Meschke G. TBM Tunnelling Simulation-Hanoi-05-Aug10

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Computational Simulation in TBM TunnelingSTRUCTURAL

MECHANICS

Institute for Structural Mechanics Ruhr University Bochum, Germany

[email protected]

Computational Models and Simulation Methods in TBM Tunneling

Ruhr University Bochum

Günther Meschke

Institute For Building Science and Technology

August 5th, 2010, Hanoi, Vietnam

Computational Simulation in TBM Tunneling

• Trans European Network (TEN): Doubling of the border crossing traffic by 2020

• National and transnational high speed railway (Gotthard, Lötschberg, Brenner Base Tunnels, Lyon-Torino Tunnel, Koralm-Tunnel … (230 km))

• Development of urban centers (subways and suburban trains)

Social and technological aspects

Trans-European Network (TEN)

Background

Tokyo Subway - Iidabashi Station

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Wiener U-Bahnnetz 1982

• Trans European Network (TEN): Doubling of the border crossing traffic by 2020

• National and transnational high speed railway (Gotthard, Lötschberg, Brenner Base Tunnels, Lyon-Torino Tunnel, Koralm-Tunnel … (230 km))

• Development of urban centers (subways and suburban trains)

Tokyo Subway - Iidabashi StationVienna Subway Network, 2009

Background

Social and technological aspects


Background

Tunnelling technology - 19th century and today

I. K. Brunel’s shield machine, building the Thames Tunnel 1824-1842[Gugliemelmetti, Grasso, Mahtab & Xu, 2007]

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Background

Very stiff support

Semmering Tunnel in 1848: Old Austrian Tunnelling Method

Flexible support

Westtangente Bochum in 1982: New Austrian Tunneling Method

Shotcreting Tunnelling Technology - 19th century and today


Development trends in mechanized tunneling

Feasibility study Gibraltar TunnelPercentage of different construction methods for

subway tunnels [A. Haack, Tunnel, 2008]

• Increasing range of applications for different geological conditions

• International tunneling technology with increasing significance

• Tendency towards increasing diameters (2006: 15,4 m, 2009: 19 m?) and tunnel lengths

Background

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• Inhomogeneous ground: only sparse borehole data available, unclearground parameters

• Tunneling process: Highly variable, hardly predictable ground conditionsrequire the continuous adaptation of the process

• Risk of damage for vulnerable buildings

Boundary conditions in mechanized tunneling

Need for research


Need for reliable prognoses in design stage Ground response in mechanized tunnelling influenced by various interacting mechanisms (ground conditions – TBM – face support – tail void support –linings)

Wrong decisions in planning stage (e.g. tunnel alignment of tunnel, excavation method, support design) may lead to problems during construction and to cost and time overruns

Pearl Line, Shanghai, 2003 N-S Metro Line Cologne, 2004

Low influenceHigh

expenditure

Unnecessarycosts

Extra cost

Design Construction Maintenace, repair and rehabilitation

High influenceLow expenditure

Aásko Sarja, Lifetime optimised planning and design concept 2007John Kelly & Steve Male, Value Management in Design and Construction. 1993

Unnecessarycosts

Cost

Need for research

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For more or less identical ground conditions often different design solutions – criteria often not fully transparentDesign process often not sufficiently structured

Need for reliable prognoses in design stage

Need for research


Need for reliable prognoses during construction

Simulation

Monitoring

Continuous on site simulation of construction process to support steering and decisions during construction

Interaction between process parameters and ground response

Need for research

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Large Research Initiatives

Since July 2010:

Collaborative Research Center at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany

Interaction modeling in mechanized tunneling

• 14 Projects, ~2,5 Mio US $ per Year

• Fundamental Research:

• New computational Models and Simulation Methods (Design,Construction, Logistics)

• New Materials

• New Design concepts


2005-2009:

European Integrated Project

Technology Innovation in Underground Construction

• 4 year, ~33 Mio US $ per

• Fundamental and Applied Research in SP1:

• Integrated Optimization Platform for Tunneling – Methods of Computational mechanics & Computational Intelligence

Large Research Initiatives

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Pre-design

Design

Construction

Maintenance and repair

Construction processes

Construction Equipment

Motivation Numerical Simulation for Mechanized TunnellingIntegrated Design Support System

Technology Innovation in Underground Construction The European Integrated Project TUNCONSTRUCT


GEOLOGICAL MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

PRE-DESIGN

DESIGN - SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR

BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

GROUND MODEL

INTE

GR

ATE

D D

ESIG

N S

UP

PO

RT

SY

STE

M

(IO

PT)

Web serviceRUB -ISM

Simulationrequired?

RunSimulation

StoreResults

yes

UCIS

PerformAnalyticalcalculation

no

Store data

invoke

UCIS

Load data

Numerical Simulation for Mechanized TunnellingMotivation Integrated Design Support System

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GEOLOGICAL MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

PRE-DESIGN


BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

GROUND MODEL

Digital geological CAD model


Stavropoulou, M., Exadaktylos, G., Saratsis, G., Rock Mech. Rock Engng. 2007


GROUND MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

PRE-DESIGN


BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

GEOLOGICAL MODEL

Histogram , Semivariogram and Kriging of RMR values

Geotechnical layers, borehole data evaluation



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GROUND BEHAVIOUR

GROUND MODEL

PRE-DESIGN


BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

GEOLOGICAL MODELIdentification of failure modes

Ground behaviour Classification


K. Oberste-Ufer, D. Hartmann, A. Steiner, W. Schubert, IACMAG 2008


Rule base for tunnel pre-design Excavation, support methods, aux. measures

PRE-DESIGN

GROUND MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR


BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

GEOLOGICAL MODEL


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Step 1: Tunnel alignment and geotechnical classification

Length1000 2100 1200

1 2 3 Section

Example inspired by Einstein (2007)

Decision Making in Tunnel Design



Step 2: Determination of feasible construction strategies

1000 2100 1200

1 2 3

Length

Section

Section Geologic state Construction strategies

1 G1 S1, S22 G2 S1, S23 G1 S1, S2



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Step 3: Assignment of construction strategies

1000 2100 1200

1 2 3

Length

Section

Construction strategy

Construction cost (per unit length) [EUR]

G1 G2S1 3000 3200S2 1500 3900




Step 4: Selection of “best” solution (w.r.t. expected costs)

1000 2100 1200

1 2 3

Length

Section

where m = total number of construction strategies

n = total number of geologic states

PiG = probability of geologic state i

Cji = cost of construction strategy Sj in geological state Gi



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GROUND MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

BEST DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION COSTSRESIDUAL RISKS

GEOLOGICAL MODEL

PRE-DESIGN

Numerical Simulation


ekate FEM-simulation model for shield tunnelling

BEFE++ BEM-simulation model for shieldtunnelling

T. Kasper & G. Meschke, Int. J.Numerical and Analytical Methodsin Geomechanics, 2004

G. Meschke, F. Nagel & J. Stascheit, ASCEJournal of Geomechanics, 2010

G. Beer, Technology Innovation inTunnelling, 2008


CONSTRUCTION COSTS, RESIDUAL RISKS

GROUND MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

BEST DESIGN

GEOLOGICAL MODEL

PRE-DESIGN



MitigationCosts

Std. Building

CostsProb. Class

Conseq.Costs

Proba-bility

Risk AddOns TotalDescription of possible hazards

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BEST DESIGN

GROUND MODEL

GROUND BEHAVIOUR

GEOLOGICAL MODEL

PRE-DESIGN


CONSTRUCTION COSTS



Numerical Simulation model for Mechanized Tunnelling

Integration of simulation software in structured design process

• loss-free flow of data

• user-friendly model generation

• consideration of scattered input parameters

Geological/ geostatistical

modelGroundmodel

Rock Lab data

Rules library

Design data

Time-costmodels

Sensitivities

Project database – data

mining

Risk analysis

Simulation models

IOPT

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

0 m 1 000 m 2 000 m 3 000 m 4 000 m 5 000 m 6 000 m 7 000 m 8 000 m 9 000 m 10 00

€/m

l

Integrated Design Support SystemMotivation Numerical Simulation for Mechanized Tunnelling

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Components

Geology

Examples

Conclusions

Components of Simulation model

• geological conditions including groundwater• interactions between construction process and soil • realistic simulation of advancement process

1

3

4

5

6

2• surrounding underground

• shield machine

• lining

• hydraulic jacks

• heading face support

• tail gap grouting

1

2

3

4

5

6

Consideration of

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Applications



Components

Geology

Conclusions

From geology to model parameters

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Applications



•Underground Engineering: Advanced Simulation and Innovative ConceptsSTRUCTURAL

MECHANICS

Geostatistical modelling (TU Crete, Greece)

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Components

Geology

Soil

Conclusions

Interactions

Simulation

Applications

From geology to model parameters


Model generation: Geology and tunnel alignment


Components

Geology

Soil

Conclusions

Modeling of partially saturated soils

RVE

WaterAir

Soil

Three-phase description: pore water, air and soil skeleton

• flow of water and air within the pore voids• coupling with soil displacements

Interactions

Simulation

Applications


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Components

Geology

Soil

Clay and sand model (CASM)[Yu, 1998]

Clay and Sand Model (CASM)

Interactions

Simulation

Conclusions

Applications • Cam-Clay type model• Lode angle dependency, non-associated flow rule• applicable to sandy and clayey soils

Modeling of partially saturated soils



Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Interactions between TBM and soil

Heading face support modelled by boundary conditions• EPB shield• hydro shield• support by means of compressed air

Simulation

Conclusions

Applications


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Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Model for the TBM and contact between shield skin and soil• deformable shield• frictional contact along shield skin• flow of process fluids within steering gap

Generation of TBM

Simulation

Conclusions

Applications



Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Model for the TBM and contact between shield skin and soil• deformable shield• frictional contact along shield skin• flow of process fluids within steering gap

Simulation

Conclusions

Applications


Generation of TBM

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Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

• deformable shield• frictional contact along shield skin• Taper considered• flow of process fluids within steering gap


Simulation

Conclusions

Applications


T. Kasper & G. Meschke, Int. J. Num. Anal. Meth. Geomechanics 2004

Contact between TBM and soil

Shield Skin, Taper,Frictional properties

Positions of jacks


Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Conclusions

Model for tail gap grouting• two phase model to take into account pressurization of the

grouting mortar• hydration dependent stiffness and permeability

Applications



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Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Applications

Conclusions

• continuous mesh adaptation in front of the machine• steering via hydraulic jacks: real kinematics of TBM, simulation

of curved alignment possible

Modelling of the construction process

Simulation Procedure



Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Applications

Conclusions Parallelization – Shared and Distributed Memory Concepts

Parallelized Numerical Simulation


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-0.5

0.0 3 10 40

-10.0

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.00.

19 1.3

Consolidation

Point A

Point B

Point C

Vert

ical

dis

plac

emen

ts (

cm)

days (log.)

Passing of tail

Tunnel advance

Passingof face

6.0

AB

C

T. KASPER & G. MESCHKE, Int. J. Num. Analy. Meth. Geom. 2004

Tunnel advance in soft soil beneath groundwater table



Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Applications

Conclusions

Compressed Air Intervention


High permeability of soilLow permeability of soilF, NAGEL & G. MESCHKE Int. J. Num. Analy. Meth. Geom. 2009

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-50

-41

-32

-23

-14

-5

4

13

22

31

40 Excess pore water pressure (kN/m2)

TBM without taperTBM with taper

Tunnel advance in soft soil beneath groundwater tableExcess pore water pressure during tunnel drive



Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Conclusions

Applications

Without consideration of grout

With consideration of grout

Distribution of gap width Settlements

(Cooperation with Deltares, The Netherlands)

Fluid flow around TBM

Nagel, Bezuijen, Stascheit & Meschke, EURO:TUN 2009

Computational Simulation in Mechanized Tunneling


F. Nagel, A. Bezuijen, J. Stascheit & G. Meschke, EURO:TUN 2009

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Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Conclusions

Tunnel advance along curved alignment

Applications

Computational Simulation in Mechanized Tunneling



230 kN/m2

170 kN/m2

110 kN/m2

100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0

Face pressure [kN/m2]

Influence on surface settlements

-0.5 0.0 3 10 40

0.19 1.3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

-4.0

-6.0

Sur

face

set

tlem

ent

(cm

)

Days (log.)

Tail ispassing

Face ispassing

max

. se

ttle

men

t (

cm)

ConsolidationTunnel advance

Parametric studies: Influence of face pressure


T. KASPER & G. MESCHKE, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2006

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180 kN/m2

150 kN/m2

120 kN/m2

-0.5 0.0 3 10 40

0.19 1.3

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

-2.0

-4.0

-6.0

Sur

face

set

tlem

ent

(cm

)

Days (log.)

Tail ispassing

Face ispassing

ConsolidationTunnel advance

Influence on surface settlements

110.0 130.0 150.0 190.0Grouting pressure [kN/m2]

170.00.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

max

. se

ttle

men

t (

cm)

T. KASPER & G. MESCHKE, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2006

Parametric studies: Influence of grouting pressure



Motivation

Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Examples

Conclusions

Summary and Conclusions

Summary

• Tunnelling: A requirement for sustainable development of growing societies, in particular in congested urban areas

• Computational methods in Tunnelling: A pre-requiste for safe and economic design and construction

• Novel process oriented simulation in mechanized tunnelling proposed

• all relevant components and interactions considered

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Motivation

Components

Geology

Soil

Interactions

Simulation

Examples

Conclusions

Application during construction

• tool to investigate consequences of specified process variables

• on-site model update according to monitoring data

• support of steering process in mechanized tunnelling

Application in design stage

• determination of design relevant parameters (settlements, stresses in linings etc.)

• tool to investigate design variants

Summary and Conclusions

Documents

Meschke G. TBM Tunnelling Simulation-Hanoi-05-Aug10