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© John Straube 2004 Metals, Iron, Steel Metals, Iron, Steel Dr John F Straube Dr John F Straube Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dept of Civil Engineering & School of Architecture Dept of Civil Engineering & School of Architecture University of Waterloo University of Waterloo Ontario, Canada Ontario, Canada www.civil.uwaterloo.ca www.civil.uwaterloo.ca /beg /beg BEG Building Engineering Group

Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

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Page 1: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Metals, Iron, SteelMetals, Iron, Steel

Dr John F StraubeDr John F StraubeAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Dept of Civil Engineering & School of ArchitectureDept of Civil Engineering & School of Architecture

University of WaterlooUniversity of WaterlooOntario, CanadaOntario, Canada

www.civil.uwaterloo.cawww.civil.uwaterloo.ca/beg/beg

BEGBuilding Engineering Group

Page 2: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Overview of PresentationOverview of Presentation

HistoryIron and Steel history

Page 3: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

DefinitionsDefinitions

Iron• The element

Pig Iron • Straight

Cast Iron• Contains near maximum Carbon, 4-4.5%

Wrought Iron• Iron low carbon content, glassy inclusions

Steel• Iron with < 1% C

Page 4: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Early Early IronmakingIronmaking

Earliest Iron 2000 BC India5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron• 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft!

532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron tension rods for dome

St Peters / St Pauls Cathedral• Iron tension chains for domes

Around 1500 – regained melting ability

Page 5: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Early Early IronmakingIronmakingBlacksmith and wrought iron

Page 6: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Early Early IronmakingIronmaking

Fuel used was wood (900-1000 C)• Good for bronze, bad for iron

Charcoal with bellows got to over 1100• Blast furnace used 1500 acres timber/yr

Coal + bellows over 1400• But impurities in coal

1709 – bake coal, make coke• Removed sulphur which damaged coal

Waterwheel and them steam engines blow air

Page 7: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 8: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 9: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 10: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

BlaeavonBlaeavon

Page 11: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 12: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Bessemer ProcessBessemer ProcessConverted pig iron to steel

Page 13: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 14: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 15: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 16: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

CoalbrookCoalbrook Bridge 1779Bridge 1779

Page 17: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 18: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 19: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 20: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 21: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 22: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 23: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

MenaiMenai

Page 24: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Modern steel frameModern steel frame

Page 25: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Overview of PresentationOverview of PresentationWelded hot rolled

Screw fastenedCold rolled

Screw fastenedCold rolled

Page 26: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

Page 27: Metals, Iron, Steel · zEarliest Iron 2000 BC India z5th Century BC – Greeks melt iron • 470 BC Agrigentum, Sicily 5”x12”x15 ft! z532 AD St Sophia Constantinople • Iron

© John Straube 2004

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