9
 12) United States Patent Westw00d US006478946B1 10) Patent N0.: 45) Date of Patent: US 6,478,946 B 1 Nov. 12, 2002 54) METHOD O F PRODUCING FULVIC, HUMIC, AND ULMIC ACID FOR USE AS AN ELECTROLYTE IN PRODUCING IONIZED BACTEREACIDES FROM PRECIOUS METALS AND METHOD OF PRODUCING IONIZED BACTEREACIDES FROM PRECIOUS METALS AND ORGANIC ACIDS (75) Inventor: Kenneth D. Westwood, Diamond Valley, UT (US) 73) Assignee: The Chemins Company, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO (US) Subject t o any disclaimer, the term o f this patent is extended or adjusted under 3 5 U.S.C. 154 b) b y 0 days. * ) Notice: 21) Appl. No.: 09/801,477 22) Filed: Mar. 7 , 2001 Related US. Application Data (60) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/119,741, ?led o n Jul. 21, 1998, now abandoned, which is a division of application No. 08/583,675, ?led o n Jan. 5 , 1996, now abandoned. (51) Int. Cl.7 ........................ . . C25C /00; A01N 5/00; A01N 33/00; A01N 37/00; A01N 43/00; A01N 61/00; A01N 65/00; A01N 59/16 (52) US. l . ..................... . . 205/571; 205/334; 205/352; 205/464; 205/477; 205/560; 205/565; 205/566; 205/567; 424/617; 424/649; 424/725; 514/455; 514/553; 514/557; 514/576; 514/579; 514/772; 514/783; 514/784 (58) Field o f Search ............................... .. 205/334, 352, 205/464, 477, 560, 565, 566, 567, 571; 424/45, 617, 618, 649, 725; 514/183, 455, 553, 557, 576, 579, 561, 740, 741, 772, 783, 784, 788; 540/1; 549/392, 394; 562/400, 405 56) References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2,785,153 3/1957 Locke ...................... . . 260/114 2,785,154 3/1957 Locke ............ . . 260/114 4,592,814 6/1986 Vaughan et al. ............ . . 204/78 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Aitken, e t al., The Characteristics and Effects o f Humic Acids Derived from Leonardite, Technical Bulletin 1015, pp. 204—207, S. Carolina Agr iculture Experimental Station, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC. Becker, R.O., Cross Currents, pp. 163—166, Jeremy P . Tarcher, Inc., Publisher, Los Angeles, CA. Jackson, W.R., Humic, Fulvic and Microbial Balance: Organic Soil Conditioning,, pp. 204—221, 250, 262—262, 270, Jackson Research Center Publisher, Evergreen, CO. Reddish, G.F., Antiseptics, Disinfectants, Fungicides, and Chemical and Physical Sterilization, pp. 470—477, 482—491, Lea & ebiger Publisher, Philadelphia PA. Sheludko, A., Colloid Chemistry, pp. 8—11, 148—153, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, NY. Svedberg, T., The Formation o f Colloids, pp. 18—53, D. Van Nostrand Co. Publisher, New York, NY. Ansorg, R., et. al.,, “Studies o n the Antimicrobial Effect o Natural and Synthetic Humic Acids”, CAPLUS Abstract 90:67143, 1979. Cronje, 1.]. et. al., “Bactericidal Coal—Derived Fulvic Acids”, CAPLUS bstract 116:78586, 1992, and “Bacterio static and Bacteriocidal Method Using Fulvic Acid Deriva tives; Water Treatment, Particularly Aqueous Solutions for Cascading Plates i n Industrial Cooling Towers”, IFIPAT Abstract, 2000 (US Patent 5,204,368). Cronje, 1.]. et al., “Humic Acids as Bactericides”, CAPLUS Abstract 112:231293, 1990. Fisher E.I., et. al., “Nature o f the Interaction of Natural Organic Acids with Gold”, CAPLUS Abstract 82:19513, 1975. Fujimura Y., et. al.,, “Inhibitory Action of Dissolved Humic Substances on the Growth of Soil Bacteria Degrading DDT”, JICST—EPlus Abstract, 940—797—033, 2000. Mahasneh, A., et. al., “Some Features and Antimicrobial Activity of Humic Acid Isolated From Jordanian Soils”, CAPLUS bstract 111:193605, 1989. Schnitzer, M., et. al., “Binding of Humic Substances by Soil Mineral Colloids”, CABA bstract 86:93420, 1986. Wood, SA, “The Interaction o f Dissolved Platinum with Fulvic Acid and Simple Organic Acid Analogues i n Aqueous Solutions”, CAPLUS Abstract 114:85937, 1991. Primary Examiner—Jose G . Dees Assistant Examiner—Frank Choi (74) Attorney, Agent, o r Firm—Frank G . Morkunas 57) ABSTRACT A ethod o f preparing organic acids fulvic, humic, and ulmic) for use as a n electrolyte for producing high ioniza tions of precious metals (such a s silver) which entails leaching out the organic acid from its source, stabilizing the organic acid ?rst with ascorbic acid followed by sodium benzoate, removing cations, and using the organic acid a s a n electrolyte. A recious metal (such as silver) i s used as a sacri?cial electrode in this electrolyte. A on-sacri?cial electrode could either b e the same precious metal or a n inert non-precious metal titanium or graphite carbons). I f the same material is used for the non-sacri?cial electrode as for the sacri?cial electrode, the size o f each electrode may be about the same. If different material is used for the non sacri?cial electrode, its size should be larger that of the sacri?cial electrode. Current at about 2 or more volts i s applied t o the electrodes and the ionization process begins yielding high concentrations of ionized precious metals. 2 3 Claims, N0 Drawings

Method of Producing Fulvic, Humic, And Ulmic Acid for Use as an Electrolyte in Producing US6478946

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US 6 , 4 7 8 , 9 4 6 B1

1

METHOD OF PRODUCING FULVIC, HUMIC,AND ULMICACID FOR USE AS AN

ELECTROLYTE IN PRODUCING IONIZED

BACTEREACIDES FROM PRECIOUS

METALS AND METHOD OF PRODUCING

IONIZED BACTEREACIDES FROMPRECIOUS METALSAND ORGANICACIDS

CROSS-REFERENCES AND RELATED

APPLICATIONS

T h i s i n v e n t i o n i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n - i n - p a r t o f my r e v i o u s l y

? l e d a p p l i c a t i o n S e r . N o . 0 9 / 1 1 9 , 7 4 1 , ? l e d o n J u l . 2 1 , 1 9 9 8 ,

noW abandoned, Which Was a d i v i s i o n a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f

a p p l i c a t i o n S e r . N o . 0 8 / 5 8 3 , 6 7 5 ? l e d on J a n . 5 , 1 9 9 6 , noWa b a n d o n e d .

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

T h i s i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s t o improved methods t o g e n e r a t e

s i l v e r c o l l o i d s ( a n d c o l l o i d s f r o m o t h e r p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ) a n d

t o t h e r e b y g e n e r a t e g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i o n i Z e d s i l v e r

( a n d i o n i Z e d s o l u t i o n s o f o t h e r p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ) f r o m s p e

c i a l l y p r e p a r e d o r g a n i c a c i d s s u c h a s f u l v i c a c i d , h u m i c a c i d ,o r ulmic a c i d o r combinations t h e r e o f .

C o l l o i d a l s i l v e r h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d b y p r e c i p i t a t i n g s i l v e rfrom a s i l v e r n i t r a t e o r o t h e r t o x i c chemical s o l u t i o n s Whic h

m a y c o n t a i n s i l v e r . One example o f t h i s p r o c e s s i s d i s c l o s e d

b y L o c k e , e t a l . , i n US. a t . N o s . 2, 7 8 5 , 1 5 4 a n d 2 , 7 8 5 , 1 5 3

W h e r e i n s i l v e r p r o t e i n c r y s t a l s a r e made by a c h e m i c a l

r e a c t i o n W i t h t h e i r i m p r o v e m e n t b e i n g a c h e l a t i n g a g e n t .

T h i s , h o W e v e r , y i e l d s a t o x i c r e s u l t .

Another method t o make c o l l o i d a l s i l v e r i s t o e l e c t r o l y t i

c a l l y g e n e r a t e t h e s i l v e r c o l l o i d s i n some o t h e r t o x i c e l e c

t r o l y t e s u c h a s HZSO4 t o x i c ) o r c i t r i c ( n o n t o x i c ) a c i d

s o l u t i o n , e t c . , o r b y a r c i n g b e t W e e n t W o e l e c t r o d e s s u bmersed i n d i s t i l l e d W a t e r .

I t i s a n o b j e c t o f t h i s i n v e n t i o n t o p r o v i d e a n improved

b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t W h i c h i s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t b a c t e r i a l ,f u n g i , a n d v i r a l p a t h o g e n s .

I t i s a f u r t h e r o b j e c t o f t h i s i n v e n t i o n t o p r o v i d e more

e f f e c t i v e Ways t o p r o d u c e g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i o n i Z e d

m e t a l s s u c h a s i o n i Z e d s i l v e r ( a n d i o n i Z a t i o n s o f o t h e r

p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ) f o r u s e a s b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t s .

I t i s a f u r t h e r o b j e c t o f t h i s i n v e n t i o n t o make i o n i Z e d

m e t a l s s u c h a s i o n i Z e d s i l v e r ( a n d i o n i Z a t i o n s o f o t h e r

p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ) f o r u s e a s b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t s b y u s i n g

e l e c t r o l y s i s i n o r g a n i c a c i d s Wherein one o r more o f s a i d

o r g a n i c a c i d s i s t h e e l e c t r o l y t e f o r t h e e l e c t r o l y s i s p r o c e s s .

I t i s a n o t h e r o b j e c t o f t h i s i n v e n t i o n t o p r o d u c e a n o r g a n i c

a c i d , such a f u l v i c a c i d , f o r u s e a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e i n t h e

p r o d u c t i o n o f b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t s f r o m p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ,such a s s i l v e r .

The f o r e g o i n g h a s o u t l i n e d some o f t h e more p e r t i n e n t

o b j e c t s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n . T h e s e o b j e c t s s h o u l d b e

c o n s t r u e d t o be merely i l l u s t r a t i v e o f some o f t h e m ore

p r o m i n e n t f e a t u r e s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e i n t e n d e d i n v e n

t i o n . Many o t h e r b e n e ? c i a l r e s u l t s c a n b e a t t a i n e d by a p p l y

i n g t h e d i s c l o s e d i n v e n t i o n i n a d i f f e r e n t manner o r by

m o d i f y i n g t h e i n v e n t i o n W i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f t h e d i s c l o s u r e .

A c c o r d i n g l y , o t h e r o b j e c t s a n d a f u l l e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e

i n v e n t i o n m a y b e h a d by r e f e r r i n g t o t h e summary o f t h e

i n v e n t i o n a n d t h e d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r e f e r r e d

embodiment i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s c o p e o f t h e i n v e n t i o n de?ned

b y t h e c l a i m s .

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The a b o v e - n o t e d p r o b l e m s , a m o ng o t h e r s , a r e overcome

by t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n . I o n i Z e d m e t a l s s u c h a s i o n i Z e d

10

1 5

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

6 5

2

s i l v e r ( a n d i o n i Z a t i o n s o f o t h e r p r e c i o u s m e t a l s s u c h a s , b u t

n o t l i m i t e d t o g o l d , p l a t i nu m , p a l l a d i u m , a n d o t h e r p l a t i n u m

g r o u p m e t a l s , f o r e x a m p l e , a r e e f f e c t i v e W i d e - s p e c t r u m

b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t s a g a i n s t b a c t e r i a , f u n g i , a n d v i r u s e s .O r g a n i c a c i d s s u c h a s f u l v i c a c i d , humic c i d , a n d u l m i c a c i d

a l s o h a v e b a c t e r i o s t a t i c p r o p e r t i e s . I o n i Z i n g t h e s e m e t a l s i nt h e o r g a n i c a c i d s i d e n t i ? e d a b o v e a m p l i ? e s a n d i n c r e a s e s

t h e knoWn bene?ts o f t h e d i s s o l v e d metal i o n s o r c o l l o i d s o r

p r o d u c t s o f r e a c t i o n t h a t a r e formed i n t h e a c i d s . The

p r e f e r r e d o r g a n i c a c i d s o f f u l v i c a c i d , h u m i c a c i d a n d u l m i c

a c i d a r e n a t u r a l c h e l a t i n g a n d r e a c t i v e a g e n t s Which combine

W i t h t h e c o l l o i d a l s i l v e r f o r m e d b y e l e c t r o l y s i s t o f o r m

n o n - t o x i c c o m p o u n d s .

T h e o r g a n i c a c i d b a s e d c o m p o s i t i o n s a l s o p r o d u c e g r e a t e rs t a b i l i t y o f s i l v e r i o n s i n s o l u t i o n . I t h a s b e e n knoWn t h a t

f u l v i c a c i d i s a h i g h l y o x i d i Z e d , b i o l o g i c a l l y s t a b l e , W a t e r

s o l u b l e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g c o m p l e x i n g a g e n t t h a t c a n c o m

p l e x d i - a n d t r i v a l e n t m e t a l i o n s a n d h y d r o x y l a t e d m e t a l

c o m p o u n d s . I t h a s a l s o b e e n h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t a p o s s i b l e

e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s on i n c r e a s e d r o o td e v e l o p m e n t l i e s i n t h e poWer o f t h e f u l v i c a c i d t o form

s t a b l e W a t e r - s o l u b l e c o m p l e x e s W i t h d i v a l e n t a n d t r i v a l e n t

m e t a l s i o n s . I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d by t h e J a c k s o n r e f e r e n c e

t h a t a q u a t i c humus i s c o m p o s e d p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f f u l v i ca c i d m a t e r i a l W i t h a m o l e c u l a r W e i g h t o f l e s s t h a n 7 0 0 . Such

loW molecular Weight f r a c t i o n s a r e a b l e t o c h e l a t e o r com

p l e x tWo o s i x t i m e s more m e t a l t h a n o t h e r h i g h e r m o l e c u l a r

W e i g h t f r a c t i o n s .

I n t h e e l e c t r o l y t i c g e n e r a t i o n o f s i l v e r i o n s ( a n d i o n i Z a

t i o n s o f o t h e r p r e c i o u s m e t a l s a n d p r e c i o u s m e t a l c o l l o i d s )i o n i Z a t i o n i s produced e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y i n a s o l u t i o n o f a

o r g a n i c a c i d s h a v i n g n o knoWn o x i c i t y t o h i g h e r l i f e f o r m s .

P r e f e r r e d o r g a n i c a c i d s a r e humic a c i d , f u l v i c a c i d , u l m i c

a c i d , a n d m i x t u r e s t h e r e o f . W h e n p r e p a r e d i n t h i s manneri . e . , e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y W i t h t h e o r g a n i c a c i d a s t h e e l e c t r o l y t ea n d t h e p r e c i o u s m e t a l a s t h e s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ) , t h e

i o n i Z e d m e t a l s produced—and e s p e c i a l l y i o n i Z e d s i l v e r —

a r e more e f f e c t i v e b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a g e n t s a g a i n s t a Wide

s p e c t r u m o f p a t h o g e n i c b a c t e r i a , f u n g i , a n d v i r u s e s . S i n c e

f u l v i c a c i d , humic a c i d , a n d u l m i c a c i d s a r e a l s o b a c t e r i o

s t a t i c a g e n t s , a s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t r e s u l t s f r o m s u c h combi

n a t i o n a n d , a s s o c o m b i n e d , t h e y a m p l i f y a n d i n c r e a s e t h e

knoWn b e n e ? t s o f t h e i o n i Z e d m e t a l s , m e t a l c o l l o i d s , a n d

o t h e r r e a c t i v e p r o d u c t s c o n t a in e d t h e r e i n .

T h e s e o r g a n i c a c i d s a r e n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g s u b s t a n c e s

Which a r e c a p a b l e o f v a r y a c t i v e c h e l a t i o n o f a l l m o n o

v a l e n t a n d d i - v a l e n t m e t a l s . B e i n g o f n a t u r a l o c c u r r e n c e ,

u t i l i Z e d a s e l e c t r o l y t e s With one o r m o r e precious metals a s

a n o d e ( n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ) a n d o n e o r more p r e c i o u s

m e t a l s a s c a t h o d e ( s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ) , t h e s e a c i d s a s s i s t i nc e l l n u t r i e n t t r a n s f e r s , a s W e l l a s b e i n g s t r o n g a n t i - o x i d a n t s

c a p a b l e o f d e t o x i f y i n g v a r i o u s p o l l u t a n t s . T h e y c a n a l s oincrease e n Z y m e a c t i v i t y and can a c t a s both a donor or an

a c c e p t o r i n s u p p l y i n g b a l a n c e t o a c e l l .

The o r g a n i c a c i d s u s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n a r e

p r e f e r a b l y f u l v i c a c i d , h u m i c a c i d , a n d u l m i c a c i d . T h e s e

a c i d s a r e d e r i v e d from decayed m a t e r i a l knoWn a s humus

and can be found i n Leonardite o r e . These m a t e r i a l s a r e

d e s c r i b e d by . B . A i t k e n , e t a l . , i n “ T h e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d

E f f e c t s o f Humic Acids D e r i v e d from L e o n a r d i t e ” i n Tech

n i c a l B u l l e t i n 1 0 1 5 : S o u t h C a r o l i n a A g r i c u l t u r e E x p e r i m e n

t a l S t a t i o n , C l e m s o n U n i v e r s i t y , C l e m s o n , SC. h e r e a f t e rr e f e r r e d t o a s A i t k e n ) . I n b r i e f , Aitken s t a t e s t h e a c i d s a r e

o b t a i n e d by t h e f r a c t i o n a t i o n o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r . A i l u t e

s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e (2 s o l u t i o n ) s e p a r a t e s humus a s ac o l l o i d a l s o l f r o m a l k a l i - i n s o l u b l e p l a n t r e s i d u e s . From t h i s

humus s o l t h e h u m i c f r a c t i o n i s p r e c i p i t a t e d b y a c i d , W h i c h

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US 6 , 4 7 8 , 9 4 6 B1

3l e a v e s a s t r a W - y e l l o W s u p e r n a t a n t , t h e f u l v i c f r a c t i o n . The

a l c o h o l s o l u b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e h u m i c f r a c t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y

named u l m i c a c i d . The a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r W e i g h t o f t h e

humic a c i d s i s b e l i e v e d t o b e b e t W e e n 5 , 0 0 0 a n d 5 0 , 0 0 0 .

They ha v e no d e ? n i t e x - r a y o r e l e c t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n and a r e

p r e s u m e d t o b e a m o r p h o u s .The amount o f s i l v e r i o n s i n most c o l l o i d a l s o l u t i o ns ,

h o W e v e r , r e p r e s e n t s a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t o t a l s i l v e r i n

t h e c o l l o i d . I n US. a t . N o . 2 , 7 8 5 , 1 5 4 , L o c k , e t a l . , d i s c l o s e s

an e s t i m a t e o f t h e r e l a t i v e amounts o f s i l v e r i n a 10

s o l u t i o n o f m i l d s i l v e r p r o t e i n . The t o t a l s i l v e r c o n t e n t i s

n e a r 20 m g . / m l , b u t o n l y 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 t o 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 mg e r m l i s

i o n i Z e d t h e a c t i v e f o r m ) . T h e s a m e r a t i o i s g i v e n i n L o c k e ,

e t a l . ’ s U . S . P a t . N o . 2 , 7 8 5 , 1 5 3 . O t h e r s i l v e r c o l l o i d p r e p a

r a t i o n s r e ? e c t a comparable r a t i o o f s i l v e r i o n s t o t o t a l s i l v e r .

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t i o n s t o f o r m r e a c t a n t s b e l i e v e d c a p a b l e o f a c c e s s i n g i n t e r

c e l l u l a r p a t h o g e n s . By u s i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t

i n v e n t i o n u s i n g f u l v i c , humuc o r u l m i c a c i d s a s e l e c t r o l y t e s

h i g h m e t a l i o n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e combined a s n o n - t o x i c ,

c h e l a t e d o r s o l u t io n r e a c t a n t s . E f f e c t i v e compositions a r e

p r o d u c e d h a v i n g m e t a l i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s v a r y i n g f r o m l e s st h a n 1 ppm o s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d ppm.

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n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g o r g a n i c a c i d s y i e l d i n g s i g n i ? c a n t l yh i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s o f knoWn b e n

e ? c i a l a n d p a t h o g e n i c u s e s i . e . , i o n i Z e d s i l v e r ) .

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t a n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n i n o r d e r t h a t t h e

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b e more u l l y a p p r e c i a t e d . A d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n ti n v e n t i o n W i l l b e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n a f t e r Which form t h e

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m o d i f y i n g o r d e s i g n i n g o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s a n d methods f o r

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a l s o s h o u l d b e r e a l i Z e d by t h o s e s k i l l e d i n t h e a r t t h a t s u c h

e q u i v a l e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n s a n d m e t h o d s d o n o t d e p a r t f r o m t h e

s p i r i t a n d s c o p e o f t h e i n v e n t i o n s a s s e t f o r t h i n t h e appended

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a s d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n . These s o l u t i o n s m a y b e s i n g l e a c i d

s o l u t i o n s i . e . , f u l v i c a c i d o n l y , h u m i c a c i d o n l y , o r u l m i c

a c i d o n l y ) o r may be combinations o f tWo o r more o f t h e

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f r o m v e r y W e a k ( 5 0 0 p p m ) t o v e r y s t r o n g ( 3 6 , 0 0 0 p p m ) —s u c h r a n g e s , and any r a n g e s i n b e t W e e n , a r e s u i t a b l e f o r my

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m o n l y used i n t h e ? e l d and i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h e t e r m

a c t u a l l y e m b r a c e s t h e p l u r a l i n s t e a d o f t h e s i n g u l a r ; i . e . ,

f u l v i c a c i d s i s t h e most t e c h n i c a l l y c o r r e c t , b u t f u l v i c a c i d i s

t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d n o r m . F o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c l a r i t y , IW i l l use t h e common term ‘ f u l v i c a c i d ’ throughout t o r e p

r e s e n t ‘ f u l v i c a c i d s ’ .

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o u t . The common process i s a Water e x t r a c t i o n process

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open t o p and a ? l t e r e d bottom d i s c h a r g e f o r t h e W a t e r . The

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c a l c i u m , a n d a l u m i n u m , f o r e x a m p l e , l e a c h o u t o f t h e

ground o r e a s t h e y combine W i t h t h e W a t e r .

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f u l v i c a c i d i n c o m b i n a t i o n W i t h i r o n , c a l c i u m , a n d aluminum

( u p t o a b o u t 3 6 , 0 0 0 p p m ) . The o r e a l s o s t i l l c o n t a i n s

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t i o n p r o c e s s , i s f o l l o W e d by a d d i t i o n a l e x t r a c t i o n s i n t h e

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f u l v i c a c i d a n d t h e o t h e r W a t e r - s o l u b l e m i n e r a l s ) l e a c h e s o u t

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e x t r a c t s m ore f u l v i c a c i d a t l e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a n a

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d e s c r i b e d a b o v e .

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s o l u b l e m i n e r a l s . C e r t a i n f r a c t i o n s o f f u l v i c a c i d , knoWn t o

t h e i n d u s t r y a s ‘ g o l d e n f u l v i c ’ , d o n o t become W a t e r - s o l u b l e

u n t i l a f t e r t h e W a t e r - s o l u b l e i r o n and c a l c i u m a r e l e a c h e d

f r o m t h e g r o u n d o r e ; Which s r e a l i Z e d i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f

t h e l e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n . Once t h e s e i n t e r f e r i n g e l e m e n t s a r er e m o v e d , t h e g o l d e n f u l v i c , i n c o m b i n a t i o n W i t h a n y s o l u b l e

t r a c e e l e m e n t s ( s u c h a s s u l f u r , s i l i c o n , t e l l u r i u m , c e c i u m ,

p o t a s s i u m , b o r o n , b e r y l l i u m , b r o m i n e , c o p p e r , a n d

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removed from t h e ground o r e . When s m u c h o f t h e f u l v i c

a c i d i s e x t r a c t e d from t h e ground o r e a s i s f e a s i b l e

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t h e r e b y d i m i n i s h t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e o f t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n .The f u l v i c a c i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can v a r y i n t h i s ? n a l f u l v i c

s o l u t i o n from 500 p p m t o a s h i g h a s 1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m d e p e n d i n g

upon t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r and t h e p r o c e s s u s e d .

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a c i d u s e c i t r i c a c i d t o f a c i l i t a t e l e a c h i n g a n d , t h e r e f o r e ,

g e n e r a l l y h a v e n o t n e e d t o s t a b i l i Z e t h e ? n a l f u l v i c s o l u t i o n

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d e p e n d i n g on t h e s o u r c e o f humic m a t e r i a l i n i t i a l l y u s e d .

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a c i d n e c e s s a r y t o s t a b i l i Z e t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n m a y a l s o have

t o b e i n c r e a s e d o r d e c r e a s e d a c c o r d i n g l y .F o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c l a r i t y , I W i l l r e f e r t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n

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s u i t a b l e f o r u s e a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e b u t , because o f t h e m i n e r a l s

c o n t a i n e d W i t h i n S o l u t i o n 1 ; i . e . , c a l c i u m , i r o n , a n d

a l u m i n u m , t h e r e s u l t s o f p r o d u c i n g i o n i Z e d s i l v e r o r i o n

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f r o m t h e c o m m e r c i a l manner i . e . , S o l u t i o n s 1 a n d 2 ) . R e f e r

t o T a b l e I ( W h i c h f o l l o W s t h i s d i s c l o s u r e ) , Column A o rS o l u t i o n 1 r e s u l t s , and t o Columns B and C f o r S o l u t i o n 2

and S o l u t i o n 3 r e s u l t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S o l u t i o n 1 a s a n e l e c

t r o l y t e d i d n o t s t a r t t a k i n g s i l v e r i n t o s o l u t i o n u n t i l 1 4 . 5

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o r f u l v i c s o l u t i o n a s I r e f e r t o i t h e r e i n , a s an e l e c t r o l y t e ;

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e l e c t r o d e , and u s i n g a s a n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e e i t h e r

s i l v e r of about t h e s a m e s i Z e o r s u r f a c e a r e a a s t h e s a c r i ? c i a l

s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e o r a n i n e r t n o n - p r e c i o u s m e t a l ( s u c h a s , b u t

n o t l i m i t e d t o , U S P g r a d e t i t a n i u m , g r a p h i t e c a r b o n , c o m

p o u n d s o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l [ e x c e p t i n g 3 0 3 ] ) o f a b o u t t W i c e t h es i Z e o r s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e s ac r i ? c i a l s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e . Using

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s u c h s i l v e r a l l o y e d W i t h a s m a l l amount ( b e t W e e n a p p r o x i

m a t e l y 0 . 0 0 1 t o 0 . 1 0 b y W e i g h t o f t h e a l l o y ) o f a n o t h e r

p r e c i o u s m e t a l , s u c h a s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o , g o l d o r p a l l a d i u m

o r a n y p r e c i o u s m e t a l p r o v i d e d s u c h i s beloW s i l v e r i n t h ee l e c t r o m o t i v e s e r i e s , c a n e n h a n c e a n d i n c r e a s e t h e g e r m i

c i d a l a n d o l i g o d y n a m i c e f f e c t s o f i o n i Z e d s i l v e r ; p r o v i d e d ,

t h e a l l o y u s e d i s beloW i l v e r i n t h e e l e c t r o m o t i v e s e r i e s . The

r e a s o n f o r b a s i c a l l y d o u b l i n g t h e s i Z e o r s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e

n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e When s i l v e r i s n o t used a s t h e

n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e i s b e c a u s e s i l v e r i s a good conduc

t o r . The o t h e r m e t a l s u s e d a r e n o t a s g o o d . I , t h e r e f o r e , t r y

t o match o r b r i n g t h e conductance o f t h e n o n - s i l v e r non

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e t o t h a t o f t h e s i l v e r s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

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e l e c t r o d e a c c o m p l i s h e s t h i s p u r p o s e .

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a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9000 ml f u l v i c s o l u t i o n , I u s e d a b a r o f ?ne

s i l v e r c o m p r i s in g 0 . 9 9 9 s i l v e r a n d c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y0.01 g o l d a s t h e s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e . The d i m e n s i o n s o f

t h e s i l v e r b a r Were 2 . 5 mm h i c k , 1 6 . 0 mm a l l , and 4 . 5 mm

Wide comprising a t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f about 246.5 s q . mm.

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U S P t i t a n i u m m e a s u r i n g s i g n i ? c a n t l y l a r g e r t h a n t h e s i Z e o r

s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e s i l v e r b a r ; i . e . , 0 . 2 5 mm h i c k , 9 . 0 mm

W i d e , and 1 6 . 0 mm a l l comprising a t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f

a b o u t 3 0 0 . 5 s q u a r e mm i f s i l v e r i s used a s t h e non

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e , i t s h o u l d be a b o u t t h e same s i Z e a s t h e

s a c r i ? c i a l [ s i l v e r ] e l e c t r o d e ) . E a c h e l e c t r o d e Was s u b m e r g e d

i n t h e e l e c t r o l y t e s u c h t h a t t h e submerged s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e [ s i l v e r ] c o m p r i s e d a b o u t 1 7 2 . 2 5 s q u a r e

m m ; a n d t h e submerged s u r f a c e o f t h e n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c

t r o d e [ t i t a ni u m ] c o m p r i s e d a b o u t 259 s q u a r e m m . The r a t i oo f s u r f a c e - a r e a t o volume-per-ml f o r e a c h e l e c t r o d e Was

a b o u t 0 . 0 1 9 1 : 1 f o r t h e s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e and a b o u t

0 . 0 2 8 7 : 1 f o r t h e n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e i f , h o W e v e r , t h en o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e Were of t h e s a m e m a t e r i a l a s t h e

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e [ s i l v e r i n t h i s e x a m p l e ] , t h e r a t i o f o r t h e

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n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e Would be a b o u t t h e same a s i t i s f o r

t h e s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

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d e s c r i b e d a b o v e and u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e a r e a s i n s o l u t i o n

d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , s p a c i n g Was a p p r o x i m a te l y 2 5 . 5p a c i n g , h o W e v e r , i s r e l a t i v e t o v o l u m e o f e l e c t r o l y t e a n ds i Z e o r s u r f a c e a r e a of t h e e l e c t r o d e s . An e x t e r n a l poWer

s o u r c e i s a p p l i e d t o t h e e l e c t r o d e s Which s u p p l i e s poWer a t

a c u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f a b o u t 2 v o l t s o r more I used 12 v o l t s f o r

t h e examples s e t f o r t h i n T a b l e I ) a t up t o 2 . 0 a m p s . F o r t h e

r e s u l t s shoWn i n Columns A nd B , v o l t a g e Was s e t a t 1 2

With amperage a t 0 . 2 amps.

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a r e a o f t h e s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e per square mm o s o l u t i o n per

m l should be betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 0 8 t o 0.080 s q u a r e mm e r

1 m l s o l u t i o n . B e t t e r r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n a b l e W h e n such r a t i o

i s betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 1 0 t o a b o u t 0 . 0 4 0 p e r 1 m l s o l u t i o n ;

W i t h b e s t r e s u l t s When s u c h r a t i o i s a b o u t 0 . 0 1 9 p e r 1 m l

s o l u t i o n . As t o t h e r a t i o betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e

n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e (When t i s n o t o f t h e same m a t e r i a l

a s t h e s ac r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ) p e r s q u a r e mm o s o l u t i o n p e r m l ;

good r e s u l t s a r e a t t a i n e d When s u c h r a t i o i s betWeen a b o u t

0.010 t o 0.100 s q u a r e mm e r 1 m l s o l u t i o n . B e t t e r r e s u l t s

a r e o b t a i n a b l e W h e n such r a t i o i s betWeen a b o u t 0.020 t o

a b o u t 0 . 0 5 0 p e r 1 ml s o l u t i o n ; W i t h b e s t r e s u l t s When s u c h

r a t i o i s a b o u t 0 . 0 2 9 p e r 1 m l s o l u t i o n .

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a l l e l s e b e i n g t h e s a m e , a f t e r t h e e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s a s

e x p l a i n e d a b o v e h a s c o n c l u d e d , s t a b i l i Z a t i o n e n t a i l s a p p l y

i n g t h e s t a b i l i Z i n g c o m p o n e n t s ( s o d i u m b e n Z o a t e a n d a s c o r

b i c a c i d ) i n r e v e r s e o r d e r ; i . e . , a p p l y i n g a s c o r b i c a c i d

( b e t W e e n a b o u t 0.00001 t o a b o u t 0.001 by v o l u m e ; o r

a b o u t 0 . 0 0 0 1 b y v o l u m e ) ? r s t f o l l o W e d b y a p p l i c a t i o n o fs o d i u m b e n Z o a t e ( b e t W e e n a b o u t 0.01 t o a b o u t 0.10 b y

v o l u m e ) . T h i s i s f o l l o W e d b y a l l o W i n g t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n( r e f e r r e d t o h e r e i n a s S o l u t i o n 2 ) t o s t a n d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y

2 4 h o u r s t o p e r m i t ? o c c u l e n t m in e r a l s ( c a l c i u m , i r o n , a n d

a l u m i n u m ) t o s e t t l e a n d b e removed l e a v i n g a r e l a t i v e l yc l e a r , a q u e o u s s t a b il i Z e d f u l v i c s o l u t i o n a s t h e e l e c t r o l y t e .

F o l l o W i n g t h i s m e t h o d o f s t a b i l i Z i n g t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n

c a u s e s most o f t h e c a l c i u m , i r o n , a n d aluminum t o p r e c i p i

t a t e o u t o f s o l u t i o n W h i c h , i n c o m m e r c i a l p r e p a r a t i o n s a n d

a p p l i c a t i o n s , i s n o t d e s i r a b l e a s t h e s e m i n e r a l s a r e W e l l

s u i t e d f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p u r p o s e s . I n m y u n i q u e p r o c e s s o f

u s i n g f u l v i c a c i d a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e f o r t h e i o n i Z a t i o n o f

p r e c i o u s m e t a l s , i t i s p r e f e r r e d t h a t t h e s e m i n e r a l s b e o u t o f

s o l u t i o n ( f o r m i n g What I h a v e r e f e r r e d t o a s S o l u t i o n 2 ) .R e f e r t o T a b l e I , column B , f o r t h e i o n i Z a t i o n r e s u l t s u s i n g

S o l u t i o n 2 , W i t h a l l o t h e r f a c t o r s e q u a l . T h e s e r e s u l t s r e ? e c t

a s i g n i ? c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t i m e o f p r o c e s s i n g a n d a d r a s t i c a l l y

i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i o n i Z e d s i l v e r .

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e x t r a c t e d from s o l u t i o n ( f o r m i n g What r e f e r t o a s S o l u t i o n

3 ) . Even When a c o m m e r c i a l l y o b t a i n e d f u l v i c s o l u t i o n i s

u s e d , i f c a t i o n s a r e r e m o v e d , S o l u t i o n 3 i s f o r m e d t h e r e b y ,

a n d g r e a t e r r e s u l t s a r e r e a l i Z e d . I n t h i s r e g a r d t o form

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o b t a i n e d f u l v i c a c i d a l r e a d y s t a b i l i Z e d ) s h o u l d b e r u n

t h r o u g h a n y c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e i o n - e x c h a n g e c o l u m n

o r a n y s u i t a b l e i o n - e x c h a n g e c o l u m n ) W h i c h c o n t a i n , o r

i n t o Which a r e a d d e d , r e s i n s f o r t h e p r o c e s s ( r e s i n s s u c h a s ,b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o , D o u l i t e / A m b e r l i t e IR 120+H r e s i n s

m a n u f a c t u r e d by Ro h m & a a s ) . I n t h i s p r o c e s s , S o l u t i o n 1

i s pumped t o t h e t o p o f t h e c y l i n d e r o f t h e R o h m & a s s

i o n - e x c h a n g e column a n d i s a l l o W e d t o m i g r a t e doWn t h e

column t h r o u g h t h e r e s i n b e d a f t e r Which t h e s o l u t i o n i s

Page 5: Method of Producing Fulvic, Humic, And Ulmic Acid for Use as an Electrolyte in Producing US6478946

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d i s c h a r g e d i n t o a r e c e i v e r a t t h e bottom o f t h e c o l u m n .

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t h e n u s e d a s t h e e l e c t r o l y t e . R e f e r t o T a b l e I , Column C f o r

t h e r e s u l t s on i o n i Z a t i o n u s i n g S o l u t i o n 3 a s t h e e l e c t r o l y t e ,

v o l t a g e a t 1 2 ( a m p e r a g e i n c r e a s e d t o 0 . 8 amps d u e t o t h e f a c t

t h a t c a t i o n s Were removed from s o l u t i o n l e a v i n g f a r l e s sd i s s o l v e d m i n e r a l s i n s o l u t i o n a c t i n g a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e

t h e r e b y r e q u i r i n g g r e a t e r a m p e r a g e t o f o r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h

s o l u t i o n t o t h e n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ) .

T e s t i n g o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e f o r i o n i Z a t i o n r e s u l t s r e ? e c t e d i nT a b l e I Was performed e v e r y o n e - h a l f h o u r u s i n g a 306

P e r k i n E l m e r A t o m i c A b s o r p t i o n S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r . S o l u

t i o n 1 d i d n o t s t a r t r e g i s t e r i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f s i l v e r i n

s o l u t i o n u n t i l 1 4 . 5 h o u r s i n t o t h e e l e c t r o l y s i s . I t seems t h a t ,

a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n i n g o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e ( a b o u t o n e

h a l f h o u r ) , c o l o r e d p r e c i p i t a t e s became v i s i b l e a s ? n e l y

d i v i d e d m i n e r a l p a r t i c l e s d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e e l e c t r ol y t e a n d c o n t i n u e d t o s l o W l y p r e c i p i t a t e u n t i l a b o u t 1 4 . 5

h o u r s i n t o t h e p r o c e s s ; a t Which t i m e a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n t e s t so f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e shoWed t h a t t h e e l e c t r o l y t e h a d s t a r t e d

t a k i n g s i l v e r i n t o s o l u t i o n . P h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n r e v e a l e dt h a t a l m o s t t o t a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f i r o n , c a l c i u m , a n d a l u m i

num Was r e q u i r e d b e f o r e t h e e l e c t r o l y t e b e g a n t a k i n g on

s i l v e r . A f t e r a b o u t 1 0 0 h o u r s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i o n i Z e d

s i l v e r r e a c h e d 258 ppm. See T a b l e I , Column A. T h i s can

v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p r o v i d e r o f t h e f u l v i c a c i d b u t n o t by

much.

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r e p r e s e n t s a d r a m a t i c i m p r o v e m e n t i n y i e l d ( T a b l e I , C o l

umn B ) , a s d o e s r e m o v a l o f c a t i o n s ( T a b l e I , Column C ) .T a b l e I , Column D e ? e c t s u s e o f S o l u t i o n 3 b u t doubled i n

volume s i Z e o f e l e c t r o d e s b e i n g t h e same a s p r e v i o u s l y

d e s c r i b e d f o r c o l u m n s A h r o u g h C ) , v o l t a g e t h e s a m e , b u t ,b e c a u s e o f c o n d u c t i v i t y i s s u e s , a m p e r a g e i n c r e a s e d t o 1 . 0

amps. R e s u l t s h e r e Were s i g n i ? c a n t l y diminished a s comp a r e d t o t h e r e s u l t s o f Columns B a n d C .

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t r o d e s m a y be u s e d . G e n e r a l l y o n l y tWo a r e n e c e s s a r y ; one

as an anode, o n e a s a cathode. T h e electrodes a r e introduced

i n t o t h e f u l v i c s o l u t i o n ( S o l u t i o n 1 , S o l u t i o n 2 , o r S o l u t i o n

3 ) . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r o d e s c a n b e s u c h t h a t b o t h

a r e of t h e metal of choice o r one can be t h e s a c r i ? c i a l

e l e c t r o d e o f t h e d e s i r e d m e t a l and t h e o t h e r e l e c t r o d e c a n be

o f a non-contaminating metal o r s u b s t a nc e . The u s e o f t h e

same m e t a l f o r b o t h e l e c t r o d e s i s a g u a r d a g a i n s t any

i m p u r i t i e s c o n t a m i n a t i o n W h i c h c o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h en o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e . Although u s e o f t h e same m e t a l f o r

b o t h e l e c t r o d e s i s t h e p r e f e r r e d m e t h o d , i n e r t s u b s t a n c e s

s u c h a s g r a p h i t e c a r b o n compounds o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l e l e ct r o d e s ( e x c e p t i n g 3 0 3 ) o r U S P r a d e o f t i t a n i u m c a n b e u s e d

a s t h e n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

Each e l e c t r o d e i s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e

leads o f a DC o W e r source o r a DC o W e r source W h i c h

m a y b e o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s , p u l s e d o r s u p e r i m p o s e d AC y p e .

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c a n b e v a r i e d i n any s u i t a b l e c o m b i n a t i o n t o s a t i s f y t h e

demands o f t h e d e s i r e d e n d - p r o d u c t . D i s t a n c e b e t W e e n e l e c

t r o d e s can vary from m i l l i m e t e r s t o meters and s r e l e v a n t t o

t h e d e s i r e d e n d - p r o d u c t . D i s t a n c e , h o W e v e r , s h o u l d b e r e l at i v e t o t h e d i s t a n c e d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y h e r e i n i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e volume o f t h e e l e c t r o l y t e a n d t h e s i Z e / d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e

e l e c t r o d e s . D e s i r a b l e m e t a l s o l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e

e n d - p r o d u c t c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d by t i m e d u r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o l y

s i s c o u p l e d W i t h o t h e r v a r i a b l e p a r a m e t e r s . M e t a l i o n c o n

c e n t r a t i o n can v a r y from l e s s 1 ppm o s e v e r a l thousand ppm

a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Table I .

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b e e n r e a l i Z e d , t h e p r e f e r r e d n e X t s t e p i s a a l l o W t h e c o l l o i d s

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t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t a n d t h a t o f a n y f r a g m e n t e d , u n d i s s o l v e d

o v e r - s i Z e p a r t i c l e s . U s i n g a n y c o n v e n t i o n a l u n i t s u i t e d f o rt h e i n t e n d e d purpose ( s u c h a s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o a n atomic

a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t er ) , I p r e f e r t o t e s t t h e a m o u n t s

o f s i l v e r i n s o l u t i o n d u r i n g t h e s e t t l e m e n t p r o c e s s a n d , a s t h ec o l l o i d a l s i l v e r d r o p s o u t o f s o l u t i o n , p r o g r e s s i v e a t o m i c

a b s o r p t i o n t e s t i n g shoWs a d e c l i n e i n t o t a l s i l v e r c o n t e n t o f

t h e s o l u t i o n u n t i l a s t a b l e r e a d i n g i s o b t a i n e d ; a t Which t i m e

v i r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e c o l l o i d a l s i l v e r i s a b s e n t f r o m s o l u t i o n

l e a v i n g o n l y i o n i Z e d s i l v e r r e m a i n i n g W h i c h t h e n c a n b e

r e m o v e d . The i o n i Z e d s i l v e r m a y b e pumped o u t o r s i p h o n e d

o u t and by any s u i t a b l e means s u c h t h a t t h e s e d i m e n t o f

c o l l o i d a l s i l v e r i s n o t d i s t u r b e d — t o t h e r e b y p r e v e n t i t s

m i X i n g W i t h t h e i o n i Z e d s i l v e r b e i n g r e m o v e d .

Near t h e end o f t h e removal p r o c e s s , some sediment W i l l

miX W i t h t h e i o n i Z e d s i l v e r . F u r t h e r r e ? n i n g o f t h i s p r o d u c t

c a n b e a c h i e v e d by ? l t e r i n g t h r o u g h a micron ? l t e r s u c h a s

t h e H y d r e X I I GXO1-GXO5, p r o d u c e d b y O s m o n i c s I n c . o f

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p u r i t y .T h i s e n t i r e p r o c e d u r e c a n b e u s e d t o p r o d u c e c o l l o i d s ,

i o n i Z a t i o n s , a n d o t h e r r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s o f s i l v e r , g o l d , t h ep l a t i n u m g r o u p m e t a l s i . e . , p l a t i n u m , p a l l a d i u m , r h o d i u m ,

o s m i u m , r u t h e n i u m , a n d i r i d i u m ) , a n d a n y o t h e r m e t a l s t h a tm a y p r o v e b e n e ? c i a l . O t h e r b a s e m e t a l s s u c h a s Z i n c ,

c o p p e r , a n d mercury c a n b e u s e d , b u t t h e p r e f e r r e d m e t a l s

a r e t h e p r e c i o u s m e t a l s W i t h s i l v e r p r o v i n g t o b e t h e b e s t

s u i t e d .

Base m e t a l s a r e d i s c u s s e d by t h e Becker r e f e r e n c e a t page

1 6 3 , Wherein t h e e f f e c t s o f a v a r i e t y o f m e t a l l i c e l e c t r o d e s on

s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f b a c t e r i a i n c u l t u r e Was t e s t e d . Each

m e t a l Was t e s t e d a t v o l t a g e s r a n g i n g f r o m v e r y s m a l l t o j u s tabove t h e e l e c t r o l y s i s l e v e l . I t Was found t h a t a b o u t t h e

e l e c t r o l y s i s l e v e l , p o s i t i v e m e t a l e l e c t r o d e s ( a n o d e s ) k i l l e da l l b a c t e r i a , b u t t h e y Would h a v e a l s o k i l l e d a n y human e l l s .

O n l y t h e s i l v e r a n o d e k i l l e d a l l b a c t e r i a a t v o l t a g e s t h a tWould b e h a r m l e s s t o human c e l l s . Becker t h u s shoWs t h a t

p o s i t i v e b a s e m e t a l e l e c t r o d e s k i l l e d a l l b a c t e r i a l , b u t t h a t a t

t h e c u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s n e c e s s a r y t o p r o d u c e s u c h b a s e m e t a l

i o n s i n v i v o ) , t h e b a s e m e t a l e l e c t r o d e s W o u l d h a v e a l s ok i l l e d a n y human c e l l s . I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n , t h i s p r o b

lem s n o t e n c o u n t e r e d s i n c e t h e m e t a l i o n s a r e n o t produced

i n v i v o , b u t a r e i o n i Z e d i n t h e n o n - t o x i c e l e c t r o l y t e media

a n d t h e n u s e d f o r s p e c i ? c a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e R e d d i s h r e f e rence a l s o discusses base metals i n “ A n t i s e p t i c s ,

D i s i n f e c t a n t s , F u n g i c i d e s a n d C h e m i c a l a n d P h y s i c a l S t e ri l i Z a t i o n ” a t page 487 and a t page 4 9 1 .

These c o l l o i d s a n d / o r m e t a l i o n s a n d s o l u t i o n r e a c t a n t s

s e r v e a s a n t i b i o t i c , a n t i v i r a l a n d a n t i f u n g a l a g e n t s . S t u d i e s

con?rming t h e s e a b i l i t i e s a r e a l s o c i t e d i n t h e R e d d i s h

r e f e r e n c e a t page 4 7 0 . At page 4 8 2 , t h e r e i s a l s o r e f e r e n c e

made c o n c e r n i n g t h e b e n e ? t s o f a d d i n g s m a l l a m o u n t s o f

o t h e r p r e c i o u s m e t a l s t o s i l v e r . I t s t a t e d : “ K r a u s e d e s c r i b e d

i t a s spongy l a m e l l a r , m e t a l l i c form o f p u r e s i l v e r t o Which

i s a d d e d a n a c t i v a t i n g m e t a l beloW i l v e r i n e l e c t r o p o t e n t i a l

s e r i e s , s u c h a s p a l l a d i u m o r g o l d . ” S t u d i e s c i t e d i n t h e

R e d d i s h r e f e r e n c e , a t p a g e s 4 7 1 — 4 7 7 , c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y t h a t i t

i s t h e s i l v e r i o n Which i s t h e most a c t i v e f a c t o r o f any s i l v e r

p r e p a r a t i o n i n i t s b a c t e r i o s t a t i c b e n e ? t s . None o f t h e p r i o r a r t

r e f e r e n c e s d i s c u s s e s p r o d u c t i o n o f i o n i Z e d p r e c i o u s m e t a l s ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y s i l v e r , b y u s i n g o r g a n i c a c i d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f u l v i ca c i d , a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e and t h e p r e c i o u s m e t a l s used a s

e l e c t r o d e s , n o r o f u s i n g f u l v i c a c i d a s p r e p a r e d a n d s t a b i

l i Z e d b y t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n a n d t h e r e a f t e r

used a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e There a r e m a y a d v a n t a g e s t o u s i n g

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US 6 , 4 7 8 , 9 4 6 B1

9f u l v i c a c i d , humic a c i d o r u l m i c a c i d a s t h e e l e c t r o l y t e . The

p r i o r a r t u s e o f p r o t e i n s i l v e r c o l l o i d s Which a r e p r e c i p i t a t e d

a n d c h e l a t e d from s i l v e r n i t r a t e c a r r i e s W i t h i t t h e t o x i c n i t r i c

f a c t o r s Which r e d u c e t h e l e v e l o f s a f e u s e . I n t h e p r e s e n t

i n v e n t i o n , by u s i n g a n o r g a n i c a c i d W h i c h r e a c t s W i t h t h e

s i l v e r o r o t h e r m e t a l i o n s , t h i s c a r r i e s no t o x i c f a c t o r s andt h u s p r o d u c e s a s a f e r p r o d u c t a t c o m p a r a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .

T h e p r o d u c t o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n a l s o p e r m i t s t h emore c o m p l e t e a s s i m i l a t i o n o f s i l v e r i n t o t h e b o d y . F o r

e x a m p l e , c o n s i d e r t h e u s e o f f u l v i c a c i d o n l y . I n t h e J a c k s o n

r e f e r e n c e , s u p r a , a t page 2 5 0 , t h e r e i s a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e

a d v a n t a g e s o f f u l v i c a c i d W i t h l i v i n g m a t t e r . T h e s e a d v a n

t a g e s i n c l u d e e n h a n c e d c e l l p e r m e a b i l i t y , p H b u f f e r i n gc a p a c i t y , a b i l i t y t o e s t a b l i s h c h e m i c a l b a l a n c e t o c e l l s ,

a b i l i t y t o s t i m u l a t e c e l l m e t a b o l i s m , p o s i t i v e e f f e c t o n RNA

a n d DNA, a n d t h e a b i l i t y t o a d d o t h e r i m p o r t a n t n u t r i e n t s t ot h e c e l l . These bene?ts a r e n a t u r a l t o f u l v i c a c i d , and a s i t

c o m p l e x e s W i t h s i l v e r i o n s i t t h u s g r e a t l y a s s i s t s t h e a s s i m i

l a t i o n o f s i l v e r i n t o t h e c e l l s . The f a c t t h a t v i r u s e s r e p l i c a t e

W i t h i n t h e c e l l a n d t h a t t h e s i l v e r i o n s form r e a c t a n t s W i t h i n

t h e s t r u c t u r e o f f u l v i c a c i d Whic h can a c c e s s t h e i n s i d e o f t h e

c e l l opens t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a more p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e t o

i n t e r v i r a l i n f e c t i o n s .

T h e p r o d u c t o f h i s i n v e n t i o n i s a s i g n i ? c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t

o v e r t h e p r i o r a r t o f p r o d u c i n g s i l v e r p r o t e i n b y t h e p r e c i p i

t a t i o n o f s i l v e r from s i l v e r n i t r a t e s o l u t i o n s . D i l u t e s i l v e r

p r o t e i n s o l u t i o n s d o n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e t o x i c n i t r a t e f a c t o r , b u t

do b u f f e r i t . The n i t r a t e f a c t o r r e m a i n s a s t r o n g i r r i t a n t When

p r e s e n t i n e i t h e r m i l d o r s t r o n g s i l v e r p r o t e i n .

The r e a c t i o n o f t h e s i l v e r i o n i n t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e

f u l v i c , humic o r u l m i c a c i d s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n

t i o n i n t r o d u c e s no t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s and no i r r i t a n t f a c t o r t o

t h e ? n a l p r o d u c t .A f u r t h e r a d v a n t a g e o f t h e p r o d u c t o f t h i s i n v e n t i o n i s t h a t

i t e l i m i n a t e s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s t a b i l i Z i n g t h e c o l l o i d a l s i l v e rW i t h s y n t h e t i c c h e l a t i n g a g e n t s . T h e s e c o a t i n g s may i n t e rf e r e W i t h t h e m e t a l i o n s a b i l i t y t o i n t e r a c t W i t h i t s s u r r o u n d

i n g a n d m a y p r e v e n t t h e i o n i Z e d p a r t i c l e f r o m f u l l y a c c e s s

i n g body c e l l s a n d t i s s u e s . I t m a y a l s o c a u s e c h e m i c a l

i n t e r f e r e n c e f r o m t h e p r o t e i n c o a t i n g s o r c h e l a t i n g a g e n t

i t s e l f . I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n t h e m e t a l i o n s a r e complexed

W i t h a n a t u r a l e l e c t r o l y t e Which h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o e n t e r

c e l l s and t i s s u e s t o enhance c e l l n u t r i t i o n . The r e s u l t i s a n

i m p r o v e d d e l i v e r y s y s t e m f o r t h e s i l v e r i o n .

H a v i n g d e s c r i b e d t h e b a s i c a s p e c t s o f t h e i n v e n t i o n , t h ef o l l o W i n g e x a m p l e s a s t a k e n f r o m T a b l e I I ( W h i c h f o l l o W t h e

e x a m p l e s ) a r e g i v e n t o i l l u s t r a t e s p e c i ? c e m b o d i m e n t st h e r e o f .

EXAMPLE

T h i s example i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a s o l u t i o n o f

humic a c i d a n d e l e c t r o l y t i c s i l v e r . Humic a c i d Was o b t a i n e d

b y e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m L e o n a r d i t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r e

d e s c r i b e d by J . B . A i t k e n e t a l . i n “The C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d

E f f e c t s o f Humic A c i d s D e r i v e d from L e o n a r d i t e ” i n Tech

n i c a l B u l l e t i n 1 0 1 5 : S o u t h C a r o l i n a A g r i c u l t u r e E x p e r i m e n

t a l S t a t i o n , Clemson U n i v e r s i t y , C l e m s o n , SC. S i l v e r Was

a d d e d b y t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r i n t h e s e c t i o n

E l e c t r o l y s i s P r o c e s s Embodiment a n d t h e s i l v e r c o n c e n t r a

t i o n Was 200 p p m .

EXAMPLE

T h i s e x a m p l e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a g e l f o r m o f

f u l v i c a c i d a n d e l e c t r o l y t i c s i l v e r . F u l v i c a c i d g e l Was

o b t a i n e d b y e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m L e o n ar d i t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

10

20

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

6 5

1 0p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d by J . B . A i t k e n e t a l . i n Example 1 .

S i l v e r Was a d d e d by t h e p r o c e s s r e f e r e n c ed i n Example 1

and t h e s i l v e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n Was 200 ppm. C a r r a g e e n a n

I r i s h Moss) Was t h e n b l e n d e d i n t o f o r m t h e ? n a l g e l .

EXAMPLE

T h i s example l l u s t r a t e s a s a c o m p a r i s o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

h a l f s t r e n g t h f u l v i c a c i d ( 4 , 0 0 0 ppm) W i t h n o e l e c t r o l y t i cs i l v e r . F u l v i c a c i d a s 4,000 ppm With no s i l v e r added Was

p r e p a r e d b y e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m L e o n a r d i t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h ep r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d by . B . A i t k e n e t a l . i n Example 1 . I t

Was c o n c e n t r a t e d t o 8 , 0 0 0 ppm and t h e n d i l u t e d W i t h d i s

t i l l e d W a t e r t o 4 , 0 0 0 p pm.

EXAMPLE 4

T h i s e x a m p l e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a s o l u t i o n o f

f u l v i c a c i d a n d e l e c t r o l y t i c s i l v e r a n d g o l d . F u l v i c a c i d Was

p r e p a r e d b y e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m L e o n a r d i t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d b y J . B . A i t k e n e t a l . i n Example 1 t oa c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 4,000 ppm. I t Was c o n c e n t r a t e d t o 8,000

ppm . Gold a n d s i l v e r Were a d d e d by t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d

e a r l i e r i n t h e s e c t i o n E l e c t r o l y s i s P r o c e s s Embodiment W i t h

t h e s i l v e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e i n g 200 p p m a n d t h e g o l d c o n

c e n t r a t i o n b e i n g 6 ppm. A a m p l e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l Was t h e n

d i l u t e d W i t h d i s t i l l e d W a t e r t o 4 , 0 0 0 ppm n d i t i s i d e n t i ? e d

a s Example 4 a . The s a m p l e c o n t a i n e d 1 0 0 p p m s i l v e r a n d 3

p p m g o l d .

EXAMPLE

T h i s e x a m p l e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a s o l u t i o n o f

f u l v i c a c i d a n d e l e c t r o l y t i c s i l v e r . F u l v i c a c i d Was p r e p a r e d

b y e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m L e o n a r d i t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o c e d u r ed e s c r i b e d by J . B . Aitken e t a l . i n Example 1 t o a concen

t r a t i o n o f 8 , 0 0 0 ppm. S i l v e r Was a d d e d by t h e p r o c e d u r e

d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r i n t h e s e c t i o n E l e c t r o l y s i s P r o c e s s Embodi

ment and t h e s i l v e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n Was 200 ppm. Asample o f

t h i s m a t e r i a l Was t h e n d i l u t e d W i t h d i s t i l l e d Water t o 4,000

p p m a n d i t i s i d e n t i ? e d a s Example 5 a . The sample con

t a i n e d 100 ppm i l v e r .

EXAMPLE

T h i s e x a m p l e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e s o l u

t i o n s i n b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a c t i v i t y . T h e s o l u t i o n s f r o m E x a m p l e s

1—4 Were used t o t r e a t E . C o l i , S t a p h Aureus and Candida

A l b i c a n s . The c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t h a s E . C o l i a t 200 p a t h og e n c o u n t p e r c u l t u r e , S t a p h Aureus a t 80 a n d Candida

Albicans a t 2 0 . The r e s u l t s a r e s e t f o r t h i n T a b l e I I .

TABLE

COLUMN COLUMN B COLUMN C COLUMN D

Time S o l u t i o n 1 S o l u t i o n 2 S o l u t i o n 3 S o l u t i o n 3

i n h o u r s ) ( P P M ) ( P P M ) ( P P M ) ( P P M )

0 . 5 0 0 83 15

1 . 0 0 0 156 3 4

1 . 5 0 0 234 45

2 . 0 1 1 319 55

2 . 5 0 0 402 69

3 . 0 0 1 1 488 82

3 . 5 2 27 5 35 87

4 . 0 1 62 658 108

4 . 5 0 76 730 134

5 . 0 0 199 839 150

5 . 5 1 234 940 224

6 . 0 0 240 1088 290

6 . 5 0 358 1268 329

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US 6 , 4 7 8 , 9 4 6 B1

1 1

TABLE - c o n t i n u e d

COLUMN COLUMN B COLUMN C COLUMN D

Time S o l u t i o n 1 S o l u t i o n 2 S o l u t i o n 3 S o l u t i o n 3

i n h o u r s ) ( P P M ) ( P P M ) ( P P M ) ( P P M )

7 . 0 0 471 1489 446

7 . 5 0 623 1736 488

8 . 0 1 804 2017 5 33

8 . 5 0 1016 2314 552

9 . 0 1 1341 2639 569

9 . 5 1 1703 3027 615

1 0 . 0 2 2115 3 51 5 637

14.5 17 2167 3562

20.0 3 8 2138 3527

30.0 67 2180 3498

100.0 258 2309 3618

TABLE I

E . C o l i S t a g h Aureus Candida A l b i c a n s

Example C o n c . reduced C o n c . reduced C o n c . reduced

c o n t r o l 200 80 20

1 0 100 39 5 1 . 3 3 85

2 33 8 3 . 5 25 6 8 . 8 1 95

3 2 7 8 6 . 5 24 70 2 90

4 0 100 44 45 6 70

4a 0 100 12 85 2 90

5 0 100 17 7 8 . 8 0 100

5a 0 100 14 8 2 . 5 1 95

The p r e s e n t d i s c l o su r e i n c l u d e s t h a t c o n t a i n e d i n t h e

p r e s e n t c l a i m s a s W e l l a s t h a t o f t h e f o r e g o i n g d e s c r i p t i o n .

A l t h o u g h t h i s i n v e n t i o n h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n i t s p r e f e r r e d

f o r m s W i t h a c e r t a i n d e g r e e o f p a r t i c u l a r i t y , i t i s u n d e r s t o o dt h a t t h e p r e s e n t d i s c l o s u r e o f t h e p r e f e r r e d f o r m h a s b e e n

made o n l y b y Way o f e x a m p l e a n d n u m e r o u s c h a n g e s i n t h ed e t a i l s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d c o m b i n a t i o n a n d a r r a n g e m e n t o f

p a r t s a n d method s t e p s m a y b e r e s o r t e d t o W i t h o u t d e p a r t i n g

f r o m t h e s p i r i t a n d s c o p e o f t h e i n v e n t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e

s c o p e o f t h e i n v e n t i o n s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d n o t by t h e

e m b o d i m e n t s i l l u s t r a t e d , b u t b y t h e a p p e n d e d c l a i m s a n d

t h e i r l e g a l e q u i v a l e n t s .I c l a i m :

1 . A e t h o d o f p r o d u c i n g h i g h i o n i z a t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f p r e c i o u s m e t a l s c o m p r i s i n g t h e s t e p s o f :

a ) u s i n g a s a n e l e c t r o l y t e a n o r g a n i c a c i d s e l e c t e d f r o m

t h e g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g o f f u l v i c a c i d , h u m i c a c i d , a n d

u l m i c a c i d ;( b ) u s i n g a s a s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e i n s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e , a

p r e c i o u s m e t a l s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g o f

s i l v e r , g o l d , p l a t i n u m , p a l l a d i u m , a n d p l a t i n u m g r o u p

m e t a l s , o r u s i n g a s s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e any one

s u c h p r e c i o u s m e t a l a n d a s e c o n d o f s u c h p r e c i o u s

m e t a l a s a n a l l o y t h e r e t o p r o v i d e d t h e s e c o n d o f s u c h

p r e c i o u s m e t a l i s l o W e r i n t h e e l e c t r o m o t i v e s e r i e s t h a n

t h e p r e c i o u s m e t a l t o W h i c h a l l o y e d ;

c ) u s i n g a s a n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e i n s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e ,

a p r e c i o u s m e t a l Which i s a l s o used a s s a id s a c r i ? c i a l

e l e c t r o d e , s a i d p r e c i o u s m e t a l n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e

being of about t h e same s u r f a c e a r e a o r s i Z e a s s a i d

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e , o r u s i n g a n i n e r t n o n - p r e c i o u s

m e t a l s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g o f t i t a n i u m ,

g r a p h i t e c a r b o n , a n d c o m p o u n d s o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e le x c e p t number 303 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , s a i d i n e r t non

p r e c i o u s m e t a l n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e b e i n g l a r g e rt h a n t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o r s i Z e a s s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e ;

a n d

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55

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( d ) a p p l y i n g e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t t o s a i d e l e c t r o d e s o f a t l e a s t

2 or more v o l t s .

2 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 W h e r e i n s a i d a l l o y

c o m p r i s e s b e t W e e n a b o u t 0 . 0 0 1 t o a b o u t 0 . 1 0 b y W e i g h t

o f t h e t o t a l W e i g h t o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

3 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 W h e r e i n s a i d a l l o y

c o m p r i s e s a b o u t 0 . 0 1 b y W e i g h t o f t h e t o t a l W e i g h t o f s a i ds a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

4 . The meth od a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e concen

t r a t i o n o f s a i d o r g a n i c a c i d i n s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e i s b e t W e e n

a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 p p m t o a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 ppm.

5 . The meth od a s de?ned i n claim 1 Wherein t h e concen

t r a t i o n o f s a i d o r g a n i c a c i d i n s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e i s b e t W e e n

a b o u t 3 , 5 0 0 p p m t o a b o u t 4 , 5 0 0 ppm.

6 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 0 8 : 1 t o a b o u t 00801.

7 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i obetWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 1 0 : 1 t o a b o u t 00401.

8 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s a b o u t 00191.

9 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 0 8 : 1 t o a b o u t 01001.

1 0 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeent h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l

e l e c t r o d ep e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s betWeen a b o u t 0 . 0 2 0 : 1 t o a b o u t 00501.

1 1 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s a b o u t 0 . 0 2 9 : 1 When s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c

t r o d e i s n o t o f t h e same composition a s i s s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l

e l e c t r o d e .

1 2 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein t h e r a t i o

betWeen t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e p e r

s q u a r e m i l l i m e t e r t o volume o f s a i d e l e c t r o l y t e p e r m i l l i l i t e r

i n s o l u t i o n i s a b o u t 0 . 0 1 9 : 1 When s a i d n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c

t r o d e i s a b o u t o f t h e same composition a s i s s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l

e l e c t r o d e .

1 3 . The method a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g

r e m o v i n g c a t i o n s f r o m s a i d o r g a n i c a c i d .1 4 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 13 Wherein removal

o f s a i d c a t i o n s f r o m s a i d o r g a n i c a c i d c o m p r i s e s r u n n i n g

s a i d o r g a n i c a c i d t h r o u g h a n i o n - e x c h a n g e c o l u m n c o n t a i n

i n g r e s i n s a n d c o l l e c t i n g t h e c a t i o n - f r e e s o l u t i o n t h e r e a f t e r .

1 5 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 W h e r e i n s a i d o r g a n i c

a c i d o f c h o i c e i s f u l v i c a c i d .

1 6 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein s a i d

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e c o m p r i s e s p u r e s i l v e r .

1 7 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein s a i d

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e c o m p r i s e s p u r e s i l v e r a l l o y e d W i t h g o l d

W h e r e b y t h e g o l d c o n t en t c o m p r i s e s b e t W e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y

0.001 t o a b o u t 0.10 b y W e i g h t o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c

t r o d e .

1 8 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein s a i d

s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e c o m p r i s e s p u r e s i l v e r a l l o y e d W i t h g o l d

W h e r e b y t h e g o l d c o n t e n t c o m p r i s e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 0 1

b y W e i g h t o f s a i d s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e .

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1 3

1 9 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 Wherein s a i d

n o n - s a c r i ? c i a l e l e c t r o d e c o m p r i s e s p u r e t i t a n i u m .

2 0 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 1 f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g

t e s t i n g t h e e l e c t r o l y t e f o r i t s t o t a l p r e c i o u s m e t a l c o n t e n t

u n t i l a p r e d e t e r m i n e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n h a s been a t t a i n e d .

2 1 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 20 f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n gp e r m i t t i n g c o l l o i d s a n d o t h e r p a r t i c l e s d e r i v e d i n t h e p r o c e s s

t o d r o p o u t o f s o l u t i o n u n t i l s u c h t i m e t h a t t e s t i n g shoWs a

1 4

d e c l i n e i n t h e t o t a l p r e c i o u s m e t a l c o n t e n t o f t h e s o l u t i o n

f o l l o W e d by a s t a b l e r e a d i n g o f s a i d p r e c i o u s m e t a l c o n t e n t .

2 2 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 21 f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g

r e m o v i n g t h e i o n i Z e d p r e c i o u s m e t a l i n s o l u t i o n .2 3 . The p r o c e s s a s de?ned i n c l a i m 22 f u r t h e r c o m p r i s i n g

? l t e r i n g t h e r e m o v e d i o n i Z e d p r e c i o u s m e t a l i n s o l u t i o n .

* * * * *