the procedures from which mental models are constructed
Schemata are taken to be data structures in memory, which can be activated
5. Pictures in Mind
Internal representation
a catchall term used to refer to some activity or state within the nervous system or a computer system that represents or is a token for some other entity
Internal representation Mental model
Propositional representation Analogical representation
Internal representation = Mental model
“Mental models are frequently pictorial or image like”
Visualization of system or more abstract data-processing models
“”
forms of
behavior
6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors
They may be employed in general design guidance, as in such exhortations as "know the user's mental model“
To summon up the idea of a "picture in the mind" or an "envi-sionment“
To test the effects of different levels of training or task information on performance
used to estimate the complexity of system use in order to enhance system design
Programmed intermediaries encapsulating "knowledge“ of the human user
In the explanation and description of behavior
Mental model be employed as a tool in design
6. Use of Mental Models Within Human factors
The displays of a process or system must be compatible with op-erators' internal representations of the system
The displays themselves allow or determine that certain mental models be built up
"interface design can influence the formationof a user's mental model“
"the designer is obliged to ensure the usershave or construct an appropriate user model"
7. Conclusions
The mental model notion is part of a continual theoretical devel-opment
It is regarded as a step on the way to an explanation of mind and behavior
Human factors community is often tempted (indeed needs) to go beyond
this to obtain a tool to apply in systems or product design
7. Conclusions
Human factors researchers now agreed on terminology and notion
1. Designer’s conceptual model - design’s representation of user
2. User’s conceptual model - user’s representation of the system
3. User’s mental model - descriptions of the user's internal representations which are informed by theories from psychology
Thank You !