-Adamson university-

-Adamson university-Metallurgy is applied to electrical and electronic materials where as metals such as aluminum, copper, tin and gold are used in power lines, wires, printed circuit boards and integrated circuits. Soldering is a method of joining metallic electrical conductors where high strength is not required.

-Adamson university-Common engineering metals include aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding the iron-carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. Plain carbon steels are used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. Cast irons, including ductile iron. are also part of the iron-carbon system.

-Adamson university-automotive (brake pads, gear parts, connecting rods, planetary carriers, sintered engine bearings);

aerospace (light weight aluminum base structural materials, high temperature composite materials);

cutting tools (hard metals, diamond containing materials);

medicine (dental implants, surgical instruments);

-Adamson university-electrical, electronic and computer parts (appliances, integrated circuits, permanent magnets and electrical contacts,).

transportation (cars, ships and airplanes);

industry (building structures and construction bridges);

Music (instruments);

abrasives (grinding and polishing wheels and discs);

is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen.was a common and inexpensive metal

IronNickelLeadZincCOPPER is considered a base metal as it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl.

Ironsand steels

aluminumtincopperzincbrass

are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidationSome of the noble metals can be dissolved in aqua regia, a highly concentrated mixture of acids

GoldSilverTantalumPlatinumPalladiumRhodium

Is the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster, are softer or more ductile, and have higher melting points than other metals.

GoldSilver

Metal are often extracted from earth by means of mining, resulting in ores that are relatively rich sources of the requisite element.

Is a naturally-occurring source of a metal that you can economically extract the metalIs a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence that render it valuable for mining

PyrometallurgyElectrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy is the treatment of metals and their ores by heat. (heat process)

Electrometallurgy is used when very high purity metal is needed and the metal are processed using electricity such as electroplating and electrorefining. (electricity process)

Hydrometallurgy is a wet process as the name implies, where reactants are used in a water solution. (water process)

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modify the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Examples of alloys are steel (iron and carbon), brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin), and duralumin (aluminium and copper). Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements.

PropertiesAlloys are usually prepared to improve on the properties of their components. For instance, steel is stronger than iron, its primary component. The physical properties of an alloy, such as density, reactivity and electrical and thermal conductivity may not differ greatly from the alloy's elements, but engineering properties, such as tensile strength, shear strength and Young's modulus, can be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes due to the differing sizes of the atoms in the alloylarger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors. This helps the alloy resist deformation, unlike a pure metal where the atoms move more freely.

Unlike pure metals, most alloys do not have a single melting point. Instead, they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. The temperature at which melting begins is called the solidus, and that at which melting is complete is called the liquidus. However, for most pairs of elements, there is a particular ratio which has a single melting point; this is called the eutectic mixture

ClassificationAlloys can be classified by the number of their constituents. An alloy with two components is called a binary alloy; one with three is a ternary alloy, and so forth. Alloys can be further classified as either substitution alloys or interstitial alloys, depending on their method of formation. In substitution alloys, the atoms of the components are approximately the same size and the various atoms are simply substituted for one another in the crystal structure. An example of a (binary) substitution alloy is brass, made up of copper and zinc. Interstitial alloys occur when the atoms of one component are substantially smaller than the other and the smaller atoms fit into the spaces (interstices) between the larger atoms

Presentation by:KEN DAVID MERCADO IDO

Author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction.Also known as the father of metallurgy.

The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold which can be found free or "native". Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can also be found native, allowing a limited amount of metalworking in early cultures. The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult. It appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 B.C., beginning the Iron Age

Extractive metallurgy is the practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. In order to convert a metal oxide or sulfide to a purer metal, the ore must be reduced either physically, chemically, or electrolytically.

ORE FEEDCONCENTRATETAILINGS

Aluminium chromium copper iron magnesium nickel titanium zinc

Casting forging flow forming rolling extrusion sintering metalworking machining fabrication

Welding is a technique for joining metal components by melting the base material. A filler material of similar composition may also be melted into the joint. Brazing is a technique for joining metals at a temperature below their melting point. A filler with a melting point below that of the base metal is used, and is drawn into the joint by capillary action.Soldering is a method of joining metallic electrical conductors where high strength is not required.

annealing

quenching

tempering

case hardening

softens the metal and makes a shaped product tougher by reducing the effects of work hardening. The purpose of annealing is to reduce hardness, facilitate machining and to relieve internal stress. Types of annealing:--1.)Full annealing; 2.)Spherodising anneal; 3.)Recrystallization anneal; 4.)Process anneal

by itself makes the metal very hard and very brittle. Temperingafter quenching is used to reduce the brittleness and improve overall properties.

case hardening make a shaped product harder and also quenching.

Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic properties using metallography. In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. A metallurgist can then examine the sample with an optical or electron microscope and learn a great deal about the sample's composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

Crystallography, often using diffraction or x-rays or electrons, is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allow the identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases present as well as the degree of strain to which a sample has been subjected.

The physical properties of metals can be quantified by mechanical testing. Typical tests include tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, impact toughness, fatigue and creep life.

Metals group of chemical elements that exhibit all or most of the following physical qualities : they are solid at ordinary temperatures; opaque, except in extremely thin films; good electrical and thermal conductors (see Conductor, Electrical); lustrous when polished; and have a crystalline structure when in the solid state Metallic elements can combine with one another and with certain other elements, either as compounds, as solutions, or as intimate mixtures. A substance composed of two or more metals, or a substance composed of a metal and certain nonmetals such as carbon are called alloys. Alloys of mercury with other metallic elements are known as amalgams

Within the general limits of the definition of a metal, the properties of metals vary widely. Most metals are grayish in color The conductivity of most metals can be lowered by alloying. All metals expand when heated and contract when cooled, but certain alloys, such as platinum and iridium alloys, have extremely low coefficients of expansion a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. Metals form ionic bonds with non-metals. They tend to be lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of electricity, while nonmetals are generally brittle (if solid), lack luster, and are insulators.

Process Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Admittedly, its form at that time was rudimentary, but, to gain a perspective in Process Metallurgy, it is worthwhile to spend a little time studying the initiation of mankind's association with metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilization was based. These seven metals were: (1) Gold (ca) 6000BC (2) Copper,(ca) 4200BC (3) Silver,(ca) 4000BC (4) Lead, (ca) 3500BC (5) Tin, (ca) 1750BC (6) Iron,smelted, (ca) 1500BC (7) Mercury, (ca) 750BC

These metals were known to the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks and the Romans. Of the seven metals, five can be found in their native states, e.g., gold, silver, copper, iron (from meteors) and mercury. However, the occurrence of these metals was not abundant and the first two metals to be used widely were gold and copper. And, of course, the history of metals is closely linked to that of coins and gemstones METALS DISCOVERED IN 18TH CENTURY 1735 Cobalt 1751 Nickel 1774 Manganese 1781 Molybdenum 1782 Tellurium 1783 Tungsten 1789 Uranium 1789 Zirconium 1791 Titanium 1794 Yttrium 1797 Berylium 1797 Chromium

METALS DISCOVERED IN 19TH CENTURY1801 Niobium 1802 Tantalum 1803 Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium 1807 Potassium, Sodium 1808 Boron, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium 1814 Cerium 1817 Lithium, Cadmium, Selenium 1823 Silicon 1827 Aluminum 1828 Thorium 1830 Vanadium 1839 Lanthanum 1843 Erbium, Terbium 1844 Ruthenium 1860 Cesium, Rubidium 1861 Thallium 1863 Indium 1875 Gallium 1878-1885 Holmium, Thulium, Scandium, Samarium, Gadalinium,Praseodynium, Neodynium, Dysprosium 1886 Germanium 1898 Polonium, Radium 1899 Actinium

METALS DISCOVERED IN THE 20TH CENTURY1901 Europium 1907 Lutetium 1917 Protactinium 1923 Hafnium 1924 Rhenium 1937 Technetium 1939 Francium 1945 Promethium 1940-61Transuranium elements. Neptunium Plutonium Curium Americum Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium