METODE ESA: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN APLIKASINYA SRUT+SMNO.PDKL.PPSUB.2013

METODE ESA:ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

ASSESSMENT

DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN

APLIKASINYA

SRUT+SMNO.PDKL.PPSUB.2013

. Effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its rhizosphere bacteria

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 88, P. 48-54 (1 Feb 2013)Fateme Mirzajani, Hossein Askari, Sara Hamzelou, Mohsen Farzaneh, Alireza

Ghassempour

. AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as antibacterial and antifungal agents

in agriculture. Nevertheless, these nanoparticles with newborn properties pose a potential risk to the environment, Due to contact with crops and bacteria that are

beneficial to the soil. This study is based on the examination of the phytotoxic effects of AgNPs on Oryza sativa L. and some of its rhizosphere bacteria, by

physiological and biochemical assays. In order to study the complex interaction of the AgNPs life expectancy that are mixed with culture medium, the incubation time for the fresh mixture, 7, 14 and 21 days old of AgNPs, on the seedlings growth was

investigated.

Results indicated that plant’s response to the treatment with AgNPs affected on the cell wall, and that with an increase in its concentration (up to 60 μg/mL). The

obtained results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exhibited that those particles not only penetrated the cell wall, but they could also damage the cell

morphology and its structural features. AgNPs treatment up to 30 μg/mL accelerated root growth and at 60 μg/mL was able to restrict a root’s ability to grow. The

30 μg/mL treatment had significant effect on root branching and dry weight. In contrast, shoot growth was more susceptible to the effects of AgNPs treatment. The

root content for total soluble carbohydrates and starch demonstrated that despite stable starch content, total soluble carbohydrates showed the tendency to

significantly decline in response to AgNPs. However, induction of root branching and photosynthetic pigments can attributed to AgNPs stress based on evidence from the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and local root tissue death. Nine

isolates of the genus Bacillus selected and identified according to morphological and chemotaxonomic methods.

The AgNPs treatment revolutionized the populations of bacteria as Bacillus thuringiensis SBURR1 was totally eliminated, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

SBURR5 became the most populated one. Images from an electron microscope and the leakage of reducing sugars and protein through the bacterial membrane,

similarly confirmed the “pit” formation mechanism of the AgNPs. Moreover the hypothesis from the growth curve study demonstrated that AgNPs may damage

bacterium cell wall and transform them to protoplasts.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513………. 8/1/2013

. Effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its rhizosphere bacteria

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 88, P. 48-54 (1 Feb 2013)Fateme Mirzajani, Hossein Askari, Sara Hamzelou, Mohsen Farzaneh, Alireza

Ghassempour

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513………. 8/1/2013

. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcoholsS.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.

Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. ToyEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages

1006–1015

An environmental assessment of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) has recently been conducted under the OECD SIDS High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the

Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Aliphatic Alcohols Consortium. LCOH are used primarily as intermediates, as a precursor to alcohol-

based surfactants and as alcohol per se in a wide variety of consumer product applications. Global production volume is approximately 1.58 million metric tonnes. The OECD HPV assessment covers linear to slightly branched LCOH ranging from

6 to 22 alkyl carbons (C). LCOH biodegrade exceptionally rapidly in the environment (half-lives on the order of minutes); however, due to continuous use and distribution to wastewater treatment systems, partitioning properties, biodegradation of alcohol-based surfactants, and natural alcohol sources, LCOH are universally detected in

wastewater effluents. An environmental risk assessment of LCOH is presented here by focusing on the most prevalent and toxic members of the linear alcohols,

specifically, from C12−15.

The assessment includes environmental monitoring data for these chain lengths in final effluents of representative wastewater treatment plants and covers all uses of

alcohol (i.e., the use of alcohol as a substance and as an intermediate for the manufacturing of alcohol-based surfactants). The 90th percentile effluent discharge

concentration of 1.979 μg/L (C12−C15) was determined for wastewater treatment plants in 7 countries. Chronic aquatic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna

demonstrated that between C13 and C15 LCOH solubility became a factor and that the structure–activity relationship was characterized by a toxicity maximum between

C13 and C14. Above C14 the LCOH was less toxic and become un-testable due to insolubility.

Risk quotients based on a toxic units (TU) approach were determined for various scenarios of exposure and effects extrapolation. The global average TU ranged from

0.048 to 0.467 depending on the scenario employed suggesting a low risk to the environment.

The fact that environmental exposure calculations include large fractions of naturally derived alcohol from animal, plant, and microbially mediated biotransformations

further supports a conclusion of low risk.Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108

………. 8/1/2013

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108





























http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513/72/4



1006–1015

Potential sources of fatty (long chain) alcohols in the aquatic environment.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108 ………. 8/1/2013



































1006–1015

Conceptual diagram of developing toxic unit (TU) predictions for LCOH environmental risk characterization.




































1006–1015

Cumulative frequency distribution of final effluent concentrations before (total, unadjusted) and after (total adjusted) correcting for bioavailability, dilution and in-

stream mineralization of parent alcohol.




































1006–1015

. Cumulative frequency distribution of TU determinations for LCOH for the 32 monitored sites in Europe, Canada and the US.


































. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and

terrestrial environmentsClaudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166

Mixture toxicity is a real world problem and as such requires risk assessment solutions that can be applied within different geographic regions, across different

spatial scales and in situations where the quantity of data available for the assessment varies. Moreover, the need for site specific procedures for assessing

ecotoxicological risk for non-target species in non-target ecosystems also has to be recognised. The work presented in the paper addresses the real world effects of

pesticide mixtures on natural communities. Initially, the location of risk hotspots is theoretically estimated through exposure modelling and the use of available toxicity data to predict potential community effects. The concept of Concentration Addition

(CA) is applied to describe responses resulting from exposure of multiple pesticides The developed and refined exposure models are georeferenced (GIS-based) and

include environmental and physico-chemical parameters, and site specific information on pesticide usage and land use. As a test of the risk assessment

framework, the procedures have been applied on a suitable study areas, notably the River Meolo basin (Northern Italy), a catchment characterised by intensive

agriculture, as well as comparative area for some assessments. Within the studied areas, the risks for individual chemicals and complex mixtures have been assessed on aquatic and terrestrial aboveground and belowground communities. Results from

ecological surveys have been used to validate these risk assessment model predictions. Value and limitation of the approaches are described and the

possibilities for larger scale applications in risk assessment are also discussed.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989………. 8/1/2013
























Scheme of the general procedure for assessing and validating pesticide mixture risk.

























Scheme of the procedures for pesticide risk assessment of pollinators.

























. Comparison between predicted and measured concentrations for terbuthylazine and metolachlor in Meolo river water, Northern Italy. The parameters of the correlations are the following: terbuthylazine: y=1.46x−0.09; R2=0.93; metolachlor: y=1.57x−0.03; R2=0.88. The line represents theoretical perfect fit.

























. PECs (mg/m2) in soil within the vineyard from the beginning of the plant protection product applications (28 April 2008), until the end of the productive season (30

September 2008).






















. State of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental health

M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F. Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.

Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. VerhagenFood and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55

Environmental health assessment covers a broad area: virtually all systematic analysis to support decision making on issues relevant to environment and health. Consequently, various different approaches have been developed and applied for

different needs within the broad field. In this paper we explore the plurality of approaches and attempt to reveal the state-of-the-art in environmental health assessment by characterizing and explicating the similarities and differences

between them. A diverse, yet concise, set of approaches to environmental health assessment is analyzed in terms of nine attributes: purpose, problem owner,

question, answer, process, use, interaction, performance and establishment. The conclusions of the analysis underline the multitude and complexity of issues in

environmental health assessment as well as the variety of perspectives taken to address them. In response to the challenges, a tendency towards developing and applying more inclusive, pragmatic and integrative approaches can be identified.

The most interesting aspects of environmental health assessment are found among these emerging approaches: (a) increasing engagement between assessment and management as well as stakeholders, (b) strive for framing assessments according

to specific practical policy needs, (c) integration of multiple benefits and risks, as well as (d) explicit incorporation of both scientific facts and value statements in

assessment. However, such approaches are yet to become established, and many contemporary mainstream environmental health assessment practices can still be

characterized as relatively traditional risk assessment.

















































Outline of relevant issues to address in environmental health assessment and coverage of certain common approaches to risk and impact assessment. The figure is adapted from a framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment

(Briggs, 2008).


















































The Red Book risk assessment process.

















































The analytic-deliberative risk decision process

















































The IRGC risk governance framework.

















































The chemical safety assessment process in REACH.

















































The Finnish environmental impact assessment procedure (YVA).

















































The health impact assessment process as defined by WHO.

















































The integrated environmental health impact assessment process.

















































Collaborative knowledge creation in open assessment. Adapted from an illustration of collaborative knowledge building with wikis (Cress and Kimmerle, 2008).

















































. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships

J WangJournal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115

Problem: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the environment. Method: A proactive, risk-based “goal setting” regime is introduced to the marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety. Discussion: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be developed and applied in a practical environment. Summary: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The recommendations on further work required are given. Impact on industry: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a risk-based “goal setting” regime is given.







The HSE framework for decisions on the tolerability of risk.







Relationships between offshore safety regulations.







The five key elements of the safety case concepts.







The detailed UKOOA framework.







Risk contribution tree for fire.







Generic fishing vessel.







The proposed approach.





. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides

J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. ForbesEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–

308

Assessment of risks to aquatic organisms is important in the registration procedures for pesticides in industrialised countries. This risk assessment consists of two parts: (i) assessment of effects to these organisms derived from ecotoxicological experiments (=effect assessment), and (ii) assessment of concentration levels in relevant environmental compartments resulting from pesticide application (=exposure assessment). Current procedures lack a clear conceptual basis for the interface between the effect and exposure assessments which may lead to a low overall scientific quality of the risk assessment. This interface is defined here as the type of concentration that gives the best correlation to ecotoxicological effects and is called the ecotoxicologically relevant concentration (ERC). Definition of this ERC allows the design of tiered effect and exposure assessments that can interact flexibly and efficiently. There are two distinctly different exposure estimates required for pesticide risk assessment: that related to exposure in ecotoxicological experiments and that related to exposure in the field. The same type of ERC should be used consistently for both types of exposure estimates. Decisions are made by comparing a regulatory acceptable concentration (=RAC) level or curve (i.e., endpoint of the effect assessment) with predicted environmental concentration (=PEC) levels or curves (endpoint of the exposure assessment). For decision making based on ecotoxicological experiments with time-variable concentrations a tiered approach is proposed that compares (i) in a first step single RAC and PEC levels based on conservative assumptions, (ii) in a second step graphically RAC and PEC curves (describing the time courses of the RAC and PEC), and (iii) in a third step time-weighted average RAC and PEC levels.










308

Tiered effect and exposure flow charts for a risk assessment addressing a protection aim ‘X’ which needs exposure estimates of an ecotoxicologically relevant concentration (ERC) ‘Y’ as indicated by the large arrow. The boxes E-1 to E-4 are four effect tiers and the boxes F-1 to F-4 are four tiers for assessment of exposure in the field (‘F’ from ‘field’). Downward arrows indicate movement to a higher tier. Horizontal arrows from the exposure to the effect flow chart indicate delivery of field exposure estimates for comparison with effect concentrations in the effect flow chart.


F









308

Schematic representation of activities in any combination of tiers of the effect and exposure flow chart. The dashed-line and dotted-line boxes indicate the division of the activities over the effect and exposure assessment illustrating that there are two distinctly different exposure assessments (‘A’ and ‘B’) in the risk assessment procedure (activity A being part of exposure tier F that delivers field exposure and activity B being part of the effect tier E).










308

Diagrams of two different conceptual models of possible routes through combined effect and exposure flow charts. The boxes E-1 to E-4 are four effect tiers and the boxes F-1 to F-4 are four tiers for assessment of exposure in the field. Part A shows routes in which each effect tier is at the same level of sophistication as the exposure tier (called the ‘ladder’ model). Part B shows all possible routes (called the ‘criss-cross’ model). Downward arrows indicate movement to a higher tier. Arrows from right to left indicate delivery of field exposure estimates to the indicated effect tiers.










308

Flow chart for handling the procedure in the box ‘compare and decide’ of the effect tier shown in Fig. 2 in case of a time-variable exposure concentration in the ecotoxicological experiment. The numbers 1, 2, and 3 indicate the numbers of the three steps. RAC is ‘regulatory acceptable concentration’, PEC is ‘predicted environmental concentration’, TWA is ‘time-weighted average’.











308

Maxima of time-weighted average (TWA) linuron concentrations in surface water calculated for the R1-stream FOCUS scenario as a function of the length of the time window compared with the TWA concentration derived from a RAC curve derived from a mesocosm study by Van Geest et al. (1999) using effects of class 1 as a basis. The scenario concentrations are output from the TOXSWA model and the line from the RAC curve was obtained by numerical integration of the time course of concentrations measured by Van Geest et al. (1999).
















308

Linuron concentrations in surface water as a function of time as calculated with the TOXSWA model for the D1-ditch FOCUS Step 3 surface water scenario compared with an effect-class-1 and an effect-class-3 RAC curve as derived from the mesocosm experiment by Van Geest et al. (1999). Time 0 is 1 January 1982. The arrow indicates the application time of linuron in the TOXSWA simulations.













308

Proposed system of effect and exposure flow charts for aquatic risk assessment at EU level. The two solid arrows from the box ‘Protect biodiversity of aquatic life in EU’ indicate the need to assess always both short-term and long-term risks. The dashed arrow indicates the possibility for the risk manager to ignore short-term risks if long-term risks are absent.








. A subjective modelling tool applied to formal ship safety assessment

Jin WangOcean Engineering. Volume 27, Issue 10, October 2000, Pages 1019–

1035

Formal safety assessment of ships has attracted great attention over the last few years. In this paper, following a brief review of the current status of marine safety

assessment, formal ship safety assessment is discussed in detail.

A subjective safety-analysis-based decision-making framework is then proposed for formal ship safety assessment in situations where a high level of uncertainty is

involved.

In the framework, failure events at the lowest level are modelled using fuzzy sets and safety synthesis at the different levels of a hierarchy is carried out using

evidential reasoning.

Multiple safety analysts' judgements can also be synthesised using the framework.

Subjective safety and cost assessments obtained can finally be combined to produce the preference degrees associated with the design/operation options for

ranking purposes.

An example is used to demonstrate the framework.




1035

A hierarchy of subjective safety modelling.




1035

. A hierarchical safety-based design/operation option ranking framework.




1035

Ranking of the design options.


. Application of fuzzy theory and PROMETHEE technique to evaluate suitable ecotechnology method: A case study in

Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, TaiwanWen-Chieh Chou, Wen-Tzu Lin, Chao-Yuan Lin

Ecological Engineering. Volume 31, Issue 4, 3 December 2007, Pages 269–280

. With the increase in industrial development and improper land uses, Taiwan has faced the extinction crisis and is seeing the signs of nature, revenge in the forms of frequent landslides, floods, and debris flows in recent years. The government has

strongly promoted the concept of ecotechnology in the hope of maintaining the ecosystem and its integrity. However, the application of ecotechnology is still in its

infancy, so there is currently no objective evaluation standard to assess its effectiveness. Deficiencies in the scientific approach to quantify the results are due

to current disputes and bottlenecks in its implementation. In order to seek reasonable and feasible methods to overcome the deficiencies in the

implementation of the scientific approach, this study collected domestic and international ecological evaluation models to develop innovative processes that

utilize ecological, safety, and cost indices. First, the commonly used ecotechnology methods for river embankment were acquired from the governmental departments.

Second, the ecological, safety and cost indices for the acquired ecotechnology methods and construction sites were analyzed and quantified using fuzzy theory.

Third, indices of ecotechnology methods were linked with those of construction sites for the PROMETHEE technique evaluation for suitable ecotechnology method

selection. A practical construction case located in Shihmen reservoir watershed was chosen for evaluation and verification. The results show that the developed model can provide useful information for decision making while performing ecotechnology

engineering.



Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, TaiwanWen-Chieh Chou, Wen-Tzu Lin, Chao-Yuan Lin


The evaluation processes for ecological index, safety index, and cost index.



. Synthesis of ecosystemic and ecoscreening modelling in solving problems of ecological safety

N.V SolovjovaEcological Modelling. Vol. 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10

The traditional approach to modeling the state of complex ecological systems assumes realization of a series of numerical experiments with a

dynamic model. The results obtained are difficult to evaluate for multicomponent systems. To give an integrated estimation of the state of

an ecosystem as a whole is quite a complicated task. The synthesis of dynamic modeling for aggregated and averaged components of an ecosystem and ecoscreening approach for risk

estimation is one way of overcoming this difficulty. The annual variations of the basic components of the ecological system (concentrations of

phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroalgae, fish, nutrients, suspended and dissolved organic matter, and hydro-optical characteristics) are calculated

from full dynamic modelling. The annual variations of ecological risk from effects on an ecological

system are calculated based on the synthesis of the two approaches. This method was developed for prediction of variations of risk estimation for

the north-western Black Sea shelf.

The annual variations of risk are calculated when the ecological system is submitted to regular pollution and emergency situations. More accurate estimation of risk is reached by step wise application of each one of the

approaches.

Diunduh dari http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380099001222 ………. 8/1/2013







N.V SolovjovaEcological Modelling. Volume 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10

Hierarchic scheme for a marine ecological system.

Diunduh dari http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380099001222 ………. 8/1/2013


The co-ordination of anthropogenous load with a natural annual variation of risk for ‘adverse’ (a) and ‘favourable’ (b, c) natural conditions. , the ▧

area of allowable anthropogenous load for ecological system.

Diunduh dari: ………. 8/1/2013


N.V SolovjovaEcological Modelling. Volume 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10


Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An Alpine Country

Peter GremingerDirector of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003

Berne, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]

For centuries, avalanches, mudslides, falls of stones and rocks, landslides and floods have all been part of the landscape of the Alpine region and of

the way in which the landscape has changed.

The increases in settlements and development mean that about a million people now live in the Swiss Alpine region, and this population is

repeatedly threatened locally by natural hazards.

Thanks to the efforts made by the state, the threat of avalanches and flooding has been reduced. However, the risk of damage to property from natural disasters has increased. Therefore, the prevention of any further increase in the risk of such damage represents a considerable challenge

for the future.

Possible measures include spatial planning, conservation of protection forests, early-warning systems, organizational measures, protective

structures, prevention measures to deal with disasters, and measures to restore normal conditions after natural disasters. Economic, ecological,

safety and social aspects must all be taken into account.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM………. 8/1/2013

mailto:[email protected]


Peter GremingerDirector of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for

the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]

STEPWISE APPROACH TO PROTECTION FROM NATURAL HAZARDS

The declared aim of the authorities is to adapt land-use planning to natural hazards with the highest priority, despite the fact that it is not possible to ensure safety for

everyone and for everything. This is not only a matter of resources, which are limited, but also a question of space and of what already exists in a densely

populated Alpine country such as Switzerland. It is of great importance to know where natural processes may become a hazard for human beings. Only if we know where a danger may arise can we protect ourselves against it. A stepwise approach

is to be recommended.

Identifying natural hazardsThe first step is therefore to identify the natural hazards, in order to adapt spatial

planning to them. It is necessary to distinguish between the knowledge that is required to give a general overview at the level of regional master plans and the

detailed information relating to individual plots that provides the basis for a municipal hazard zone plan. For a master plan, the hazard information map is generally

sufficient, whereas to demarcate a hazard zone, an accurate hazard map (based on expert opinion) is necessary.

Assessing natural hazardsDifferent natural hazards need to be assessed in terms of their probability of occurrence and severity (intensity), as shown in Fig. 4. For this purpose, it is

necessary to study not only individual hazard processes, but also the interactions between processes such as mudslides and avalanches. By combining the potential hazard and community vulnerability, conclusions may be drawn with regard to the

possible level of damage.






STEPWISE APPROACH TO PROTECTION FROM NATURAL HAZARDS

Considering natural hazards in land-use planningThe results of the hazard assessment serve as the basis for the third step: taking

natural hazards into account in spatial planning. The regional administration is responsible for preparing the master plan, whereas the municipalities are

responsible for local planning, considering natural hazards. This is normally done by referring to hazard maps in land-use planning at the level of individual plots, and

involves regulating land use on the basis of risk. In areas that have already become densely populated, and which have little potential for development, the pressure on the authorities to take risks is greater than in areas where there is still considerable

potential for development.

Protection from natural hazardsThe final step consists of providing suitable protection from natural hazards in cases

where people and/or property of considerable value are at risk from avalanches, landslides, erosion, falls of ice or rocks, or flooding, and the possibilities offered by spatial planning have been exhausted. This involves the use of forestry measures,

such as conservation of protective forest; organisational precautions, such as early-warning systems, evacuation and road closure; structural measures, e.g. providing

protection from avalanches and floods; and appropriate emergency planning.






Hazard levels for assessment of the danger of flooding




Peter GremingerDirector of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003

Berne, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]

Sustainable protection strategyThere is a need to stem the increase in damaging events by means of an

appropriate protection strategy, based on the three key factors of sustainability: "social solidarity", "a favourable approach to the

environment" and "economic capacity".

For reasons of sustainability and of safety, it is essential that the following protection measures be applied (in descending order of priority):

Avoidance of areas exposed to the risk of natural hazardsConservation of forests with a protective function

Land use adapted to the actual riskPrevention of increased risks along transport routes and in settlements as

a result of intensified use and appreciation in valueOrganisational measures, such as early-warning systems, evacuation,

road closure, etc.Maintenance of existing protection structures

New protection structures.






Overall protection strategies should provide balanced protection against natural hazards




Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, TaiwanWen-Chieh Chou , Wen-Tzu Lin , Chao-Yuan Lin


With the increase in industrial development and improper land uses, Taiwan has faced the extinction crisis and is seeing the signs of nature, revenge in the forms of frequent landslides, floods, and debris flows in recent years. The government has

strongly promoted the concept of ecotechnology in the hope of maintaining the ecosystem and its integrity. However, the application of ecotechnology is still in its

infancy, so there is currently no objective evaluation standard to assess its effectiveness.

Deficiencies in the scientific approach to quantify the results are due to current disputes and bottlenecks in its implementation. In order to seek reasonable and

feasible methods to overcome the deficiencies in the implementation of the scientific approach, this study collected domestic and international ecological evaluation models to develop innovative processes that utilize ecological, safety, and cost

indices. First, the commonly used ecotechnology methods for river embankment were

acquired from the governmental departments. Second, the ecological, safety and cost indices for the acquired ecotechnology

methods and construction sites were analyzed and quantified using fuzzy theory.

Third, indices of ecotechnology methods were linked with those of construction sites for the PROMETHEE technique evaluation for suitable ecotechnology method

selection. A practical construction case located in Shihmen reservoir watershed was chosen for evaluation and verification.

The results show that the developed model can provide useful information for decision making while performing ecotechnology engineering.




Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, TaiwanWen-Chieh Chou , Wen-Tzu Lin , Chao-Yuan Lin


The evaluation processes for ecological index, safety index, and cost index.



. Sustainable ecological economiesJohn E Cantlon , Herman E Koenig

Ecological Economics. Volume 31, Issue 1, October 1999, Pages 107–121

A brief accounting is presented of the evolution of natural ecosystems and human cultures including industrialization and its ecologically-significant interactions with

natural abiotic and biotic processes of the earth. These accounts show, among other things, that excess resource harvest rates and material releases into the natural

environment have been ecological risks of growing scope and scale throughout the history of political economies. The growing ecological risks of industrialization are

attributed to disparities between the rates and directions of evolution in the ecological features of process and structure of corporate and political economies

relative to the rates and directions of evolution in their cultural institutions of control. Many social and political organizations are now calling for adaptations toward

sustainable industrialization by promoting evolution in the cultural institutions of control through research, education, ethics, politics and government. What is required are on-line institutional processes for effectively translating emerging ecological risk assessments into economic incentives for feasible adaptations throughout the systems. Institutionalization of such on-line adaptive processes

requires broad moral-ethical enlightenment and social-political commitment to make the emerging scientific, technological and economic dimensions productive (Faber et al., 1996). This paper presents on-line strategies of ecological risk assessment and control which are believed to be superior to alternatives that require a prior

consensus on economic valuations of natural resource stocks, natural processes and environmental damages; and incentives have advantages over prescriptive

regulations. When viewed in their greater economic context, the proposed strategies are formulated as coordinated institutions of on-line ecological and fiscal control processes on what is here defined as the ecological economies of corporate and political economies. The objective of the proposed control strategies is to pursue

trajectories of joint ecological and cultural evolution toward systems that are ecologically and culturally both satisfying and sustainable.



. Sustainable ecological economiesJohn E Cantlon , Herman E Koenig

Ecological Economics. Volume 31, Issue 1, October 1999, Pages 107–121

The ecological economics of corporate and political economies, portraying (a) (between the dashed lines) its features of technological process and organizational structure, (b) (above the

upper dashed line) its ecological risk-control strategy pursuant to containing the ecological risks as characterized by a vector of monitored ecological states, ψn, and (c) (below the lower dashed line) its fiscal policy-control strategy pursuant to designated socioeconomic goals as characterized by a

vector of monitored fiscal indicators ψf. Vectors vi and v, respectively, represent the ecological variables of enterprises i and of the ecological economy at their respective ecological boundaries. Vector pd represents tactical incremental amendments to open-market prices on risk-generating ecological flows yd, as administered through effluent or resource extraction taxes, for example. Ecological Risk Control Strategy is policy determined and may be administered by one or more institutions internal to the corporate or political economy, with informational linkages to observed

changes in the ecological states of at-risk natural processes, resource stocks and ecosystems, ψn.



Environmental health indicators and a case study of air pollution in Latin American cities

Michelle L. Bell , Luis A. Cifuentes , Devra L. Davis , Erin Cushing , Adriana Gusman Telles , Nelson Gouveia

Environmental Research. Volume 111, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 57–66

Environmental health indicators (EHIs) are applied in a variety of research and decision-making settings to gauge the health consequences of environmental

hazards, to summarize complex information, or to compare policy impacts across locations or time periods. While EHIs can provide a useful means of conveying information, they also can be misused. Additional research is needed to help researchers and policy-makers understand categories of indicators and their

appropriate application. In this article, we review current frameworks for environmental health indicators and discuss the advantages and limitations of

various forms. A case study EHI system was developed for air pollution and health for urban Latin American centers in order to explore how underlying assumptions affect indicator results. Sixteen cities were ranked according to five indicators that considered: population exposed, children exposed, comparison to health-based guidelines, and overall PM10 levels. Results indicate that although some overall

patterns in rankings were observed, cities’ relative rankings were highly dependent on the indicator used. In fact, a city that was ranked best under one indicator was ranked worst with another. The sensitivity of rankings, even when considering a

simple case of a single pollutant, highlights the need for clear understanding of EHIs and how they may be affected by underlying assumptions. Careful consideration

should be given to the purpose, assumptions, and limitations of EHIs used individually or in combination in order to minimize misinterpretation of their

implications and enhance their usefulness.






Air quality environmental health indicators: relationship between local characteristics, the environment and human health systems, and

indicators. Note: GNP stands for gross national product. DALYs stands for disability-adjusted life years. This figure provides examples of

environmental health indicators based on the relationship between local characteristics that affect the environment and health system.






Rankings of cities by various environmental health indicators.



ECOLOGICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF MANAS RIVER BASIN OASIS, XINJIANG.

LING Hong-bo;XU Hai-liang;SHI Wei;ZHANG Qing-qingChinese Journal of Applied Ecology 2009, Vol. 20 Issue (09): 2219-2224

By using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation , an index system for ecological safety assessment

was built, and 18 indices in the aspects of water resource, environment, and social economy were selected to assess the

ecological safety of Manas River Basin oasis in 2006.

In the study area, the ecological situation in 2006 was basically safe, with the membership degree being 0.3347 and the

integrated evaluation score being 0.551.

The water resource safety index, social economy index, and environmental safety index were in the levels of relatively safe,

extremely safe, and unsafe, respectively.

Water resource index could represent the sustainable development degree of oasis, while social economy index and environment safety index could indicate the oasis development

level and environment situation, respectively.

These three indices could most reflect the ecological safety level of the oasis .

Diunduh dari: http://www.cjae.net/EN/abstract/abstract11077.shtml ………. 8/1/2013

http://www.cjae.net/

http://www.cjae.net/EN/article/showTenYearVolumnDetail.do?nian=2009

http://www.cjae.net/EN/article/showTenYearVolumnDetail.do?nian=2009

http://www.cjae.net/EN/volumn/volumn_1229.shtml

. The Research and Practice of Ecological Safety Evaluation Methods(I) Evaluation Index and Model

Li Hongwei , Lv Mou, Ye SongProcedia Environmental Sciences. Volume 11, Part C, 2011, Pages 1204–

1210

ABSTRACT

According to the ecological security system being fuzzy, we make use of AHP to determine the weight of evaluation index on the basis of the relevant historical data and unique geographical

climate characteristics of the petrochemical area. And set up the ecological safety evaluation system with the MATLAB and GUI

References1. Guo Xianhua, Cui Shenghui and Zhao Xianyun, “Ecological risk assessment of

water sources,” Environment Science Research, vol.22, pp.688-694 Sep 2009.2. Patrick T, Donald R, “Applying security and vulnerability assessments to large

water wholesaling agencies,” Pipelines. vol.3 pp.218-266. 2003.3. Saaty T L, “A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures” Journal of

Math Psychology, vol 15, pp.234-281. 1997.








http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18780296/11/supp/PC

. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss Management System design

M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. NardoneSafety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104

A critical component of a safety management system is the Near-miss Management System (NMS). An effective NMS aims to recognize signals

from the operational field in order to apply more effective prevention strategies.

These systems are widespread in industrial contexts characterized by a high risk level, such as major hazard and hospital sectors. Few examples

occur in manufacturing processes which are characterized by different operational conditions at workplace and, consequently, different risk types.

The Lean Thinking (or Management) strategy currently represents a worldwide competitive tool for improving productivity in the manufacturing sector all over the world. Thus, the application of these principles forces

firms to define new approaches to design and manage the whole organization and consequently the safety management system.

The paper proposes innovative design of a NMS based on the integration of principles of Lean Management in occupational safety for a worldwide

automotive supplier firm. As no reference model has been previously defined, several factors have been assessed aiming to efficiently integrate

occupational safety in the current Lean Management system. Innovative features characterizing the proposed model have been also

discussed together with first results obtained by the full scale application.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09257535/53/supp/C



Traditional representation proposed by Heinrich (a) and the more recent one proposed by Massimore (b).





Main pillars of the Bosch Production System (BPS).





Main phases in a NMS design.





Event definition in the proposed NMS.





The proposed informative flow in the NMS.



. Realistic evaluation as a new way to design and evaluate occupational safety interventions

Louise M. Pedersen , Kent J. Nielsen , Pete KinesSafety Science. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 48–54

Recent debates regarding the criteria for evaluating occupational health and safety interventions have focused on the need for incorporating

qualitative elements and process evaluation, in addition to attempting to live up to the Cochrane criteria. Reflecting fundamental epistemological

conflicts and shortcomings of the Cochrane criteria in evaluating intervention studies, the debate challenges the traditional (quasi-)

experimental design and methodology, which are often used within safety research. This article discusses a revised ‘realistic evaluation’ approach

as a way to meet these challenges.Evidence from the literature as well as examples from an integrated

(leader-based/worker-based) safety intervention study (2008–2010) in a large wood manufacturing company are presented, with focus on the pros

and cons of using randomised-controlled-trials and a revised realistic evaluation model.

A revised realistic evaluation model is provided which includes factors such as role behaviour, leader and worker motivation, underreporting of

accidents/injuries, production pressure, unplanned organisational change and accounting for multilayer effects. These can be attained through

qualitative and/or quantitative methods, allowing for the use of realistic evaluation in both large and small scale studies, as well as in systematic reviews. The revised realistic evaluation model offers a promising new

way of designing and evaluating occupational safety research.

This model can help safety science move forward in setting qualitative and/or quantitative criteria regarding context, mechanisms and processes

for single studies and for reviews. Focus is not limited to whether the expected results appear or not, but include suggestions for what works for

whom, under what circumstances, in what respects and how.





Context, mechanism, and outcome (CMO figuration).





Revised realistic evaluation model for use in occupational safety research.



Redefining innovation — eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics

Klaus RenningsEcological Economics. Volume 32, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 319–332

While innovation processes toward sustainable development (eco-innovations) have received increasing attention during the past years,

theoretical and methodological approaches to analyze these processes are poorly developed.

Against this background, the term eco-innovation is introduced in this paper addressing explicitly three kinds of changes towards sustainable

development: technological, social and institutional innovation. Secondly, the potential contribution of neoclassical and (co-)evolutionary

approaches from environmental and innovation economics to eco-innovation research is discussed. Three peculiarities of eco-innovation are

identified: the double externality problem, the regulatory push/pull effect and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation. While the first two are widely ignored in innovation economics, the third is at the least not elaborated appropriately. The consideration of these peculiarities

may help to overcome market failure by establishing a specific eco-innovation policy and to avoid a ‘technology bias’ through a broader

understanding of innovation. Finally, perspectives for a specific contribution of ecological economics to eco-innovation research are drawn. It is argued that methodological pluralism as established in ecological economics would be very beneficial for eco-innovation

research. A theoretical framework integrating elements from both neoclassical and

evolutionary approaches should be pursued in order to consider the complexity of factors influencing innovation decisions as well as the

specific role of regulatory instruments. And the experience gathered in ecological economics integrating

ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainable development is highly useful for opening up innovation research to social and institutional

changes.





Preventive environmental technologies. Source: Hohmeyer and Koschel (1995).





Determinants of eco-innovations. *OCH=Occupational Safety and Health.



Relation between occupational safety management and firm performance

Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz , José Manuel Montes-Peón , Camilo José Vázquez-Ordás.

Safety Science. Volume 47, Issue 7, August 2009, Pages 980–991

Occupational accidents severely deteriorate human capital, and hence negatively affect the productivity and competitiveness of countries. But

despite this, we still observe a scarcity of preventive practices, an unsatisfactory management commitment and an absence of safety culture

among Spanish firms.

The result is evident in firms’ high accident rates. This situation is a consequence of the general belief among firms that investing in safety is a

cost, and hence has negative repercussions for their competitiveness.

The current work aims to identify good practices in safety management, and analyse the effect of these practices on a set of indicators of

organisational performance. For this, we first carry out an exhaustive literature review, and then formulate a series of hypotheses.

We then test the proposed model on a sample of 455 Spanish firms.

Our findings show that safety management has a positive influence on safety performance, competitiveness performance, and economic-

financial performance. Hence they provide evidence of the compatibility between worker

protection and corporate competitiveness.






Economic effects of health and safety at company level.






Occupational safety management system measurement scale (third-order confirmatory factor model).






Results of estimation of proposed model.



Documents

METODE ESA: ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN APLIKASINYA SRUT+SMNO.PDKL.PPSUB.2013