MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| ‘| g‘gm‘{¶H$ {MÝVZ Ed§ MoVZmgscen.shikshamandal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/... · 2 MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| ‘| g‘gm‘{¶H$ {MÝVZ Ed§

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MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| ‘| g‘gm‘{¶H$ {MÝVZ Ed§ MoVZm

àm³H$WZ

H$cmË_H$ gmW©H$ H$mì` gm{hË` g¥OZ XrnH$ Ho$ g_mZ ñdV: Amcmo{H$V hmoVm h¡& Cg_|

à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm ñdV: AÝV{Z©{hV hmoVr h¡& AV: aMZm H$mo g_rjm Ho$ ~m÷ àH$me H$s {deof

Amdí`H$Vm Zht ahVr VWm{n g_rjm H$m g§ñne© g¥OZ H$s Xr{á H$mo Cgr àH$ma gd§{Õ©V H$aVm h¡, {Og

àH$ma ereo H$s {M_Zr XrnH$ Ho$ àH$me H$mo A{YH$ Ydc Am¡a Xrá ~Zm XoVr h¡& g_rjm H$m _hËd Bg

X¥pîQ> go r h¡ {H$ dh aMZmH$ma H$mo CgHo$ g¥OZ Ho$ JwU-Xmofm| H$m gmjmËH$ma H$amH$a CgHo$ g¥OZ H$s

{Xem H$mo Am¡a r A{YH$ {ZXm}f Ed§ CnmXo ~ZmZo H$s gå^mdZmE± àñVwV H$aVr h¡& eV© h h¡ {H$ g_rjm

{Zînj-{Z^m©ÝV Am¡a VÏ`naH$ hmo& g_rjm H$s emoYnaH$ X¥pîQ> Agr{_V Am¡a Cno{jV g¥OZ H$mo g_mO

Am¡a g_rjH$m| Ho$ g_j CnpñWV H$aVr h¡& àñVwV g_rjm J«ÝW BÝht CÔoí`m| H$mo X¥pîQ> _| aIH$a {cIm

J`m h¢&

g_mO gm{hË` go A{^ÝZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a g_mO _| hmoZo dmco n[adV©Zm| H$s AZwJy±O Cg_| gwZr Om

gH$Vr h¢& gm{hË` H$s {dYmE± Cggo à^m{dV hmoVr hr h¡, {deofV: JrV OrdZ _| AÝV©crZ hmoVo h¡, m

Eogm ^r H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ Cg_| OrdZ AÝV©crZ hmoVm h¡& JrV EH$ Va\$ ^co hr _Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ

g_Pm OmVm hmo {H$ÝVw g_mO Ho$ à{V AnZo Xm{`Ëd H$mo ^r CgZo Cno{jV Zht {H$`m h¡& Jo Vm,

g§JrVmË_H$Vm, _mYw ©, H$mo_cVm, mdZmË_H$Vm H$s àYmZVm go wŠV {hÝXr JrVm| H$m g§gma r g_`

Ed§ H$mcH«$_mZwgma AnZo _| AÝV©~mø n[adV©Z H$aVo hþE AnZm ApñVËd A§{H$V H$aVm ahm& `Ú{n

g_rú` H${d lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> ñdmVÝÌ`moËVa {hÝXr Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ cãYà{Vð> gwñWm{nV H${d h¡& {H$ÝVw

{\$a ^r {H$gr ^r aMZmH$ma H$m _hËd CgH$s g_H$mcrZVm Ed§ g_gm_{`H$Vm go hr hmoVm h¡&

lr {damQ> Ho$ H$mì` _| {deofV: JrVm| _| _mZdr` OZOrdZ H$mo gH$mamË_H$ ê$n go, CgH$s

H${_`m| H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aVo hþE C^mam J`m h¡& h OrdZ _| mJ coVo hþE, CgH$s g_ñ`mAm| go cS>Vo-

OyPVo hþE Am_ AmX_r Ho$ OrdZ go OwSo> JrV h¡& CZHo$ JrV {dnarV n[apñW{V`m| _| r _mZdr` _yë`m|

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H$s gwajm MmhVo h¡& OZ_mZg Ho$ Xþ:I na g§doXZm àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CZ na AmH«$moe r ì`ŠV

H$aVr h¡& lr {damQ> gm_m{OH$ WmW© Ho$ nW na ISo> hmoH$a g_mO Ho$ {~IaVo OrdZ _yë`m| VWm ÌmgX

H$maH$m| na AnZr coIZr McmH$a n[adV©ZH$m_r epŠV`m| Ho$ gmW {_cH$a g§Kf© _| AnZr g{H«$`

^mJoXmar MmhVo h¡&

g_H$mcrZVm Ho$ Bg ZE Voda Zo g_H$mcrZ gm{hË` H$mo EH$ ZB© {Xem Am¡a nhMmZ àXmZ H$s

h¡& g_J«Vm _| ì`pŠV H$s Apñ_Vm H$s nhMmZ H$amVo hþE dh gH$_©H$Vm _| {dídmg H$aVr hþB© h_mao

AZw dm| Ho$ {ZOr g§gma H$mo d¥hËVa g_mO go OmoS>Vr h¡& lr {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| H$m g_gm_{`H$Vm H$s H$gm¡Q>r

na _yë`m§H$Z H$aZo go h ñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ CZH$m JrV H$mì` EH$ J§ ra CËgmh AmË_ Jm¡ad Am¡a

g§Kf© namÙVm go X_H$ CR>m&

`h cKwemoY à~ÝY {ejm _ÊS>c dYm© Ho$ g^mn{V lr g§O` mJ©d, _hm{dÚmc` Ho$ àmMm ©

lr EZ. dm`. IÊS>mB©V nwñVH$mb¶mÜ¶j lr nr. E‘. namS>H$a, nwñVH$mb¶ {d^mJ Ed§ g‘ñV

gh¶mo{J¶m| Ho$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ed§ gh¶moJ H$m à{V’$b h¡& AV… CZ g~Ho$ à{V ‘¢ H¥$Vk hÿ±&

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJ ‘o ‘oao àñVmd H$mo ñdrH¥$V H$a Bg emoY H$m¶© Ho$ {bE ‘wPo {Z{Y

CnbãY H$admB©; BgHo$ {bE ‘¢ {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJ H$m Am^ma ì¶³V H$aVr hÿ±&

n[adma Ho$ g^r gXñ¶m|, OrdZ ghMa àm. lr {hVoe H$ë¶mUr Ho$ àoaUm Ed§ ghH$m¶©, nwÌ ¶e

H$ë¶mUr, {Z{‘e H$ë¶mUr Ed§ nwÌr {n¶m H$ë¶mUr H$s r Am^mar hÿ±, {OZHo$ ñZo{hb gå~b Ho$ {~Zm

¶h emoY H$m¶© nyU© Zht hmo gH$Vm Wm&

gmW hr lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Ho$ kmZnw§O Amerdm©X Ho$ {cE r öX` go H¥$Vk hÿ± {H$ CÝhm|Zo gX¡d

AnZm A_yë` g_` Ed§ ñZo{hc _mJ©Xe©Z XoH$a _oao nW Ho$ {V{_aAmdaU H$mo AZmd¥V {H$`m&

Bg emoY H$m¶© H$mo nyU© H$aZo ‘| àË¶j Ed§ AàË¶j gh¶moJ XoZo dmbo g^r ì¶p³VËdm| Ho$ à{V

‘¢ AnZr H¥$VkVm km{nV H$aVr hÿ±&

YÝ¶dmX&

S>m°. A{ZVm Q>oH$dmZr

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{df¶ àdoe

aMZm OZ{hV gmYZ H$m gmañdV AZwð>mZ h¡& _Zwî` Zo _mZd H$ë`mU Ho$ {cE {OVZr ^r

ì`dñWmE± {ZpíMV H$s h¡, CZ_| gdm©{YH$ gwÝXa, gdm©{YH$ _m§J{cH$ Am¡a gdm©{YH$ ñWm`r ì`dñWm

aMZm AWm©V² eãX H$s h¡& ì`dhmaV: {gÕ h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r aMZm eãX Ho$ ñVa na gm{hË` Ho$ ê$n _|

_Zwî` H$m nW Amcmo{H$V H$aVr h¡& Ohm± gm_m{OH$, dm{UpÁ`H$, amOZ¡{VH$ ì`dñWmAm| _| OëXr-OëXr

CcQ>-\o$a hmoVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a ì`dñWmE± ~ZVr {~JS>Vr ahVr h¡, dhm± eãX Ho$ ñVa na ñWm{nV J«ÝW

ì`dñWm {MaH$mc VH$ OZ{hV H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& AmO r h_mao OrdZ H$m _§mJm{cH$ nj ~hþV

Hw$N> d¡{XH$-nm¡am{UH$ ì`dñWm go hr ì`dpñWV h¡& d¡pídH$ CXmarH$aU Am¡a dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$_² Ho$ md

`{X _Zwî` H$mo Cn^moŠVm _mÌ _mZZo dmcr Hw${Q>c ì`dgm` ~w{Õ H$mo Xÿa aIH$a XoI| Vmo CZ_| ~hþV oX

Zht h¢& gma h h¡ {H$ {MÝVZ H$m A_yV© ê$n O~ eãX ê$n _| _yV© hmoH$a J«§WmH$ma YmaU H$aVm h¡, V~

_Zwî` H$s dV©_mZ Am¡a mdr-nr{T>`m| Ho$ {ZX}eH$ H$s {MañWm`r y{_H$m _| Am OmVm h¡&

JrV, ZdJrV, AJrV Ho$ nS>mdm| H$mo nma H$aVr hþB© {hÝXr JrVm| H$s Xþ{Z`m G$OwVm, pñZJYVm

Hw$XþamJ«h Am{X mdmo go coH$a A-Vac, A- mdwH$, A- _Ywa ñdê$n VH$ H$s mÌm H$s n{WH$ ahr

h¡& mdZm Ho$ yMmc, CZHo$ Ádmcm_wIr, {dMmam| Ho$ Vy\$mZ, AZw dm| Ho$ X~md, g§JrV Am¡a {dMmam| H$m

AmJ«h, H$mì`Ëd, A-H$mì`Ëd, d¡ pŠVH$ AZw y{V`m±, gm_m{OH$ à{V~ÕVmE±, g_ñ`mE±, {dMma-c`

H$m AmJ«h, Am{X H$s nj- {dnj H$s njYa ~ZVr JrV {dYm Ho$ Voda {hÝXr JrV {dYm Ho$ {deof {~ÝXþ

h¡&

A{^ì`pŠV`m± Am¡a AZw y{V`m± JrV H$mo grYo CËVa AmYw{ZH$Vm go md Am¡a mfm XmoZm| X¥pîQ>

go OmoS>Vr h¡& `hr àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^mdZmË_H$ YamVc na OÝ_r-nZnr JrV {dYm ghr _§{Oc,

{dMma, YamVc na pñWa hmo J`r h¢ Am¡a Cgo àmá hmo J`r h¡ JrV H$s g_gm_{`H$ gamoH$mam| Ho$ à{V

à{V~Õ hmoZo H$s ccH$& A-JrV Ho$ ~mdOyX JrV {dYm AnZo md-^mfm, {dMma {eën H$mo JÝY Ho$

AÝV:òmoV gañdVr gr g§OmoVr Mcr J`r& JrV H$s _yb md- y{_ n¥Ïdr H$s Vah R>mog, g§ wŠV Am¡a

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OrdZ òmoVm| go AmoVàmoV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU h {dYm g_` Ed§ gm{hË` Ho$ g^r _mnXÊS>m| na CVrU© hmoVr

Mcr J`r&

gm{hË` _| gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ n[adoe, n[aàoú`, gÝX © Ty>§T>o OmVo h¡&

o gamoH$ma ñnîQ> R>mog ê$n _| gm{hË` _| {OVZo {M{ÌV hmoVo h¡, CVZm hr dh gm{hË` OrdZ Ho$ {cE

agnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡& AV: JrV _| ^r {dewÕ AmZÝX H$s AZw y{V VcmeZo H$s Anojm h_oem

g_gm_{`H$ gamoH$ma Ty>§T>o OmVo h¡& m{Z pñW{V Mmho Omo hmo, aMZmH$ma Mmho {Og YamVc na hmo, Cg_|

`WmW© H$m hmoZm eV©©©© gm ~Z J`m h¡& n[aUm_V: {ddoÀ` cKw emoY àH$ën _| cãYà{Vð> JrVH$ma lr

MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| _| g_gm_{`H$ {MÝVZ Ed§ MoVZm H$mo {díco{fV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

CÝhm|Z| AnZo ^mdm| H$mo {ZåZ eãXm| _| ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-

""XX© AmXa go ghm h¡ h_Zo

kmZ AZw d go ahm h¡ _¡Zo &

{Xc Zo _hgyg Omo {H$`m CgH$mo

nyar VmH$V go H$hm h¡ _¡Zo&&

(Hw$N> ncme Hw$N> nmQ>c)

Bg g_rjm H$m © H$mo H$aZo Ho$ {cE Bg àH$ën H$mo gac Ed§ gw~moY AÜ``Z H$s X¥pîQ> go AmR>

AÜ`m`m| _| {d^ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& {ZgÝXoh h emoY AÜ``Z J§ ra {dícofU d kmZ H$s Anojm aIVm

h¡; Eogm {dMmaH$a emoY à~ÝY Ho$ BZ AÜ`m`m| H$mo {df` H$s X¥pîQ> go gac Ed§ gwH$a ~ZmZo H$m à`ËZ

{H$`m J`m h¡& VWm{n Jc{V`m± H$aZm _Zwî` H$s ñdm^m{dH$ Xþ~©cVm h¡, AV: AkmZVmde Bg emoY

à~ÝY _| Ìw{Q>`m| H$s gå^mdZm hmo gH$Vr h¡, {OZHo$ {cE _¢ {dÛmZ nmR>H$m| go j_m àmWu hÿ±& {X Bg cKw

emoY à~ÝY Ho$ \$cñdê$n lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m H¥${VËd {hÝXr OJV Ho$ {dÛmZm| Ho$ g_j AÜ``Z,

_ZZ hoVw ghm`H$ hmo gHo$ Vmo _oao Bg g_rjm H$m © H$m CÔoí` g\$c hmoJm&

5


àñVmdZm

J«§WaMZm g^r ê$nm| _| _mZd-_§Jc-{dYmZ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡ VWm{n CgHo$ à^md _| oX

hmoVm h¡& emñÌ H$aUr`-AH$aUr` H$m oX {nVm H$s S>m±Q> Ho$ g_mZ g_PmVm h¡, O~{H$ gm{hË` Bgr

VÏ` H$mo _mVm H$s ß`ma âr g_PmBe Ho$ g_mZ g_PmmVm h¢& {nVm(emñÌ) H$s S>m±Q> go _Z ^`mHw$c

hmoH$a {OkmgmAm| Ho$ e_Z H$m gmhg Zht OwQ>m nmVm O~{H$ _mVm (H$mì`) Ho$ dmËgë`nyU© {ZfoY _|

gå~pÝYV {df` go OwSo> àíZm| H$m g_mYmZ nmZo H$m gmhg ghO hr ~Zm ahVm h¡& Ohm± S>m±Q> H$^r-H$^r

{dÐmoh H$mo r CËnÝZ H$a XoVr h¡, dht dmËgë`nyU© {ZfoY AÝV: AZwemgZ H$s Amoa hr ào[aV H$aVm h¡&

Bg ê$n _| gm{hË` H$s gO©ZmË_H$ y{_H$m emñÌ H$s y{_H$m go H$ht A{YH$ _Yw_Vr h¢, A{YH$

_hËdnyU© h¡& R>rH$ Bgr àH$ma gm{hË` _| JÚ H$s VwcZm _| nÚ Am¡a nÚ _| r Jr{V {deof _hËËdnyU©

h¡& H$maU h h¡ {H$ JÚ {dMma àYmZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~w{Õ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡, O~{H$ md d g§JrV

H$m g§ñne© nmH$a nÚ _mZ{gH$ d¡Mm[aH$ {dH¥${V`m| go ì`{WV AñdñW {MËV H$mo n[aîH¥$V Am¡a ñdñW

~ZmZo H$s am_~mU Am¡f{Y h¡ VWm AmË_m{^ì §OZm H$s Vac ^mdYmam Ho$ àdmh Ho$ {cE Cn wŠV

gdm©{YH$ g_Vc nWYamVc h¡&

OrdZ ê$nr {gŠHo$ Ho$ gwI Am¡a XþI Zm_H$ Xmo nhcy h¡, OrdZ BgHo$ {~Zm AYyam h¡; {Og VÏ`

H$mo h_ gwI Ho$ àH$me _| XoI Zht nmVo h¢, Cgo h_ XþI Ho$ A§YH$ma _| ghOVm go AZw d H$a coVo h¡&

H$moB© r ì`pŠV AnZo OrdZ _| XþI Zht MmhVm, {H$ÝVw em`X XþI Zm hmoVm Vmo H$mì` Ed§ gm{hË` H$m

^r ApñVËd Zm hmoVm, Bg{cE Vmo H$hm ^r h¡ {H$-

Amh go CnOm hmoJm JmZ

{dah go {ZH$cm hmoJm JmZ

{ZH$c H$a A±mIm| go MwnMmn

~hr hmoJr H${dVm AZOmZ&

grYo ñnîQ> eãXm| _| H$h| Vmo nrS>m H$s AZw y{V`m± hr H$mì` H$s OZZr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ wJ Ho$ g§Kf©

Am¡a VZmdm| Ho$ ~rM JrV hr EH$ Eogm _mÜ`_ h¡, Omo g§JrV~Õ hmo m {~Zm g§JrV Ho$ gwZm Om o, Jm`m

Om o m JwZJwZm`m Om o na rS> ar Bg Xþ{Z`m _| r AnZonZ H$mo VagVo _Z H$mo AHo$co Zm hmoZo H$m

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Ehgmg hmoVm h¡& AmO JrV na co hr mdwH$Vm m emñÌr`Vm H$m Amamon cJmmH$a CgH$s Cnojm H$s

Om ahr h¡& e¡cr d {eën H$s gmXJr `m {d{eîQ>Vm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$gr JrVH$ma H$mo Amn ^co hr

àMmaVÝÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$VZm hr ñWm{nV H$aZm Mmho, na dh nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| CVZr OJh Zht ~Zm

gH$Vm h¡& JrV J{ ©V AZw y{V`m| H$mo ~hþAm`m_r ê$n _| N>m`mdmXmoËVa H$mc Ho$ JrVH$mamo Zo nyar {eÔV

Ho$ gmW {cIm h¡ Am¡a {hÝXr H$s JrV {dYm H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡, CZ_| g_gm_{`H$ {MÝVm Ho$ gmW hr

MoVZm ^r A{^ì`ŠV hmoVr ahr h¡&

V_m_ JrVH$mam| _o§ g_` Ed§ gË` H$mo R>rH$-R>rH$ g_Po {~Zm hr AnZo {cIo H¥${VËd H$mo N>nZo-

N>nmZo H$s ~oH$cr h¡, na H$moB© r gm{hpË`H$ aMZm V^r àmg§{JH$ Ed§ à^mdemcr ~Z gH$Vr h¡, O~

CgH$m H$Ï` AnZo g_` d g_mO H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aVm hmo& AmO AZoH$ JrVH$ma AnZo g_` d gË`

H$mo g_Po {~Zm Eogm VmZm-~mZm ~wZ aho h¡ {H$ CZHo$ JrV nmR>H$m| H$mo m Vmo AVrV Ho$ »ÊS>ha _| co OmVo

h¡ m {dî` H$s A§Yoar gwa§J _| Q>H$Zo Ho$ {cE N>moS> XoVo h¢, Eogo JrVmo H$m H$Ï` narcmoH$ H$s H$WmAm|,

VmoVm-_¡Zm Ho$ g§dmXmo, d¡ pŠVH$ AdgmX am{J{Z`m|, Xÿgao J«h H$s A~yP nho{c`m| Am{X H$mo g_m o àVrV

hmoVm h¡& VWm CZ_| dV©_mZ OrdZ OJV H$m Hw$N> r {XImB© Zht nS>Vm - Z gm_m{OH$ g§mñH¥${VH$ g§X ©,

Z _mZ{gH$ àd¥{V`m§ Am¡a Z Xoe Xþ{Z`m H$s H$moB© g_ñ`m m CgH$m g_mYmZ, dhm§ ~g eãXm| H$m EH$

Omc ahVm h¡, {Og_| JrVm| Ho$ {eën H$s eVm} H$m {Zd©hZ hþAm Vmo hþAm, daZm dh ^r Zht&

àñVwV cKw emoY J«ÝW _| lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Or Ho$ JrVm| _| {Z{hV g_gm_{`H$ {MÝVZ Ed§ MoVZm

H$mo {dñV¥V T>§J go {díco{fV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& AZw y{V Ho$ ñda, amîQ>r`Vm Ho$ ñda, MwZm¡Vr

Ho$ ñda, A{^ì`pŠV H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, {~IaVo _mZdr` _yë`m| Ho$ à{V {MÝVm Am{X ^md CZHo$ g{H«$`

{MÝVZerc, gH$mamË_H$ ì`pŠVËd Ho$ OrdZmZw d h¡& CZHo$ JrV {OOr{dfm Ho$ JrV h¡ m y± H$hm Om

gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {d{dY ñdam| _| ~Õ {OÝXJr Ho$ JrV h¡& BZ ñdam| _| H$moB© r ñda jrU Zht hþAm h¡, Zm

g§Kf© go, Zm hmaZo go& do gÝX ©, àVrH$, {~å~m| _| ì`ŠV ì`pŠV OrdZ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ AZw dm| Ho$ Mí_XrX

JrV h¡&

H${d dmXm| Ed§ {dMmaYmamAm| go {Zînj hmoH$a r AnZo nyd©dVu Ed§ nadVu {dMmaYmamAm| _|

H¡$go H$mì` g¥OZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ñWc H$mc Ho$ nao OmVo hþE ñWc H$mo H¡$go g_oQ>Vm h¡ Bg VÏ` H$m

{dícofU lr {damQ> Ho$ H$mì` AÜ``Z Ûmam hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

7


l AÜ¶m¶ - 1 l

{hÝXr JrV H$m CX²J‘ Am¡a CgH$s {dH$mg¶mÌm

1.1 gm{hË` H$m CX² d :

O~ gm{hË`H$ma H$m öX` {H$gr KQ>Zm, X¥í`, ì`pŠV Ho$ H¥$Ë`, gm_m{OH$ {djmo BË`m{X go

AmÝXmo{cV hmoVm h¡, Vmo A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {cE dh AmVwa hmo CR>Vm h¡. {H$gr r ê$n _| hþB© dmo A{^ì`pŠV

gm{hË` H$hcmVr h¡& gm{hË`H$ma AnZr A{^ì`pŠV H$mo H$ënZm H$m¡ec, mfm H$s epŠV Ed§ dmUr H$s

{dX½YVm go MméVm àXmZ H$a J«m÷ ~ZmVm h¡. Bg àH$ma gm{hË` à`ËZOÝ` Zht, A{nVw {ddeVm H$m

n[aUm_ AWdm Z¡g{J©H$ hmoVm h¡& `h ~a~g `m öX¶ H$s ^mdZm go CX² yV hmoVm h¡&

A~ àíZ h CnpñWV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Š`m gm{hË`H$ma H$mo mdm{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {cE AWdm AnZr

AZw y{V Ho$ àñVwVrH$aU Ho$ {cE _pñVîH$ AWdm {ddoH$ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr ? {ZgÝXoh

Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ {X mdZm na {ddoH$ H$m A§Hw$e Zht hmoJm, Vmo dh àcmn _mÌ hmo Om oJm,

{H$ÝVw dh {ddoH$erc A§Hw$e gm{hË` H$mo gmW©H$ ñdê$n àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE hmoVm h¡&

gm{hË` g_` H$m A{VH«$_U H$aVm h¡. _mZdr` MoVZm H$s ~hþAWu A{^ì`pŠV h¡- eãX& eãX

H$m àË`j CgHo$ à`moŠVm H$s A§VíMoVZm - _mZ{gH$ D$Om©, ~m¡{ÕH$ VH©$-{dVH©$, _ZmoÛoJ VWm g§doXZ

Am{X Ho$ ~mø àH$meZ Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVm h¡& kmZ-{dkmZmË_H$ dmL²>_`rZ {dYmAm| H$s Anojm gm{hË`

_| à wŠV eãX D$Om© Am{X AnZr g_ñV epŠV`m| Ho$ gmW CnpñWV hmoVm h¡&

{XŠH$mc _| K{Q>V AWdm KQ²>`_mZ H$moB© r KQ>Zm m pñW{V gm{hË` Ho$ {cE Añní © Zht h¡&

co{H$Z H$mc m g_` Ho$ gmW gm{hË` H$m [aíVm H$ht A{YH$ Jham Am¡a ì`mnH$ h¡& EH$ gOJ Am¡a

OrdÝV aMZmH$ma H$s aMZm _| CgH$m dV©_mZ hr à{V{~på~V hmoVm Am¡a ê$nmH$ma J«hU H$aVm h¡& hr

dV©_mZ CgH$mo ZdrZVm àXmZ H$aVm h¢ Am¡a AVrV H$mo AW©dmZ ~ZmVm h¡&

1.2 gm{hË` H$m AW© :

gm{hË` H$m OJV-^mdZm, H$ënZm Am¡a AZw d H$m g§gma h¡ Am¡a {dkmZ H$m OJV-~w{Õ Am¡a

VH©$ H$m naÝVw BgH$m AW© h Zht h¡ {H$ {dkmZ _| mdZm H$s Am¡a gm{hË` _| ~w{Õ H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm

8


hr Zht h¡& _Zwî` _mÌ H$m A{YH$m{YH$ {hV BZ XmoZm| Ho$ g_Ýd` go hr h¡, na {\$a ^r gm{hË` {Ma

ZdrZ h¡, {MaÝVZ h¡ Am¡a AmpË_H$ n[aîH$ma h¢& AnZo Bgr cú`- AmpË_H$ n[aîH$ma H$s àm{á gm{hË`

AcJ-AcJ {dYmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aVm ahm h¡&

dmñVd _| àJ{Verc, AZw y{Verc OrdZ H$m {c{n~Õ ì`ŠVrH$aU hr gm{hË` h¡& Bgr H$mo

`m| H$ho {H$ _Zwî` H$m Am¡a _Zwî` Om{V H$m ^mfm~Õ `m Aja~Õ kmZ hr gm{hË` h¡&

kmZ-am{e Ho$ g§{MV H$moe H$m Zm_ gm{hË` h¡& OoZoÝÐ Ho$ AZwgma _mZd Om{V H$s Bg AZÝV

{Z{Y _| {OVZm Hw$N> AZw y{V ÊS>ma {c{n~Õ h¡, dhr gm{hË` h¡ Am¡a r Ajam§{H$V ê$n _| Omo AZy y{V

g§M` {díd H$mo àmá hmoVm ahoJm, dh gm{hË` hr hmoJm & gm{hË` H$m AW© ~hþV ì`mnH$ h¡, Omo Hw$N>

kmZ go gå~pÝYV h¡, dhro gm{hË` h¡&

g§ñH¥$V _| EH$ eãX h¢ - dmL²>_`& mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Omo Hw$N> r H$hm J`m, dh dmL²>_` h¡&

"eãXmWm} g{hV H$mì`_' AWm©V eãX Am¡a AW© H$m g{hV ^md hr H$mì` h¡& g{hV H$m AW© h¡-

gmW-gmW hmoZm& Bg n[a^mfm _| à wŠV g{hV eãX hr AmJo McH$a gm{hË` ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m

J`m& dmS²²>_` Ho$ Xmo oX- emñÌ Ed§ H$mì` h¢& emñÌ _| m¡{VH$s, g_mO m _mZ{dH$s go gå~pÝYV g^r

kmZ Bg loUr _| Am OmVo h¡& co{H$Z H$mì` gm{hË` H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¢& g§ñH¥$V AmMm © {dídZmW Zo

gm{hË` Xn©U {cIH$a gm{hË` eãX H$mo àMcZ _| cm {X`m&

AmpIa Bg gm{hË` eãX _| Eogr H$m¡Zgr {deofVm h¡, {OgHo$ H$maU eãX Ed§ AW© eãX H$s

_{h_m H$mo àmá H$aVo h¡? Bg àíZ H$m CËVa XoVo hþE g§ñH¥$V AmMm © Hw$ÝVH$ H$hVo h¡ {H$ O~ ""eãX

d AW© Ho$ ~rM gwÝXaVm Ho$ {cE ñnYm© `m hmoS> cJr hmo V^r gm{hË` H$s g¥pîQ> hmoVr h¡&''

`hr hmoS> d ñnYm© gm{hË` H$m Y_© h¡&

_Zwî` EH$ gm_m{OH$ àmUr h¡, AV: gm{hË` H$mo nT>Zo na AnZo AmZÝX H$mo dh g~Ho$ gmW

~m±Q>Zm MmhVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo Cg AmZÝX H$mo H$maU Ho$ gmW ~VmVm h¡& Cg AmZÝX Ho$ nrN>o eãX Am¡a

CgHo$ AW©J«hU H$m md {Z{hV h¢& dh AnZo Acmdm Xÿgao Ho$ H$m © H$aZo _| ag AWm©V AmZÝX AZw d

H$aVm h¡, O~ _Zwî` H$s H$moB© dmUr g_mO _| nañnaVm Ho$ Bg md H$mo _O~yV ~ZmVr h¡, Cgo gm{hË`

H$hm OmVm h¡&

O~ H$moB© AnZo Ed§ nam o H$s g§Hw${MV gr_m go D$na CR>H$a gm_mÝ` _Zwî`Vm H$s y{_ na nhþ±M

Om o Vmo g_PZm Mm{hE {H$ dh gm{hË` Y_© H$m {Zdm©h H$a ahm h¡& AmMm © am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Bgo •X`

H$s _wŠVmdñWm H$hm h¡&

9


gm{hË` eãX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZm H${R>Z h¡& O¡go {dkmZ _| hmBS´>moOZ d Am°ŠgrOZ Ho$ g§ moJ

Ho$ {~Zm nmZr Zht ~Z gH$Vm, na dh BZ XmoZm| _| go Hw$N> r Zht h¡& ³¶m|{H$ XmoZm| J¡gm| Ho$ {deof g§ moJ

H$m Zm_ nmZr h¡, d¡go hr eãX Am¡a AW© {_cH$a gm{hË` H$s nXdr àmá H$aVo h¢& CXmhaUV: nmZr H$s

AnZr H$moB© AmH¥${V Zht hmoVr, Cgo {Og gm±M| _| S>mcmo dhr ê$n YmaU H$a coVm h¡, Cgr Vah H$m Vac

h¡ h eãX& H${dVm, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, {Z~ÝY, [anmoVmO©, OrdZr, g_mcmoMZm Am{X ~hþV go gm±Mo h¢,

{OZ_| h eãX {d{dY ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡& n[a^mfm Bg{cE r H${R>Z hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ Y_©, amOZr{V,

g_mO, g_gm_{`H$ AmcoI, yJmoc Am¡a {dkmZ O¡go {df`m| na coIZ h¡§, CgH$s Š`m loUr hmo? Š`m

gm{hË` H$s n[a{Y BVZr ì`mnH$ h¢?

Ho$dc g§ñH¥$V{Zð> m pŠbîQ> coIZ H$a Ho$dc nmpÊS>Ë` àXe©Z H$aZm hr gm{hË` aMZm Zht h¡,

Z hr AZW©H$ VwH$~§Xr gm{hË` H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡& dh md{dhrZ aMZm Omo N>ÝX d _rQ>a Ho$ AZw_mnm|

_| eVà{VeV ghr ^r ~¡R>Vr hmo, Vmo ^r dh d¡gr hr H$m§{VhrZ h¡, O¡go AnamÝh _| OwJZy& AWm©V

^mdàdUVm {H$gr g¥OZ H$mo dh JhamB© àXmZ H$aVo h¢, Omo {H$gr r aMZm H$mo gm{hË` H$s n[a{Y _|

cmVm h¢& {H$VZr gmXJr go {ZXm \$mOcr H$hVo h¡ {H$ -

""_¢ amo`m naXoe _|, ^rJm _m± H$m ß`ma

Xþ:I Zo Xþ:I go ~mV H$s, {~Z {MR>R>r {~Z Vma &''

gm{hË` OrdZ H$s A{^ì`pŠV h¡. OrdZ {d{dY {dMmam| Am¡a mdm| go g§Hw$c hmoVm h¡. {dMmamo

H$m gå~ÝY _pñVîH$ go Am¡a ^mdm| H$m öX` go hmoVm h¡& XmoZm| Ho$ gÝVw{cV g_Ýd` go hr OrdZ H$m

gwMmê$ ê$n go n[aMmcZ hmoVm h¡& _pñVîH$ {dMma Ed§ {MÝVZ-_ZZ Ho$ Ûmam OrdZ H$s Eo{hH$ VWm

nmacm¡{H$H$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwcPmVm h¢ VWm m¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ CncpãY`m| Ûmam OrdZ H$s Eo{hH$

Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ CncpãY`m| Ûmam OrdZ H$mo gwI g_¥{Õ go nyU© H$aHo$ gwJ_ ~ZmZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVm h¡&

öX` mdZm Am¡a AZw y{V Ho$ Ûmam OrdZ _| ag CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡& OrdZ Ho$ à{V AmñWm OJmVm h¡& Bg

àH$ma OrdZ H$s nyU©Vm H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo dmcm gånyU© H¥${VËd gm{hË` hr h¡& {H$ÝVw {hÝXr _| _pñVîH$

Am¡a öX` H$s g_J« A{^ì`pŠV H$mo dmL²>_` eãX Ûmam A{^{hV {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm _pñVîH$ àgwV

A{^ì`pŠV H$mo {dkmZ Am¡a öX` go àgyV A{^ì`pŠV H$mo gm{hË` H$s g§km Xr OmVr h¡&

àJ{Verc, AZw y{Verc, OrdZ H$m {c{n~Õ ì`mH$aU gm{hË` h¡& m y± H$h| {H$ _Zwî` H$m

Am¡a _Zwî` Om{V H$m ^mfm~Õ `m Aja~Õ kmZ hr gm{hË` h¡& _mZd Om{V H$s Bg AZÝV {Z{Y _|

{OVZm Hw$N> AZy y{V ^ÊS>ma {c{n~Õ h¡, dhr gm{hË` h¡&

10


1.3 gm{hË`H$ma H$s y{_H$m :

gm{hË`H$ma ì`pŠVJV ê$n go AnZo g_` go ~Y±m hmoVm h¡, co{H$Z CgH$m A§Vñ\w$aU g_`-

gr_m H$m A{VH«$_U H$aVm h¡& aMZmË_H$Vm AnZr {dH$mg-`mÌm H$m {ZYm©aU ñd § H$aVr h¡& à{V^m

{Og àoaUm go ñ\y$V© hmoVr h¡, CgH$m ñn§XZ gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ rVa H$ht ~hþV Jhao _| hmoVm h¡& dh ñn§XZ

BVZm ñdmYrZ h¡ {H$ H$B© ~ma dh gm{hË`H$ma H$s _mÝ`VmAm| H$mo ^r _mZZo go B§H$ma H$a XoVm h¡&

Ohm± gm{hË`H$ma AnZo wJ H$s g¥pîQ> h¡ Am¡a gm{hË` CgH$s AZw y{V Ed§ CgHo$ {MÝVZ H$s

A{^ì`pŠV h¡& dht dh wJ H$s MoVZm H$m dmhH$ Am¡a àhar r h¡& Cgo MVw{X©H$ OmJê$H$ hmoH$a Am±I|

ImocH$a, XoIZo-gwZZo-g_PZo Ed§ AnZr coIZr go {Z © hmoH$a CVmaZo H$s VWm {\$a Cgo ghr J{V

XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, V^r dh AnZr dmñV{dH$ y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡& gm{hË`H$ma AnZo wJ

Ho$ g_mO _| OÝ_ coVm h¡, ncVm h¡, CgH$s Y_{Z`m| _| g_mO Ûmam CËnm{XV ImÚ go aŠV-g§Mma hmoVm

h¡, CgHo$ VZ H$m amo_-amo_ CgH$s {_Q²>Q>r go JT>m OmVm h¡& Bg{cE CgHo$ öX` _| mdm| H$m CÝ_of Am¡a

CgHo$ _pñVîH$ _| {dMmam| H$m CX² d g_mO Ho$ n[adoe Ho$ H$maU hr hmoVm h¡& AVEd CgH$m g_mO Ho$

à{V _hmZ CËVaXm{`Ëd h¡& {Og g_mO _| dh OrdZ OrVm h¡, dht Cgo gm{hË`-g¥OZ H$s àoaUm r

XoVm h¡& g_mO H$s n[apñW{V`m± hr CgHo$ AÝVa H$mo PH$PmoaVr h¡, AmÝXmo{cV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Cgo

A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {cE AmHw$c -AmVwa ~Zm XoVr h¡, V^r dh gm{hË`-g¥OZ _| g_W© hmoVm h¡ Am¡a V^r

CgH$m gm{hË` OrdÝV gm{hË` H$hcmVm h¡& OrdZ OrdZ Ho$ {cE H$^r Zht hmoVm, OrdZ Ho$ gmW {H$gr

Z {H$gr ê$n _| AZoH$m| H$m OrdZ gå~Õ hmoVm h¡, Mmho dh AnZo hr OrdZ H$s ajm Ho$ {cE Š`m| Zm

hmo Am¡a Mmho Cg_| AnZo hr OrdZ _| Ho$pÝÐV ahZo H$m md Š`m| Zm hmo& gm{hË` OrdZ H$s hr A{^ì`pŠV

h¡& Bg{cE gm{hË` gm{hË` Ho$ {cE AWdm gm{hË` ñdmÝV gwIm` H$m àíZ {ZVmÝV hmñ`mñnX h¡& {X

gm{hË` g¥OZ Ho$dc AnZr gÝVwpîQ> Ho$ {cE hmo Vmo CgHo$ àH$meZ H$s Š`m Amdí`H$Vm? {X gm{hË`

h¡, Vmo CgHo$ gmW hr nmR>H$ H$s r Anojm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a nmR>H$ H$s à{V{H«$`m OmZZo H$s r à~c CËH$ÊR>m

ahVr h¡ AWm©V² gm{hË`H$ma, nmR>H$ Am¡a CgH$s à{V{H«$`m l¥§Icm H$s H${S>`mo§ H$s m±{V nañna gå~Õ

h¡& Eogr Xem _| gm{hË`H$ma H$m EH$ Xm{`Ëd _hËdnyU© hmo OmVm h¡&

EH$ gƒo Am¡a AÀN>o aMZmH$ma H$s hr narjm y{_ h¢ {deofV: H${d, Cg_| r à~§YH$ma H${d

H$s, Š`m|{H$ Cgo àm`: AVrV H$WmAm| Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| na {Z ©a ahH$a CÝh| dV©_mZ Ho$ g§X © _| gmYZm

Am¡a gO©ZmË_H$ H$m¡ec Ho$ ~c na AnZr aMZm Ho$ {dî` Ho$ {cE Cn`moJr ~Zm o aIZm hmoVm h¡. dh

11


dV©_mZ _| OrVm h¢, AVrV H$mo g§ñH$ma XoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo AZw d gË` Ho$ AmYma na {dî` Ho$ {cE

Hw$N> Cn`moJr {Xem g§Ho$V N>moS> OmVm h¡& H$mc H$s Bg {ÌAm`m{_Vm H$mo gmYZo Ho$ {cE H$ënZm X¥pîQ>,

D$O©pñdVm, g_` H$s {df_Vm go cS>Zo H$s AX² wV epŠV, {dÐÿnVm Ho$ {déÕ Û§X H$s pñW{V _| ISo> hmoZo

H$s gm_Ï © H$s Oê$aV h¡ Omo {daco gm{hË`H$mam| _| hr {_cVr h¡& gƒm gm{hË`H$ma Z Vmo àcmo Z go

{dM{cV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z hr H$moB© ^` Cgo A{^ì`pŠV go amoH$ gH$Vm h¡. gÝV Hw$å^ZXmg Zo amOmJ«h

go \$Vhnwa grH$ar OmZo na níMmVmn àH$Q> H$aVo hþE H$hm-

"g§VZ H$hm grH$ar gmo H$m_

AmdV-OmdV nZ{h`m± Qy>Q>t {~g[a OmV h[a Zm_&'

`hr ñdVÝÌ Am¡a CÝ_wŠV ^mdZm O~ gm{hË`H$ma H$s hmoVr h¡, V^r dh AnZr dmñV{dH$

y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$a gH$Vm h¡. ñdVÝÌVm nyd© Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma Zo AnZo wJ _| H«§$m{V H$s Ádmcm gwcJmB©,

Agh`moJ H$s drUm r gwZmB© Am¡a {dÐmoh H$m e§IZmX H$a ñd§ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ _hm`k _| AmË_mhþ{V r

Xr& _¡{WcreaU Jwá, ào_MÝX, ~mcH¥$îU e_m© ZdrZ, _mIZcmc MVwd}Xr, gw Ðm Hw$_mar Mm¡hmZ,

ènmc, Am{X AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo VZ-_Z go ñdVÝÌVm g_a _| mJ coH$a AnZr y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h

{H$`m& VËH$mcrZ gm{hË`H$ma Zo OZ MoVZm H$mo CX²~wX H$aVo hþE ñdVÝÌVm g_a H$mo J{V Xr& CgZo

{dXoer emgZ Ho$ X_Z-MH«$ _| {ngVr hþB© maV _m± H$s H$éU nwH$ma H$mo gwZH$a Cgo Xmñ`l¥§Icm go _wŠV

hmoZo _| AnZm nyU© gh`moJ {H$`m& \$cV: dh gm{hË` AmO r OrdÝV àVrV hmoVm h¡& gm{hË`H$ma Vmo

OZVm H$s nrS>m H$m ñd § moŠVm h¡, dh CgHo$ àmUm| Ho$ ñnÝXZ H$mo AnZo àmUm| _| AZw d H$aVm h¡ Am¡a

AnZo H$mZm| go gwZVm h¡; Bg{cE dh AnZo gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam CgHo$ öX` H$mo AmÝXmo{cV H$a Cgo AnZr

H$ënZm H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo Ho$ _mJ© na AJ«ga H$a gH$Vm h¡&

ñdmÝV gwIm` H$m CX²Kmof H$aZo dmco gm_ÝV wJrZ ŠV H${d Vwcgr H$m am_M[aV _mZg Š`m

Ho$dc ñdmÝV gwIm` hr h¡? `{X CgH$m ñdê$n Ho$dc ñdmÝV gwIm` hr hmoVm Vmo Cgo ^mfm~Õ H$aZo

Ho$ {cE à`mg H$aZo H$s Š`m Amdí`H$Vm Wr? dñVwV: AnZo wJ _| h r EH$ Xm{`Ëd Wm Am¡a Bg_|

gÝXoh Zht {H$ AnZo Cg Xm{`Ëd H$m CÝhom§Zo ^cr^m±{V {Zdm©h {H$`m h¡& Vwcgr Zo H$hm ^r h¡ {H$-

"^{Z{V ^Xog dñVw ^{c ~aZr, am_ H$Wm OJ _§Jc H$aZr&'

wJ Ho$ àíZm| Zo gm{hË`H$ma H$mo {H$VZm PH$Pmoam h¡, CgHo$ rVa H¡$gr AmJ cJm`r h¡, Cgo H$hm±

VH$ AmhV {H$`m h¡ Am¡a CgH$s coIZr Zo {H$VZr g§doXZm go, {H$VZr {eX²XV go Cgo A§{H$V {H$`m h¢&

12


{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {demc \$cH$ na {nN>co nMmg-gmR> gmcm| _| {H$VZo AmÝXmocZm| Zo Yy_ _MmB©; A~

Vmo CZHo$ Zm_ r mX Zht Am aho& Am§{Y`m§ Eogr Am`r {H$ Io_o hr CIS> J o& h X¥í` Bg ~mV H$mo

à_m{UV H$aVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË`H$ma oS>m| Ho$ g_mZ Zht hmoVo Omo AnZo aodS>m| _| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nrN>o McVr

h¢; ~pëH$ àË oH$ coIH$ H$m AnZm ì`pŠVËd hmoVm h¡, CgH$s gmoM H$m AnZm AmYma {~ÝXþ hmoVm h¡&

\¡$eZ Ho$ a|n na g¥OZmË_H$Vm H$s naoS> Zht H$admB© Om gH$Vr& gmoM H$s qMJm[a`m± EH$mÝV Ho$ Acmd

go hr \y$Q>Vr h¡&

`h VH©$nyU© VÏ` h¡ {H$ Bg am_H$Wm Zo Z Ho$dc Cg wJ H$m, A{nVw CgHo$ ~mX r AmO VH$

Ho$ wJ H$m nWàXe©Z {H$`m h¡& Bgr{cE AJa gm{hË`H$ma AnZm Xm{`Ëd {Z^mVm h¡ Vmo dh gmW©H$

gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ H$a gH$Vm h¡&

1.4 gËgm{hË` H$m ñdê$n :

"_c`mc_ gm{hË`H$ma Eg. Ho$. nmoQ²>Q>oH$mQ²>Q> Ho$ AZwgma - gËgm{hË` dh h¡ Omo _mZd

_pñVîH$ _| gX² mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$ao, g_mO H$mo loð> {dMmam| H$mo g§OmoZo H$s gm_Ï © àXmZ H$ao, Ohm§

VH$ gm{hË` g¥OZ Ho$ CÔoí` H$m gdmc h¡, _oao {cE AmË_g§Vmof hr gm{hË` g¥OZ H$m à_wI VËd h¡&

aMZm _| {Z_¾ hmoVo g_` gm{hË`H$ma H$m öX` EH$ {deof àH$ma H$s àgÝZVm go Amßbm{dV hmo OmVm

h¡& Bg àgÝZVm d AmZÝX Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo nmR>H$m| VH$ nhþ±Mm XoZo Ho$ {cE hr _Z cmcm{`V hmoVm h¡&

`mX aho {H$ gm{hË` g_` H$s H$moI go OÝ_ coH$a r Cgr H$s JmoX _| IocVm Zht ahVm. dh g_` H$m

A{VH«$_U H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z`r OrdZr epŠV Ho$ gmW S>mcH$a Z`m {dhmZ cmVm h¡& Kmoa A§Y V_g _|

^r H$ht H$moB© Z H$moB© EH$ {d{eîQ> ÐîQ>m Eogm hmoVm h¡, {OgH$s A§V:Á`mo{V H$m àH$me h_mao nW H$mo

Amcmo{H$V H$aVm h¡& Omo gm{hË` H$mc na AnZr OrdÝVVm Am¡a geŠVVm H$s A{_Q> N>mn N>moS> OmVm

h¡; dh H$mcO`r gm{hË` H$hcmVm h¡& Omo gm{hË` OZ MoVZm _| wJm|- wJm| VH$ {Zdmg H$aVm h¡; dht

H$mcO`r gm{hË` gËgm{hË` H$hcmVm h¡&

1.5 gm{hË` Am¡a g_mO :

Hw$N> H$mc nhco VH$ h_mam gm{hË` CƒdJu` Wm& Cg gm{hË` Ho$ g¥OZH$Vm© g_mO Ho$ à{Vð>m

àmá ì`pŠV Wo, na g_` Ho$ ~XcVo _mnXÊS>m| Ho$ AZwgma gm{hË` g¥OZ ^r A~ {H$gr EH$ dJ© H$s

Yamoha ~Z H$a Zht ah J`m h¡, {OZH$mo g_mO _| n¡a Q>oH$Zo H$s r R>m¡a Zht h¡, do ì`pŠV r A~ {cIVo

13


h¢& na BZ g~go nao àíZ h CnpñWV hmoVm h¡ {H$ g_mO H$s Amoa gm{hË` Ho$ Š`m Xm{`Ëd h¡? XmoZm|

_| nañna Š`m gå~ÝY h¡?

dV©_mZ wJ _| gm{hË` A{YH$m{YH$ ì`pŠVJV hmoVm Om ahm h¡& nhco g_mO H$s Zr{V-AZr{V

H$s, _mÝ`VmAm| H$s Á`m| H$s Ë`m| ñdrH¥${V g_mO _| à{V{~på~V {XIVr Wr, A~ Cgr gm{hË` _| g_mO

H$s CZ ñdrH¥$V Am¡a {ZUuV YmaUmAm| Ho$ à{V ì`pŠV H$m {damoY Am¡a {dÐmoh A{YH$ {XImB© nS>Vm h¢&

AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` `{X nhco Xn©U Ho$ Vm¡a na gm_m{OH$ AdñWmAm| H$mo AnZo

_| {~å~-à{V{~å~ ^md go YmaU H$aZo dmcr dñVw Wr Vmo A~ dh Hw$N> Eogm VËd h¡ Omo g_mO H$mo

à{V{~på~V Vmo H$ao, na MmQw>Vm go A{YH$ Cgo MmoQ> Xo Am¡a Bg m±{V g_mO H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo H$m r H$m_

H$ao& gm{hË` A~ àoaH$ r h¡, dh PcH$mVm hr Zht A{nVw McmVm r h¡& Ho$dc h_mam AVrV, h_mar

~rVr hr Zht, A{nVw h_mao g§H$ën Am¡a _ZmoaW Cg_| {Z{hV h¡&

Omo g_mO Ho$ à{V {dÐmohr h¡, g_mO Ho$ Zr{V-Y_© H$s _`m©XmAm| H$s ajm H$s {Oå_oXmar AnZo

D$na Z coH$a AnZr hr amh Mc ahm h¡, Omo ~{hîH¥$V h¡, XÊS>Zr` h¡- Eogm ì`pŠV r gm{hË` g¥OZ

Ho$ {cE A`mo½` Zht R>ham`m Om gH$Vm& àË wV XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ Omo AmO {VañH¥$V {H$ o OmVo h¡, dhr

AnZr AZmoIr cJZ Am¡a {Zamco {dMma gm{hË` Ho$ H$maU H$c AmXe© _mZ {c o OmVo h¡& gm{hË` Xmo

àH$ma Ho$ h¡- EH$ dh Omo g_mO H$s g_H$mcrZ pñW{V Ho$ {cE Amdí`H$ h¢, Xÿgam dh Omo

g_mO H$mo J{Verc ~ZmVm h¢& XmoZm| hr àH$ma Ho$ gm{hË` à`moOZr` h¢& co{H$Z {X A{YH$ Amdí`H$,

A{YH$ gàmU, A{YH$ gmYZmerc Am¡a A{YH$ {MañWm`r {H$gr H$mo h_ H$hZm Mmh| Vmo Cg gm{hË`

H$mo H$hZm hmoJm Omo AnZo D$na IVao ñdrH$ma H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Mmho Mm~wH$ H$s MmoQ> go hr Š`m| Zm hmo, g_mO

H$mo AmJo ~T>mVm h¡& dh gm{hË` AmXe© àmU hmoVm h¡, {dî`Xeu hmoVm h¡, {MaÝVZ hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw Eogm

gm{hË` ghO _mÝ` Zht hmoVm& nhco àH$ma Ho$ gm{hË` _| g_mO ñdmX coVm h¡, àgÝZ hmoVm h¡ na Xÿgao

àH$ma Ho$ gm{hË` _o §g_mO H$mo ewê$ _| Hw$N> \$sH$m, H${R>Z Am¡a J[að> _hgyg hmoVm h¡&

gm{hË` gm_m{OH$ AdñWm go AmJo hmoH$a McVm h¡& dh Z {g\©$ dV©_mZ H$mo à{V{~på~V H$aVm

h¡ A{nVw {dî` H$s gå^mdZmAm| H$mo r YmaU H$aVm h¢& dh AJ«Jm_r h¡ g_mO H$s J{V Yr_r Am¡a

{dMmam| H$s J{V Vrd« hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g_mO gm{hË` go AZwa§OZ hr A{YH$ nmVm h¡, ZoV¥Ëd H$_& gm{hË`

^mdZmOrdr h¡ O~{H$ g_mO AW©Ordr& AV: CZ_| nañna AmXmZ-àXmZ Vmo h¡ hr gmW hr {damoY r

h¡; {H$ÝVw {damoY Vmo gm{hË` H$m àmUVËd h¡& AnZo gr{_V ApñVËd go h_ Cg Agr_ H$mo Ny>Zm MmhVo

14


h¢, h_ AnZr hr gr_mhrZVm H$mo AnZo gr_m~Õ ApñVËd Ho$ ^rVa AZw y{V nmVo h¢- do hr jU Vmo

gm{hË` Ho$ OZH$ h¢. dmñVd _| gm{hË` g_pîQ> Ho$ gmW ì`pîQ> H$s gm_§Oñ` {g{Õ H$m gmYH$ hmoVm h¡.

ì`pŠV OrdZ H$s gË`moÝ_wI ñ\y${V© O~ mfm Ûmam _yV© Am¡a Xÿgao H$mo àmá hmoZo mo½` ~ZVr h¡, V~ dhr

gm{hË` hmoVr h¡&

O~ VH$ gË`mÝdofU H$s àd¥{V gm{hË`H$ma _| h¡, do gwÝXa gm{hË` H$s g¥pîQ> H$a gH$Vo h¢ {X

Zhr §Vmo ì`W© h¡- Š`m|{H$ OrdZ go AZno{jV gm{hË` Z Vmo {OÝXm ah gH$Vm h¡, Z hr g_mO H$mo _mJ©

{XIm gH$Vm h¡& gm{hË` dh h¡ Omo Wm©W go Am±I Zht _tM gH$Vm, Omo AmXe© H$mo WmW© go Am¡a WmW©

H$mo AmXe© go OmoS>Vm h¢&

gm{hË` H$s H$gm¡Q>r dh g§ñH$maercVm h¡ Omo öX` go öX` H$m _oc MmhVr h¡, Omo cmoH$ {hV

H$s ^mdZm H$mo coH$a McVm h¡ Am¡a EH$Vm _| {Zð>m aIVr h¡& Omo göX` H$m {MV _w{XV H$aVm h¡ dh

gm{hË` Iam VWm Omo {MV H$mo g§Hw${MV H$aVm h¡ dh ImoQ>m gm{hË` H$hcmVm h¡& gm{hË` H$m gdm}ËV_

{ZH$f gË §, {ed§ Am¡a gwÝXa_² hr h¡& gË` go VmËn © OrdZ go {d_wI H$aZo dmco H$R>moa Am¡a {Z_©_

`WmW© go Z hmoH$a _mZdr` H$ë`mU H$s {Xem {ZX}{eV H$aZo dmco AmXe© nyU© WmW© go h¡& {ed go VmËn ©

gm{hË` H$s gm_{`H$ Ed§ emídV CnmXo Vm go h¡& gwÝXa H$m AW© ^r gË` Am¡a {ed ào[aV

à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm H$m ì §OH$ h¡&

AmO Ho$ gm{hË` H$s g~go ~S>r Amdí`H$Vm g¥OZ Ho$ àmMrZ Am¡a ZdrZ _yë`m| _| wpŠV wŠV

g_Ýd` ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s h¡. nm{c ^mfm Ho$ à{gÕ J«ÝW gwËV{ZnmV _| ñnîQ> {ZX}e {X o J o h¡

{H$ - "nwamU§ Zm{^ZÝXo , Zdo ImpÝV Z Hw$ìd o' AWm©V nwamZo H$m A{^ZÝXZ Zm H$a| Am¡a Z o H$s

Cnojm Z H$a|& {dMmaUr` h¡ {H$ Š`m|? Š`m CnmXo hmoZo na r àmMrZ H$mo Ho$dc Bgr {cE Ë`mJ {X`m

Om o {H$ dh àmMrZ h¡ Am¡a ZdrZ H$mo ì`W© hmoZo na r CgH$s ZdrZVm _mÌ Ho$ {cE ñdrH$mam Om o?

_oao {dMma go Bg gÝX © _| Cn`mo{JVm H$m {ZH$f gdm}ËV_ h¡. Omo OrdZ Ho$ {cE CnmXo h¡, g_mO Ho$

{cE ì`dhm © Am¡a gmÜ` h¡, cmoH$_§JcH$maH$ h¡ dhr J«m÷ h¡, {\$a Mmho dh ZdrZ hmo `m àmMrZ&

Bgr{cE _mc{dH$m{¾{_Ì_² _| _hmH${d H$m{cXmg H$hVo h¡-

""nwamU{_Ë od Z gmYw gd©_²

Z Mm{n gd©_² Zd{_Ë`dÚ_²&

15


gÝV: narú`mÝVaX² OÝVo

_yT>: na àË``Zo ~w{Õ:''

AWm©V² nwamZm hmoZo go g~Hw$N> loð> Zht hmo OmVm, VWm Z`m _mÌ hmoZo go AJ«m÷ Zht hmo OmVm&

~w{Õ_mZ OZ XmoZm| H$mo naIZo Ho$ ~mX hr, Omo Cn`moJr d CËV_ hmoVm h¡, Cgo J«hU H$aVo h¡; O~{H$ _yT>

OZ Xÿgam| Ûmam H${WV {dídmgm| Ho$ AZwgma J«m÷Vm {d{ZpíMV H$aVo h¡& gma h h¡ {H$ maVr` H$mì`-

emñÌ H$m àmMrZ {ZX}eZ Am¡a Zd{MÝVZ XmoZm| d¡Mm[aH$ _ÝWZ H$s Anojm H$aVo h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| Ho$

wpŠV wŠV g§J«hU go g¥OZ g_rjm H$s Zd {XemAm| H$m {ZX}eZ Ano{jV h¡&

1.6 {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m {d^mOZ :

{hÝXr gm{hË` H$mo {d{dY {dÕmZm| Zo {d{dY H$mcm| _| ~m±Q>m h¢- Am{XH$mc, ^pŠVH$mc,

ar{VH$mc Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mc& {df` {dñVma Ho$ ` go hm± CgH$m {dñV¥V dU©Z Zht {H$`m J`m h¡&

1.7 JÚ H$s Anojm nÚ H$m d¡{eîQ²>` : H${dVm H$m CX² d :

AÝ` {dYmAm| H$s Anojm H${dVm _| ^mdàdUVm Ed§ H$ënZm{dcmg A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& dh

Vrd«mdoJ go A{^ yV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU mdH$ Ho$ öX` H$mo gdm©{YH$ à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& {X mdZm H$m àdmh

dmUr H$s {dX½YVm Amoa ^mfm Ho$ cm{cË` go _pÊS>V hmoH$a AmdoJ_` ahm, Vmo dh ag _¾ hmoH$a

AmË_{d^moa H$a XoVr h¡& AV: H${dVm _| öX` m mdZm H$m àmYmÝ` ahVm h¡, {H$ÝVw {ddoH$ H$m A§Hw$e

CgHo$ {cE r Amdí`H$ h¡, AÝ`Wm dh dm§{N>V à^md CËnÝZ Zht H$a gH$Vr& Bg{cE AmMm © jo_oÝÐ

Zo Am¡{MË` H$m {dYmZ {H$`m h¡& do Vmo Am¡{MË` H$mo hr H${dVm H$m àmU VËd ~ZmVo h¢ Am¡{MË` Š`m

h¡? {ddoH$ H$s à{H«$`m H$m hr Xÿgam Zm_ Am¡{MË` h¡& Am¡{MË` Ho$ A^md _| H${dVm AnZr AmË_m Ho$

ag H$mo Imo ~¡R>Vr h¡; V^r Vmo AmMm`m} Zo Eogr H${dVm H$mo agm^mg Am¡a mdm^mg Ho$ AÝVJ©V ñWmZ

{X`m h¡& agm^mg Am¡a mdm^mg H$m AW© h¡ - {ddoH$ Ho$ A§Hw$e H$s {e{WcVm. gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,

Ed§ gm{hpË`H$ {d{Y {ZfoY H$m {ZYm©aU {ddoH$ hr H$aVm h¡ Am¡a O~ H${d mdmdoJ Ho$ H$maU {d{Y H$mo

Ë`mJ H$a {ZfoY H$s gr_m _| àdoe H$a OmVm h¡ Vmo Am¡{MË` H$m C„§KZ hmo OmVm h¡; V~ H$mì` Xmof go

Xÿ{fV hmo OmVm h¡& Cg g_` ñda{MV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Mmho Cgo AnZr H¥${V {à` hmo,na göX` H$mo dh

Xÿ{fV H¥${V é{MH$a Zht hmoVr; Eogr pñW{V _| H${d H$_© ì`W© hmo OmVm h¡& H${d H$s mdZm H$mo à^mdemcr

Ed§ J«m÷ ~ZmZo H$m H$m © CgH$m {ddoH$ hr H$aVm h¡& hm± Xmo CXmhaUm| go h VÏ` ñnîQ> {H$`m Om gH$Vm

h¡- OZH$ dm{Q>H$m _| nwîn M`ZmW© am_-cú_U àdoe H$aVo h¢; Cgr g_` grVm AnZr gpI`m| Ho$ gmW

16


{J[aOm-nyOZ Ho$ {cE AmVr h¡& EH$ gIr H$s X¥pîQ> am_-cú_U na nS>Vr h¡; dh CZHo$ gm¡ÝX © go

A{^ yV hmo OmVr h¡, Am¡a BZ eãXm| _| grVm Ho$ à{V AnZr ^mdZm H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$aVr h¡-

"ñ`m_ Jm¡a {H${_ H$hhþ± ~ImZr, {Jam AZ`Z Z`Z {~Zw ~mZr&'

am_M[aV _mZg-1-228-1

dh gm¡ÝX © H$s ì §OZm H$aZo _| AnZo H$mo Ag_W© nmVr h¡, {H$ÝVw {Jam AZ`Z Z`Z {~Zw ~mZr'

Ho$ Ûmam CZHo$ Anê$n, Aà{V_ Ed§ AX² wV gm¡ÝX © H$m Am^mg {Xcm XoVr h¡& CgH$s ^mdZm H$m doJ

BZ íeãXm| Ho$ Ûmam ì`ŠV hmoH$a Z Ho$dc CgH$s CË\w$„Vm, CgHo$ AmíM © Ed§ CgH$s md-{d^moaVm

H$mo ì §{OV H$aVm h¡ A{nVw CZHo$ gm¡ÝX © Ho$ à{V AmH$f©U Am¡a {Okmgm H$m md r OJmVm h¡; hr

Vwcgr H$mo A^rîQ> ^r h¡& H${d H$s ^mdZm {ddoH$m{lV hmoH$a Eogm ê$n YmaU H$aVr h¡ {H$ gm¡ÝX ©

AH$WZr` hmoH$a ^r AZw yV hmo OmVm h¡. gm¡ÝX © H$s A{Ve`Vm H$m Xÿgam dU©Z XopI o-

"nÌm ht {V{W nmBE, dm Ka Ho$ Mhþ± nmg.

{ZV à{V nyÝ`mo hr aho, AmZZ Amon COmg.'

{~hmar ~mo{YZr-102

Bg nÚ H$mo nT>H$a àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ m Vmo H${d Ho$ nmg mdZm Zht h¡ m CgH$s mdZm na

{ddoH$ H$m A§Hw$e Zht h¡; Š`m|{H$ Bg nÚ go ê$n H$s H$moB© AZw y{V Zht hmoVr& A{Va§OZm Ho$ H$maU h

dU©Z hmñ`mñnX hmo OmVm h¡& A~ àH¥${V gm¡ÝX © Ho$ EH$ CXmhaU H$mo XopI o- Ho$ed àmV:H$mcrZ gm¡ÝX ©

H$s _Zmoa_ N>Q>m H$s AZw y{V H$amZo Ho$ {cE AË`ÝV a_Ur` eãX-`moOZm àñVwV H$aVo-H$aVo H$h CR>Vo

h¢ {H$ -

"H¡$ emo{UV H${cV H$nmc `r {H$c H$mnm{cH$ H$mc H$m¡.'

am_MpÝÐH$m

nmR>H$ H$mo àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ hm± H${d H$m {ddoH$ {dcwá hmo J`m& H$hm± àmV:H$mcrZ Aé{U_m_`

gy © Am¡a H$hm± aŠV-a§{OV H$nmc! EH$ Vmo H$nmc emo{UV go H${cV Zht hmo gH$Vm, emo{UV- g{ZV-

K¥{UV hr hmo gH$Vm h¡, \$cV: dh AmH$f©U Zht {dH$f©U hr CËnÝZ H$aoJm& H${d Zo Z Ho$dc {ddoH$hrZVm

Ho$ H$maU md Ho$ gm¡ÝX © H$m ømg {H$`m h¡; A{nVw d¥Ë`Zwàmg H$mo r H$c§{H$V H$a {X`m h¡& {hÝXr Ho$

N>m`mdmXr H$mì` O~ Ho$dc H$ënZm Ho$ JJZ _| {dhma H$a y H$s dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo N>moS>Zo cJm, V~ dh

g_má hmo J`m, AVEd H${d H$s ^mdZm Ho$ gmW {ddoH$ H$m gm_§Oñ` H$aZm Ano{jV h¡&

17


H${dVm _| md H$s H$m ©dmhr, B§gm{Z`V Ed§ ñd§ Ho$ à{V {ZH$Q>Vm Ed§ àH¥${V H$s ahñ`_`r

A{^ì`pŠV H$m g_mdoe hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

1.8 Jr{V H$mì` H$m ñdén Ed§ CËn{V :

gm{hË` H$mo JÚ, nÚ Ed§ Måny VrZ à_wI mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& JÚ Ho$ g_mZ nÚ

Ho$ ^r {d{dY {d^mOZ {H$ o J o h¡& H${dVm, JrV, JOc, _wŠVH$, Xmohm, eoa, Am{X nÚ Ho$ ê$n h¡&

JrV : doXZm Ed§ C„mg Ho$ A{VaoH$ go _mZd H$s hX`V§Ìr ñn§{XV hmoH$a Omo ñda {dYmZ H$aVr

h¡, dh Jr{VH$mì` H$s g§km àmá H$aVm h¡& hf©- {dfmX, gwI-XþI, àgÝZVm-nrS>m VWm {_cZ-{d`moJ

H$m C„mg Ed§ doXZm O~ hX` H$s n[a{_{V H$m C„§KZ H$a OmVr h¢, Vmo CgH$m àñ\w$Q>Z m Vmo AmZÝX

Ho$ _wŠVmH$Um| `m ì`Wm Ho$ AlwAm| AWdm Jr{V_` ñda char Ho$ én _| hmoVm h¢& `{X Eogm Zm hmo Vmo

hX` {dXrU© hmo Om o, CgH$s J{V ~ÝX hmo Om o Am¡a _mZd CgH$s A{^ì`pŠV H$s epŠV H$mo gXm Ho$

{cE Imo ~¡R>o& AV: JrV m Jr{VH$mì` CgHo$ hX` H$mo {dfmX Ho$ jUm| _| Eogr j_Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡,

{Oggo dh AÝ` _mZdm| H$mo g_mZ^mJr ~ZmH$a hëH$m hmo OmVm h¡& JrV H$m CX²Jma ñdm^m{dH$ h¡&

AmdoJm| Am¡a _ZmodoJm| H$s Vrd«Vm ñdV: hr Jr{V Ho$ én _| àdm{hV hmoH$a _mZg char H$mo H$ÊR> Ho$ Ûmam

AYam| na {WaH$mZo cJVr h¡& hr H$mì` H$m _yc r h¡& Am{X H${d H$s dmUr go Omo N>ÝX_` ñda char

{ZH$cr Wr, dh Am{X Jr{VH$mì` hr Wr& a{V-aV H«$m|M {_WwZ _| go ì`mY Ûmam EH$ H$m dY hmoZo na

Xÿgao H$s AmV©dmUr H$mo gwZH$a VnñnyV _w{Z H$m H$mo_c hX` H$éUm go {dJ{cV hmoH$a BZ eãXm| _|

A{^ì`ŠV hþAm h¡ :-

""_m {ZfmX à{Vð>mÝËdJ_: íemídVr g_m:&

`ËH«$m|M{_WwZmXoH$_dYr: H$m__mo{hVm_²&&''

H«$m|M {_WwZ Ho$ Agr_ AmÝZX Ho$ Agr_ ì`Wm _| n[aUV hmoZo na hr AZwîQw>n N>ÝX _| `h

A{^ì`pŠV hþB©, {Og_| Jr{V H$mì` Ho$ g^r VËd g_m{hV h¡& Bggo à_m{UV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Jr{V H$mì`

H$m OÝ_ m Vmo doXZm H$s _Zmo y{_ _| hmoVm h¡ m C„mg Ho$ jUm| _|& H${dda nÝV Zo r H$mì` Ho$ _wIa

hmoZo Ho$ gå~ÝY _| hr H$ënZm H$s h¡ :-

""{d`moJr hmoJm nhcm H${d, Amh go CnOm hmoJmm JmZ&

C_S> H$a Am±Im| go MwnMmn ~hr hmoJr H${dVm AZOmZ&&''

18


AWm©V Amh go àgyV JmZ hr lmoVm Ho$ hX` H$mo A{^ yV H$aZo _| g\$c hmoVm h¢, Bg_| g§Xoh

Zht& hr Jr{V H$mì` Ho$ OÝ_ H$s H$hmZr h¡&

JrV à`ËZ H$m n[aUm_ Zht, A{nVw hX` Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ CÐoH$ H$m à{V\$cZ h¡& AV: Cg_|

d¡ pŠVH$Vm H$m, EH$mpÝVH$Vm H$m md nm`m OmVm h¡& {H$ÝVw, _mZd Ho$ gwI-XþI nyU© md Ed§ AmdoJ

àH$Q> hmoH$a _mZd _mÌ Ho$ hmo OmVo h¡& \$cV: CZ_| g^r H$mo AmÝXmo{cV H$aZo H$s j_Vm hmoVr h¡& à{gÕ

JrVH$ma H$d{`Ìr lr_Vr _hmXodr d_m© Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ Bg ahñ` H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡-

dmñVd _| H${d H$mo AmV© H«$ÝXZ Ho$ nrN>o {N>no hþE mdm{VaoH$ H$mo XrK© {Z:ídmgm| _| {N>no hþE g§ _ go JrV

H$mo ~m±YZm hmoJm, V^r CgH$m hX` JrV _| Cgr ^md H$m CÐoH$ H$aZo _| g\$c hmoJmm& {deofV: cmoH$

JrV Vmo OZ g_mO Ho$ hf©-{dfmX, gwI-XþI, ì`Wm-C„mg, K¥Um-ào_, Amem-{Zamem VWm {_cZ-

{d`moJ Ho$ mdm| H$m à{V{~å~Z hmoVm h¡& CZ_| Ohm± OrdZ Ho$ _mXH$ C„mg H$s _Z_mohH$ ì §OZm hmoVr

h¡, dht OrdZ H$s {df_ K{S>`m| _| àdm{hV AlwYma r N>cH$Vr h¡ & §Bgr go àË oH$ g_mO _| àË oH$

Om{V _| dhm± H$s OZ^mfm _| cmoH$JrV nm o OmVo h¢ Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ àË oH$ A§J H$m CZgo JhZV_ gå~ÝY

hmoVm h¡&

nmíMmË` g_rjm emñÌ go A{^ yV AZoH$ AmcmoMH$ Jr{VH$mì` H$mo A§J«oOr Ho$ {c[aH$ H$m

CnOrdr _mZVo h¡, {OgH$s ì wËn{V cmà Zm_H$ dmÚ §Ì go hþB© h¡& Bg{cE CgH$mo d¡{UH$ (drUm go

CX² yV) g§km r Xr JB© h¡& {H$ÝVw AmcmoMH$ o yc OmVo h¡ {H$ Jr{VH$mì` H$m _yc doXm| _| h¡& gm_ H$m

Vmo AW© hr JmZ hmoVm h¡& {hÝXr Ho$ H$~ra, Vwcgr, gya Am¡a _ram à ¥{V AZoH$ ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo AnZo

CX²Jma Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr ì`ŠV {H$ o h¡& AmYw{ZH$ Jr{V H$mì` r Cg naånam go {dpÀN>ÝZ

Zht h¡&

JrV _mZd _Z H$s àH¥${V h¡ - ‘mZd H$mo AZw d hmoZo dmco hf© Am¡a nrS>m H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo

H$m cmoH${à` Am{X_ _mÜ`_ h¡ JrV& dñVwV: JrV H$m à`moJ àmMrZV_ h¡, Š`mo§{H$ JrV _| _mZdr`

d¥{V`m± AnZo ghO pñW{V _| ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡& JrV H$mo Bg C„oIZr` CncpãY H$m AmYma yV VËd h¡-

Jo Vm& àmaå^ _| BgH$s n[a^mfm _| hr VËd àYmZ Wm& Bg AmYma na JrV dhr h¡ Omo Jm`m Om gHo$&

JrV Ho$ fS>{dY cjU Bg àH$ma h¡-

gwñda gag§ M¡d, gamJ _Ywamja_&

gmc§H$ma à_mU M, fS>{dY JrV cjU_&&

19


BZ cjUm| _| {df`dñVw H$s ñnîQ> A{^ì §OZm Zht Wr, _mÌ CgHo$ ~mhar cjUm| H$m C„oI Wm&

dñVwV: {df` dñVw _Z H$s pñW{V na AmYm[aV ahVr h¡& _Z AnZo gwImË_H$ m XþImË_H$ AZw dm|

H$mo JrV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡&

JrV H$m àmapå^H$ ê$n cmoH$JrVm| Ho$ ê$n _| J{Verc hþAm& h gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnmXmZ àmaå^ go

coH$a AmO VH$ {ZaÝVa ì`pŠV Am¡a g_mO H$mo AnZo AmH$f©U _| ~m±YVm Mcm Am`m h¡& BÝht cmoH$JrVm|

H$m {dH${gV ê$n gm{hpË`H$ JrV h¢&

gm{hpË`H$ JrV : H$cm H$m à_wI VËd ^md h¡& O~ {Zd©gZ ^md {H$Ýhr ^mdm| Ho$ H$maU

H$cmH$ma Ho$ H$cmË_H$ g§ñne© go {d{eîQ> ~ZH$a gm_Zo AmVm h¡,V~ wpŠV wŠVVm Ho$ AmYma na a{gH$m|

H$mo hm{X©H$ gÝVmof hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ hr h¡& g_ñV H$cmê$nm| H$s Vah JrV r Bgr à{H«$`m go OÝ_ coVo

h¡ Am¡a AnZo {d{eîQ> ì`mnma Ho$ \$cñdê$n gm{hpË`H$ à{Vð>m go gånÝZ hmoVo h¡& JrV H$s AXå` epŠV

Am¡a _mZ{gH$ mdm| go CgHo$ ghO Vmc_oc Zo Cgo gm{hpË`H$ à{Vð>m go gånÝZ {H$`m& Cg_| OrdZ Ho$

emídV ñdam| H$s A{^ì`pŠV hmoZo go JrV A{YH$m{YH$ cmoH${à`Vm àmá H$aVm Mcm J`m& BgH$s

^mdmË_H$ à~cVm, d¡ pŠVH$Vm, g§JrVmË_H$Vm, g§{jáVm, ^mfm H$s H$mo_cVm Am¡a _wŠVH$ aMZm

nÕ{V Zo JrV H$mo gm{hË` H$s AÝ`mÝ` {dYmAm| _| loð>Va ~Zm {X`m&

JrV H$s {d{dY n[a^mfmE± : Bg àg§J _| JrV Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo CXKm{Q>V H$aVr hþB© Hw$N>

n[a^mfmE± {ZåZ àH$ma go h¡-

1. apñH$Z Zo JrV H$s {deofVmAm| Ho$ AmcmoH$ _| Cgo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡- Jr{V

H$mì` H${d H$s {ZOr ^mdZmAm| H$m àH$me hmoVm h¢& ghO ewÕ ^md, ñdN>ÝX H$ënZm

VH©$dmX Am¡a Ý`m` _ycH$Vm go _wŠV {dMma - o hr Jr{VH$mì` H$s dmñV{dH$ {deofVmE±

h¢& dñVwV: JrV _Z H$s ~mV h¡, AV: Cg_| {ZOr mdZmAm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV à_wI hmoVr

h¡& H${d ghO Ed§ _wŠV hmoH$a AnZo AZw y{V gånÝZ öX` H$mo hr JrV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go

àñVwV H$aVm h¡, {Og_| {H$gr Vah H$m H$mcwî` Zht, A{nVw EH$ {Xì` n{dÌVm AZw d

hmoVr h¢&

2. JrV Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo Amoa {dñVma XoVo hþE ~«wZo{Và H$m _V h¡ {H$ - Jr{VH$mì` _| H${d

^mdmZwHy$c c`m| _| AnZr AmË_{Zð> d¡ pŠVH$ mdZm ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡&

20


3. AZ}ñQ>[ag H$s _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ Jr{VH$mì` EH$ Eogr g§JrV_` A{^ì`pŠV h¡, {OgHo$ eãXm|

na mdm| H$m nyU© A{YnË` hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw {OgH$s à^mdem{cZr c` _| gd©©©Ì CÝ_w³VVm

ahVr h¡&

4. JrV H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVo hþE gm{hË`H$mof _| {cIm h¡- A~mY H$ënZm, Agr_ mdwH$Vm,

{dewÕ mdmË_H$Vm, H$_© H$mocmhc H$s {MÝVm go _wŠV {dMmaYmam AWdm {ZîH$fm}ncpãY

Ho$ ma go _wŠV mdYmam Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ àH¥$V {df` h¡& Bg_| {gÕmÝVrH$aU H$m AdH$me

Zht& {dMma H$mo ^r Jr{V _| ^mdmË_H$ _mÜ`_ go J«hU H$aZm nS>Vm h¡& dñVwV: JrV

^mdZm Ho$ gm_«mÁ` H$s {df` dñVw h¢& AV: CgH$s ñdN>§XVm go nyU© aMZm nÕ{V mdZm

H$mo AmÝXmo{cV H$aVr h¢& mdZm go Agån¥ŠV H$moB© {dMma AnZo àH¥$V ê$n _| JrV _| ~±Y

Zht gH$Vm h¡& hr Zht, ~pëH$ CnXoemË_H$Vm m dU©ZmË_H$Vm r JrV Ho$ àH¥$V ê$n

H$mo VmoS>H$a Cgo à^mdhrZ ~Zm gH$Vr h¢& AV: JrV H$^r {gÕmÝVdmXr Zht hmoVo ~pëH$

ewÕV: ^mdmË_H$ YamVc na pñWV hmoVo h¢& Bg{cE JrV _| H${d H$s {ZOr ^mdYmam

AZw y{V`m| Ho$ AmcmoH$ _| c`mË_H$ A{^ì`pŠV go gånÝZ hmoH$a hr JrV ~ZVr h¡& Mw±{H$

A{^ì`pŠV AmË_{Zð> h¡, AV: Cg_| AmË_r` g§ñne© H$s epŠV {Z{hV hmoVr h¡&

5. lr_Vr _hmXodr d_m© Zo Jr{VH$mì` H$s {deofVmE± CXKm{Q>V H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡& CZH$m

_V h¡ {H$- gwI XþI H$s ^mdmdoe_`r AdñWm, {deofH$a {JZo-MwZo íeãXm| _| ñda

gmYZm Ho$ Cn wŠV {MÌU H$a XoZm hr Jr{V h¢& _hmXodr Or Zo Vrd« AZw y{V, g§JrV Am¡a

Cn wŠV íeãX M`Z BZ VrZ {deofVmAm| na A{YH$ ~c {X`m h¡&

6. JrV Ho$ gå~ÝY _| lr cú_rgmJa dmîU} H$m _V ^r Xî¥Q>ì` h¡& CÝhm|Z| JrV Ho$ à_wI

VËdm| H$mo g_Q>Vo hþE CgH$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma {ZYm©[aV H$s JB© h¡- JrV EH$ Eogr H$mì`

{dYm h¡, {OgHo$ AmYma yV VËdm| _| Jo Vm, g§{jáVm, AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm, d¡ pŠVVm,

AmË_{Zð>m, A{^ì`pŠV H$s gr{_VVm, ~w{Õ nj Ho$ ñWmZ na öX` nj H$s àYmZVm,

ñdmZw y{V, ghOVm, mdmZwHy$c Wm©W, gwI-XþImË_H$ d¡ pŠVH$ g§doXZm, àH¥${V Am¡a

_mZd H$m AÝV:-~m÷ gm¡ÝX © {MÌU, md gKZVm Am{X à_wI VËd _mZo J o h¡& BZ

n[a^mfmAm| go h n[akmZ hmoVm h¡ {H$ JrV H${d Ho$ {ZOr mdm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV h¢, Omo

{d{dY AZw y{V`m| go {ZînÝZ hmoVo h¢ VWm `h A{^ì`pŠV à^md em{cZr c` Ûmam

21


g§ wŠV ahVr h¢& Bg àH$ma g§JrV H$m JrV H$s à{Vîð>m _| _hËVdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& AV: JrV

Ho$ AmYma yV cjU Xmo hr h¡-

1. Vrd« {ZOr AZw y{V H$s _wŠV A{^ì`pŠV 2. AÝV{Z©{hV g§JrVmË_H$Vm&

{H$ÝVw BZ H${Vn` n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na JrV Ho$ {ZåZ cjU {ZYm©[aV {H$ o Om gH$Vo h¡-

1. JrV _| AZw y{V gånÝZ Vrd« ^md ~moY H$s _wŠV A{^ì`pŠV {Z{hV h¡&

2. g§JrVmË_H$Vm `m c`mË_H$ {dYmZ JrV Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡&

3. _Z go g§ wŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JrV gm¡ÝX © ~moY H$m {MÌU Vrd« hmoVm h¡&

4. d¡ pŠVH$Vm JrV H$mo JrV ê$n _| à{Vð>m{nV H$aVr h¡&

5. AnZr ñdÀN>ÝX Ed§ cKw àH¥${V Ho$ H$maU JrV AmH$ma _| cKw hmoVo h¡&

6. JrV H$s aMZm nÕ{V ^mfm {eën Ho$ AZwHy$c dmVmdaU go g§ wŠV ahVr h¡&

`Ú{n gyú_ X¥pîQ> go XoIm Om o Vmo CnamoŠV VËd hr JrV Ho$ àYmZ VËd h¡& BZHo$ H$maU hr H${d

AÝVamË_m _| g_mB© Vrd« AZw y{V`m| H$m àH$Q>rH$aU Am¡a ^mdH$ Ho$ öX` Ho$ CÔocZ H$m e_Z JrV _|

EH$ gmW hmoVm h¡& `h CgH$s gm_Ï © H$m n[aMm`H$ {~ÝXþ h¡&

O`Xod Am¡a {dÚmn{V go l¥§Jm[aV {hÝXr H$s JrV naånam pŠVH$mc _| gya, _ram, Vwcgr, Am¡a

H$~ra Am{X go {df` d¡{dÜ` nm H$a \$cVr ahr Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _| {dH$mg Ho$ A{YH$m{YH$ Adga

ghoO H$a erf© ~Z H$a ah JB©& maVoÝXþ wJ, {ÛdoXr wJ, N>m`mdmX, àJ{VdmX VWm BgHo$ g_mZmÝVa

McVr ñdÀN>ÝX àJ{Verc Ymam Ho$ AÝV©JV _¡{WcreaU Jwá, {Zamcm, _hmXodr, {XZH$a, ~ƒZ,

A§Mc, gw_Z, ZaoÝÐ e_m©, ZraO Am{X Zo JrV H$s AZoH$mZoH$ Am yfUm| go Ac§H¥$V {H$`m Am¡a l¥§Jmma

VH$ gr{_V CgH$s P§H$ma g_` VWm n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma ZB© MoVZm H$mo Amd¥V H$aVr {ZV Z o Zd ê$n

_| Z o amJ go wŠV hmoVr h¡&

_mZd Ho$ öX` _| MoVZm Ho$ g§ moJ go O~ amJmË_H$ d¥{V H$m g§ñne© hþAm hmoJm, V^r Cgo mdm|

Ho$ CÝ_of H$s epŠV àmá hþB© hmoJr Am¡a do AYam| na {WaH$Zo Ho$ {cE _Mc CR>o hm|J|, {Oggo JrV H$m

OÝ_ hmo J`m hmoJm& AVEd Jr{VH$mì` H$mo {H$gr H$m à^md m {H$gr go CYma cr hþB© dñVw _mZZm gd©Wm

hmñ`mñnX h¡& AÝVa H$m CÛocZ hr Vmo Jr{VH$mì` H$m _w»` AmYma h¡& Bgr H$maU Jr{VH$mì` _|

ì`pŠVJV AZw y{V H$m àmYmÝ` hmoVm h¡, Omo Vrd« AmdoJ Ho$ gmW EH$mpÝd{V YmaU H$aVr hþB© g§JrV H$s

VacVm Ho$ gmW A{^ì`pŠV àmá H$aVr h¢&

22


1.9 Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ à_wI VËd …

D AmË_naH$Vm m d¡ pŠVH$Vm AWdm AmË_m{^ì §OZm

D Jo Vm `m g§JrVmË_H$Vm

D ^mdmpÝd{V AWdm EH$ hr AZw y{V H$s A{^ì`pŠV

D AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm

D g§{jáVm

D c{cV mfm

Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ ñdén H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {cE BZ VËdm| na {dMma H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

1. AmË_naH$Vm m AmË_m{^ì §OZm : ñdmZw y{V AWdm AmË_mZw y{V Jr{V H$mì` H$m

àmU h¡& Jr{VH$ma O~ AmË_Ho$pÝÐV hmoH$a md-{d^moa homVm h¡, V~ CgH$m hX` Jr{V Ho$ ê$n _| a{gV

hmoH$a OZ_mZg H$mo AmÝXmo{cV H$a XoVm h¡ dh md Mmho ào_ H$m hmo, Mmho pŠV H$m, Mmho AmöcmX

H$m hmo, Mmho doXZm H$m g_mZ én go VÝ_`Vm Cg_| Ano{jV h¡& H${d H$m {ZOr md CgH$s à{V^m H$m

àgmX nmH$a g^r H$m md ~Z OmVm h¡& OrdZ H$s {OZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m AZw d H${d H$mo hmoVm h¡, d¡gm

hr AZw d nmR>H$mo H$mo hmoVm h¡& AÝVa Ho$dc BVZm h¡ {H$ H${d _| Cgo A{^ì`pŠV XoZo H$s j_Vm hmoVr

h¡& amJmmË_H$ d¥{V H$s Bg g_mZVm Ho$ H$maU d¡ pŠVH$Vm gmYmaUrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a H${d H$s

AZw y{V H$mo g_pîQ>JV ~Zm XoVr h¢& Bgr go dh Ho$dc H${d H$s mdZm Zht hmoVr, g^r H$s mdZm hmo

OmVr h¡& _hmXodr d_m© Bg AmË_mZw y{V Ho$ {df` _| H$hVr h¡ {H$ - JrV {X Xÿgao H$m B{Vhmg Z H$hH$a

d¡ pŠVH$ gwI-XþI Üd{ZV H$a gHo$, Vmo CgH$s _m{_©H$Vm {dñ_` H$s dñVw ~Z OmVr h¡, Bg_| gÝXoh

Zht& AmMm © ew³c r Ho$dc d¡ pŠVH$ AZw y{V H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$mo H$m¡VwH$ _mÌ _mZVo h¡, H$mì` Zht&

`{X h H$mì` m Jr{VH$mì` h¡, Vmo {ZíM` hr Cg_| g^r Ho$ öX` H$mo VXZwHy$c AmÝXmo{cV H$aZo H$s

epŠV hmoJr&

AmË_m{^ì §OZm H$s X¥pîQ> go S>m°. {ed_§Jc qgh gw_Z Zo Jr{VH$mì` H$mo VrZ lo{U`m| _|

{d^m{OV {H$`m h¡- ~mm{YV, Amamo{nV Am¡a ewÕ& ~mm{YV Ho$ AÝVJ©V JrVm| Ho$ Cg ñdén H$mo {c`m

J`m h¡, {Og_| g§JrV Am¡a nXmdcr H$m gm¡ÝX © JrV Ho$ AZwHy$c hmoVo hþE r Cg_| {H$gr AÝV^m©dì §OH$

ñdén H$m A^md h¡ AWdm A{VAcm¡{H$H$Vm Ho$ g_mdoe Ho$ H$maU agn[anmH$ _| ~mYm nS>Vr h¡& Eogo

JrV A{YH$m§eV: én dU©Z Am{X Ho$ Ac§H$ma ~hþc ñdénm| _| nm o OmVo h¡& Amamo{nV Ho$ AÝVJ©V CZ

23


JrVm| H$mo {c`m J`m h¡, {H$ÝVw do H$Wm àg§J Ho$ A§J hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñd § aMZmH$ma H$s AZw y{V H$s ì §OZm

Zht H$aVo, daZ² {H$gr _mÜ`_ Ûmam ì §{OV {H$ o OmVo h¡& ewÕ Jr{V H$mì` H$s g§km CZ AÝV©dmXr

CX²Jmam| H$mo àXmZ H$s JB© h¡, Omo ñd § aMZmH$ma H$s ì`pŠVJV {döcVm H$s ì §OZm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a {OZ_|

Acm¡{H$H$ ^md y{_ na AmH$a nyU©V: göX` g§doÚ hmo OmVm h¡&

dñVwV: AmË_m{^ì`pŠV H$s X¥pîQ> go ewÕ Jr{V H$mì` hr A{YH$ __©ñneu Am¡a AÝVa H$mo

AmÝXmo{cV H$aZo dmcm hmoVm h¡& gya, Vwcgr, _ram BË`m{X ŠV H${d`m| Ho$ AmË_{ZdoXZ naH$ nX Bgr

H$mo{Q> _| AmVo h¢& AmYw{ZH$ ahñ`dmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Jr{V H$mì` _| A§h ^md H$s àYmZVm hmoZo go CV_

nwéf _| hr H${d AnZr mdZm H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$aVm h¡& Vwcgr H$s Bg CpŠV _| g^r ŠV öX`m| H$s

XrZVm H$m Am^mg {_cVm h¢-

_mYd _mo g_mZ OJ _m±hr

g~ {d{Y hrZ, _crZ, XrZ A{V, crZ {df` H$moC Zmht&

{dZ`n{ÌH$m

2. Jo Vm `m g§JrVmË_H$Vm : g§JrVmË_H$Vm `m c`mË_H$ {dYmZ JrV Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo

{ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡& Jr{V H$mì` öX`V§Ìr H$m ñdm^m{dH$ CÐoH$ h¡, AVEd Jo Vm CgH$m A{Zdm © VËd

h¡, nmíMmË` AmcmoMH$ ES>Ja E{cZ nmo Vmo H$mì` _mÌ Ho$ {cE Jo Vm m g§JrV H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVm

h¡. CgZo {cIm h¡ - " å y{OH$, •¡Z H$å~mBÊS> {dX E b¡Oao{~c AmC{S>`m BO nmoBQ´>r&' AWm©V

g§JrV, O~ AmZÝX_` {dMmam| go g§ wŠV hmoVm h¡, V~ dh H$mì` H$hcmVm h¢& Jr{V H$mì` Ho$ {cE h

Amdí`H$ Zht {H$ Cg_| emñÌr` g§JrV Ho$ {cE AmJ«h hmo, öX` Ho$ Vmam| H$s Z¡g{J©H$ P§H¥${V hr Eogm

ñda {dYmZ H$aVr h¡ {H$ dh ñdV: hr Jo hmo OmVm h¡. H$mì` _| A{^ì §OZm hoVw eãX gmYZm Ano{jV

h¡, {H$ÝVw Jr{VH$mì` _| eãX gmYZm Ho$ gmW-gmW ñda gmYZm r A{Zdm © h¡& g§JrV _| Ho$dc Amamoh-

Adamoh Ho$ Ûmam mdmZw y{V H$amB© Om gH$Vr h¡, {H$ÝVw Jr{V H$mì` _| g§JrV Ho$ ñda-_mYw © Ho$ gmW-

gmW AW©-Jmmå^r © H$m r g§Vw{cV g_Ýd` Ano{jV h¡& ŠV H${d`m| Ho$ CÒma ñda-gmYZm H$m g§J_

nmH$a CËH¥$îQ> Jr{VH$mì` ~Z J o. Ohm± emñÌr` g§JrV H$mo Jr{VH$mì` H$m AmYma ~Zm`m OmVm h¡, dhm±

^mdm| Am¡a H$mcm| Ho$ AZwén hr amJm| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go Vwcgr Zo hr am_OÝ_moËgd H$m dU©Z

Agmdar Am¡a O¡Vlr _|, ê$n dU©Z H$mÝham Am¡a Ho$Xma _|, pŠV Ed§ H$éUm H$mo gmoaR>m _|, {dah doXZm

H$mo {dcmdc Am¡a YZmlr amJm| _| ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

24


{hÝXr _| Jr{V H$mì` Am¡a àJrV H$mì` EH$ hr AW© _| à wŠV hmoVo h¡, {H$ÝVw g§JrVmË_H$Vm Ho$ AmYma

na S>m°. Amem {H$emoa XmoZm| H$mo {^ÝZ _mZVr h¡, CZH$m _V h¡ - " Jr{VH$mì` _| emñÌr` g§JrV H$m

AmYma hmoVm h¡& àJrV H$m g§§mJr{VH$ AmYma eãXm| H$s moOZm na {Z ©a hmoVm h¡. Jr{VH$mì` _| AmÝV[aH$

g§JrV Ho$ gmW hr emñÌr` àUmcr na amJ-amJ{Z`m| H$m g§ moOZ hmoVm h¡& JrVH$mì` àJrVmË_H$ hmoVm

h¡, na g^r àJrV Jr{VH$mì` Zht h¡. Jr{VH$mì` H$s à^{dîUwVm g§JrV Ho$ H$maU Zht, g§JrVmË_H$

A{^ì §OZm Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¡& CZHo$ Bg _V _| AÝV©{damoY gm àVrV hmoVm h¡& EH$ dmŠ` _| do H$hVr

h¡ {H$- Jr{VH$mì` _| AmÝV[aH$ g§JrV Ho$ gmW hr emñÌr` àUmcr na amJ-amJ{Z`m| H$m g§ moOZ hmoVm

h¡ Am¡a Xÿgao dmŠ` _| do H$hVr h¢ {H$ Jr{VH$mì` H$s à^{dîUwVm g§JrV Ho$ H$maU Zht& Š`m XmoZm| dmŠ`m|

_| A{^ì`pŠV {dMma EH$ hr h¡? CZH$m _V r nyU©V: JrV d àJrV _| oX ñWm{nV Zht H$aVm. CZHo$

AZwgma Vmo _hmXodr Ho$ mdZmË_H$ JrV àJrV h¡ Am¡a {Zamcm H$s Jr{VH$m Ho$ emñÌr` g§JrV~Õ JrV

Jr{VH$mì` h¢, {H$ÝVw Eogm Zht h¡. dñVwV: Jr{VH$mì` _| ñdV: ñ\y$V© Jo Vm hmoVr h¡, emñÌr`

g§JrVrË_H$Vm A{Zdm © Zht, hmo Vmo r dÁ © Zht. ñda-{dYmZ go Jo Vm ñdV: hr CËnÝZ hmo OmVr h¡.

3. ^mdmpÝd{V : Jr{VH$mì` ^md H$s àdoJnyU© pñW{V H$m n[aUm_ h¡& Cg_| _§WaVm Zht

CèVoOZm hmoVr h¡& AVEd JrVm| _o EH$ hr md AnZr nyU© _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmW A{^ì`pŠV nmVm h¡& àm`:

_yc ^md àW_ n§pŠV _| hr Ho$pÝÐV hmoVm h¡, eof JrV _| Cgr H$m n„dZ {H$`m OmVm h¡. ^md H$s

EH${Zð>Vm, Ho$ÝÐr`Vm VWm g§Vw{cV gr_m Cgo Vra H$s m±{V VrIm ~Zm XoVr h¡& Bg{cE Jr{VH$mì` _|

H$WmË_H$Vm Ed§ B{Vd¥V Ho$ {cE AdH$me Zht h¡& à~ÝY H$mì`m| _| r Jr{V H$m à`moJ Cgr g_` hmoVm

h¡, O~ {H$gr nmÌ H$m H$moB© md AnZr Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU CÛo{cV hmoH$a ñdac` _| A{^ì`ŠV hmo CR>Vm

h¡& md H$s EH$mpÝd{V go Jr{VH$mì` _| _m{_©H$Vm Am¡a à^md H$s AMyH$Vm AmVr h¡& Wm _hmXodr H$s

Bg JrV n§pŠV _| AmË_-{dídmg, X¥T>Vm Am¡a A_a Am§H$mjm H$s A{^ì`pŠV hþB© h¡-

""n§W hmoZo Xmo An[a{MV àmU ahZo Xmo AHo$cm

Am¡a hm|J| MaU hmao

AÝ` h¢ Omo cm¡Q>Vo Xoe eyc H$mo g§H$ën gmao

X¥T> d«Vr {Z_m©U CÝ_X, `h A_aVm ZmnVo nX&

~m±Y X|J| A§H$ g§g¥{V go {V{_a _| ñdU©-~ocm&''

25


4. AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm : Jr{VH$mì` ^mdmdoJ H$s ñdm^m{dH$ n[a{U{V h¡& dh öX` go

{ZH$cH$a öX` H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& AVEd {MÝVZ, _ZZ, M[aÌ-{MÌU, B{Vd¥V Ed§ {gÕmÝV

{ZénU Ho$ {cE Cg_| ñWmZ Zht h¡& Cg_| mdZm H$m A{dac àdma Ano{jV h¡& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ H$m {dMma

h¡ {H$- "O~ H$^r AmË_m md H$s A{¾ go {nKc H$a ~hZo H$mo hþB© h¡, CgHo$ Vmn go dmUr r Ðdr yV

hmo JB© h¡ Am¡a ^md Zo JrV H$m ê$n YmaU H$a {c`m h¡& AVEd O~-O~ h_mao OrdZ _| ^mdZm H$m

àmYmÝ` hþAm h¡, O~-O~ h_mam OrdZ Xe©Z A{YH$ ì`pŠVnaH$ m mdnaH$ hþAm h¡, H$mì` _o Jr{V

H$m _hËd ~T> J`m h¡& JrV _| AZw y{V gånÝZ Vrd« ^md ~moY H$s _wŠV A{^ì`pŠV {Z{hV h¡&

öX` H$s VacV_ A{^ì`pŠV hmoVo hþE r Jr{VH$mì` ~w{Õ Am¡a H$ënZm go nyU©V`m a{hV r

Zht h¡& Vrd« AZw y{V A{^ì`pŠV nmH$a JrV Ho$ ê$n _| \y$Q> Adí` nS>Vr h¡, {H$ÝVw ~w{Õ Cgo g§Vw{cV

Am¡a gw{ZpíMV ê$n XoVr h¡ Am¡a H$ënZm Cg_| a§J aVr h¡& ‘yb-^mdZm H$mo d¡{dÜ` go gOmZo H$m H$m ©

H$ënZm hr H$aVr h¡, {H$ÝVw ~w{Õ Am¡a H$ënZm H$m H$m_ BVZm Jm¡U hmoVm h¡ {H$ md-Ymam _| {N>n OmVm

h¡& `Wm:-

""àmU _¢ hÿ± Xoh Ho$dc, Vw_ Bgr H$s gm±g hmo&

Xÿa hmo {OVZr ~gr, CVZr öX` Ho$ nmg hmo&

T>mo ahm hÿ± ^ma gm ~o~g {~agVm H$mo g§OmoE

«mÝV _Z Am¡ ŠbmÝV VZ co empÝV Ho$ g~ gmO ImoE

_¢ `hm± hÿ± eyÝ` O¡gm Xÿa O~ CÀN‰>mg hmo&''

e§I Am¡a drUm, n¥ð>-76

5. g§{jáVm : mdmpÝd{V, à^md H$s Vrd«Vm, Jo Vm Ed§ gåàofU Ho$ {cE JrV H$s g§{jáVm

dm§N>Zr` h¡. g§{jáVm go JrV _| {Z{hV AZw y{V AIÊS> Ed§ à^mdnyU© ahVr h¡& dh lmoVm `m nmR>H$

Ho$ öX` na Ëd[aV VWm grYm à^md S>mcVr h¡& {dñVma go AZw y{V H$s AIÊS>Vm _| ì`mKmV CnpñWV

hmo OmVm h¡ VWm mdZm Ho$ {dl¥§Ic hmoZo, AmdoJ Ho$ jrU hmoZo Ed§ Jo Vm _| {e{WcVm AmZo H$s Am§eH$m

hmo OmVr h¡ AV: g§{jáVm Ano{jV h¡& JrV H$m gå~ÝY ñda go Amamoh-Adamoh H$s gwe{_V J{V

A{YH$ Xoa VH$ ~Zr ah gH$Vr h¡& ag H$s Ymam r g§{jáVm _| hr doJdVr hmoVr h¡& Bgr go dU©ZmË_H$

cå~o JrV Jm o Zht Om gH$Vo&

26


6. ^mdmZwHy$c ^mfm : Jr{VH$mì` H$m gå~ÝY ñda-gmYZm go hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^mfm _| ^r

^mdmZwHy$cVm Ed§ _mX©d Ano{jV h¡& öX` H$s H$mo_cV_ d¥pèV`m| go gå~ÝY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^mfm _|

_mYw © Am¡a cm{cË` hmoZm dm§N>Zr` h¡& Jr{VH$mì` _| r mdm| H$m O¡gm Vac àdmh hmoVm h¡, Cgr Ho$

AZwê$n mfm r gag, J{V_Vr Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ hmoZr Mm{hE& eãX-_¡Ìr, {MÌmË_H$Vm, cmj{UH$Vm

Ed§ ì §½`mË_H$Vm Ûmam mfm _o § mdmZwHy$cVm H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡& Jr{VH$mì` H$s mfm r md Ho$ g_mZ

ñdV:ñ\y$V© hmoVr h¡, ^md Ho$ nrN>o ^mfm AnZo Amn àdh_mZ X¥pîQ>JV hmoVr h¡& n§V Or Ho$ Bg JrV _|

g§JrV_` íeãXm|, gmW©H$ {deofUm| Am¡a Üd{Z_ycH$ nXmo§ Ho$ à`moJ go àmV:H$mcrZ gm¡ÝX © _wI[aV hmo

CR>m h¡-

""AéUmoX` Zd, cmoH$moX` Zd&

aOV Pm§P go ~OVo Vé nc,

ñd{U©_ {ZP©a PaVo H$c-H$c,

_g¥U Vwåhmao nJ-nm`c,

`h y OrdZ emo m H$m CËgd&''

apí_~§Y, n¥ð> - 75

{ZîH$f©V: h_ Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {ZYm©aU Bg àH$ma H$a gH$Vo h¢- H${d H$s gámZw y{V

go C{ÐŠV Vrd« md g§ {_V Ed§ g§_{OV hmoH$a öX`V§Ìr Ho$ Vmam| H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVm hþAm g§JrV H$s _Yw

char _| c{cV nXmdcr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go A{^ì`ŠV hmoH$a H$mì` H$m ñdê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡& _Z go g§ wŠV

hmoZo Ho$ H$maU JrV gm¡ÝX © ~moY H$m {MÌU Vrd« hmoVm h¡& AnZr ñdÀN>ÝX Ed§ cKw àH¥${V Ho$ H$maU JrV

AmH$ma _| cKw hmoVo h¡& JrV H$s aMZm nÕ{V ^mfm {eën Ho$ AZwHy$c dmVmdaU go g§ wŠV ahVr h¡&

1.10 JrV H$m wJmZwê$n {dH$mg :

JrV H$s Bg AZÝV epŠV Ho$ H$maU O~ r gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm AZw d H$s

OmVr h¡, _mZdr` MoVZm H$mo {dZmeH$mar {Xem go {daV H$a H$ë`mUH$mar {Xem _| _moS>Zo H$m à`ËZ hmoVm

h¡ V~ JrV H$m ñdê$n ZB© H$adQ> ~XcVm h¡& g_mO H$m H$m`mH$ën H$aZo Am¡a Cgo ZB© {Xem XoZo Ho$ {cE

JrV H$mo Z`r md y{_, Z o Am`m_, Am¡a hm± VH$ {H$ Z`r e¡pënH$ gwÝXaVm VH$ Xr OmVr h¡& Bg àH$ma

_mZd g_mO H$s aMZm Y_u {dH$mg-`mÌm _| CgHo$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{hpË`H$ {dH$mg

27


H$s mÌm r gVV² Omar ahVr h¡& \$cV: d¡{XH$ JrV go g§ñH¥$V Ho$ cm¡{H$H$ JrV- nm{c An «§e Am{X

Ho$ JrV- ^pŠVH$mcrZ JrV- ar{VH$mcrZ JrV- {ÛdoXr wJrZ JrV- N>m`mdmXr JrV Am¡a

ñdmVÝÌ`moËVar JrV H$m ñdê$n n`m©á {^ÝZ h¢; {H$ÝVw {\$a ^r JrV Ho$ _yc VËd AmË_m{^ì`pŠV,

g§{j{á, g§JrV Am{X gd©Ì: g_mZ ê$n go g_wnpñWV h¡& gma h h¡ {H$ Jr{VH$ma H$s cmoH$_§JcH$mar

aMZm-MoVZm O~ ^r gm_m{OH$ {df_VmAm| Am¡a {dH¥$V ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ {damoY _| OZ{hV gmYZ Ho$

_§Jc {dYmZ Ho$ {cE ñda ~wcÝX H$aVr h¢ V~ dh OZ mdm| Ho$ gå`H²$ AmÝXmocZ- CÛocZ Ho$ {cE JrV

H$m nwZg©ªñH$ma H$aVr h¡, Cgo wJmon`moJr ~ZmVr h¡& JrV H$m Aml` {c o {~Zm _mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$m Z`m

ñn§XZ àXmZ H$aZm AË`ÝV H${R>Z hmoVm h¡& AV: JrV Zdg¥OZ H$m nwaíMaU hmoVm h¡&

nÚ gm{hË` H$m JrV_` Xrn AnZr g_w‚mdc à^m go AÝVíMoVZm H$mo {Z_©c Am¡a {Z «m©ÝV

~ZmVm h¡& gË` Ho$ A{^kmZ H$s epŠV XoVm h¡ VWm g§Kf© Ho$ {cE D$Om© àXmZ H$aVm h¡& h H$hZm JcV

hmoJm {H$ ñdmVÝÌ`moËVa nÚ gm{hË` _| à^mdnyU© Jr{VH$mì` H$m {ZVmÝV A^md h¡ {H$ÝVw BVZm Adí`

h¡ {H$ gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| amOZr{V Ûmam fS>`ÝÌ nyd©H$ ñWm{nV nmo{fV {e{dam| Zo gËVm g_{W©V àMma

_mÜ`_m| Ho$ ~c na CŠV Jr{VH$mì` H$mo d¡go hr T>H$ {X`m J`m h¡ O¡go {H$ Hw$hmgm gy © H$mo T>H$ coVm h¡&

{ZíM` hr Hw$hmgo H$s gKZ nVm} _| {N>nm gy © epŠV gånÝZ hmoZo na ^r AnZr D$î_m Am¡a àH$me go

OZOrdZ H$mo cm^mpÝdV Zht H$a nmVm; dh CnpñWV ahVm h¡ na OZOrdZ erV go {R>Rw>aZo H$mo {dde

hmo OmVm h¡& hr pñW{V nmíMmË` gm{hË`mZwH$aU ào[aV {d{dY H$mì`mÝXmocZm| Ho$ A{dMm[aV AmH«$_Um|

go g§ÌñV ñdmVÝÌ`moËVa Jr{VH$mì` H$s ahr h¡& CgHo$ CnpñWV Am¡a OrdÝV ahVo hþE ^r CgHo$ _aU

H$s KmofUmE± H$s JB© VWm Cgo g_rjm joÌ _| hm{eE na aIm J`m& \$cV: gm{hË` H$s cmoH$_§JcH$mar

y{_H$m ~m{YV hþB©&

O¡go gy © A{YH$ g_` VH$ ~mXcm| Ho$ nrN>o Zht ahVm Am¡a T>H$s hþB© A{¾ AnZo g_ñV AmdaU

^ñ_ H$a àH$Q> hmo OmVr h¡ R>rH$ d¡go hr ñdmVÝÌ`moËVa wJrZ nÚ gm{hË` H$s Jr{V A{^ì`pŠV r Z`r

epŠV coH$a gm{hË` Ho$ àm§JU _| nwZ: àH$Q> hþB© h¡ Am¡a àgÝZVm H$s ~mV h h¡ {H$ JrV Ho$ _aU H$s

KmofUm H$aZo dmco r A~ CgH$s epŠV- gËVm H$mo ñdrH$ma aho h¡& dmZràgmX {_l, am_oída ewŠb

A§Mc, ZaoÝÐ e_m©, h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ, am_mdVma Ë`mJr, Hw$d±a ~¡MoZ Am{X Ag§»` JrVH$mam| H$m

H¥${VËd gm_Zo Am`m h¡ Am¡a S>m°. gwaoe Jm¡V_, S>m°. am_gZohrcmc e_m© "`m`mda' Am{X JrVg_rjH$m|

Zo JrV H$s gËVm H$mo gm{hË` _| nwZ: à{V{ð>V {H$`m h¡& JrV H$s Bg nwZ: à{Vð>m H$m dmñV{dH$ AmYma

28


CgH$s cmoH$_§JcH$mar aMZm MoVZm Am¡a à^mdmoËnm{XZr epŠV h¡& Bg {dH$mg-`mÌm _| {OZ Jr{VH$mam|

Zo à{VHy$c n[adoe Ho$ AmKmV-à{VKmV ghH$a r JrV`mÌm H$mo A{dam_ J{V Xr h¡, do g~ gmYwdmX

Ho$ nmÌ h¡, Š`m|{H$ CÝht H$s {Zñn¥h EH$mÝV H$mì` gmYZm H$m gw\$c dV©_mZ Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ {damQ>-d¡ d

_| àË`j h¡&

Z`r H${dVm H$s AYmo_wIr Ymam Ho$ AH${dVm O¡go ßbmdZ àdmh _| {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ dmñV{dH$

VËdm| H$mo gwa{jV aIZo Ed§ gd§{Õ©V H$aZo _| {OZ EH$mÝV gmYH$m| Zo AnZm OrdZ g_{n©V {H$`m h¡ CZ_|

lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m _hèËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& CÝhm|Z| AnZr nm±M XeH$m| H$s `mÌm _| à`ËZnyd©H$ {hÝXr

Jr{VH$mì` H$mo g§a{jV Ed§ gd§{Õ©V {H$`m h¡&

1.11 Cng§hma …

àmg§{JH$Vm Am¡a g¥OZercVm, à{V~ÕVm Am¡a AOZ~rnZ, OmXþB© Am¡a H«$mpÝVH$mar, `WmW©

Am¡a A`WmW©, VmËH$m{cH$ Am¡a {_WH$s`, gnmQ> Am¡a H$mì`mË_H$ Ho$ VZmd _| AmO Ho$ JrV h_mao g_`

H$m _m{_©H$ gmú` ~Z MwH$s h¡& CgHo$ AZw d g§gma Am¡a ñWmnË` H$m gm_Zm h_| AmO H$s O{Q>c

pñW{V`m| H|$ à{V OmJê$H$ ~Zm gH$Vm h¡& gm{hË` H$s y{_H$m EH$ AW© _| gm{hË` VH$ gr{_V h¡ Am¡a

Xÿgao AW© _| Cgr H$s j_Vm Ho$ AmYma na CgH$m A{VH«$_U h¡&

AZwH$aU Am¡a AZw d _| \$H©$ H$aZo H$s _m±J g_H$mcrZ H$mì` h_go H$aVm h¡& `h {Z{d©dmX

h¡ {H$ dñVwAm| go AmO H$s JrV {dYm _| ì`ŠV Am¡a Aì`ŠV Omo Q>H$amhQ> n¡Xm hþB© h¡, dh aMZmË_H$

g_P Am¡a ^mfm H$m EH$ {~ëHw$c Z`m AZw d h¡& `h {g\©$ Hw$ecVm Ho$ H$maU Zht-gd|XZmË_H$

{eamAm| na EH$ Z o X~md Ho$ H$maU ^r h¡&

àñVwV AÜ`m` _| gm{hË` Ho$ AW© Ed§ ñdê$n H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE gËgm{hË` H$mo n[a^m{fV

{H$`m J`m h¡& gmW hr gm{hË` g_mO H$m Xn©U h¡ Bg VÏ` H$mo gmW©H$Vm àXmZ H$aVo hþE g_mO Ed§

gm{hË` Ho$ nmañn[aH$ gå~ÝY H$mo ñnîQ> H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& gm{hË` g_mO H$s MoVZm _| gm±g

coVm h¡& dh g_mO H$m n[aYmZ h¡, Omo OZVm Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ gwI-XþI, hf©-{dfmX, AmH$f©U-{dH$f©U

Ho$ VmZo-~mZo go ~wZm OmVm h¡& Cg_| {demc _mZd Om{V H$s AmË_m H$m ñnÝXZ hmoVm h¡& dh OrdZ H$s

ì`m»`m H$aVo hþE Cgo OrdZXm`r epŠV àXmZ H$aVm h¡& gm{hË` _mZd H$s AZw y{V`m|, mdZmAm| Am¡a

H$cmAm| H$m gmH$ma ê$n h¡&

29


gm{hË` g¥OZH$Vm© gm{hË`H$ma H$s à^mdr y{_H$m H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {d^mOZ, JÚ H$s Anojm nÚ Ho$ d¡{eîQ²>`, H${dVm Ho$ CX² d Ho$ gmW hr Jr{V H$mì`

Ho$ ñdê$n, CËn{V Ed§ {dH$mg H$mo ì`m»`m{`V H$aVo hþE CgH$s n[a^mfm Ed§ {deofVmAm| H$mo {dñVma

go d{U©V {H$`m J`m h¡&

q q q

30


l AÜ¶m¶ - 2 l

N>m¶mdmXmoÎma {hÝXr JrVm| ‘| g‘H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moU

2.1 àñVmdZm :

dñVwV: JrV Zo AnZo ñdñW X¥¥pîQ>H$moU Ho$ ~c~yVo na Oh±m EH$ Amoa ê${T>`m| H$m {damoY {H$`m

h¡, dht Xÿgar Amoa naånam Ho$ {dH$mg _| `moJXmZ XoH$a AmYw{ZH$ wJ MoVZm Ho$ AZoH$ {~ÝXþAm| H$mo

g_W©Vm go CHo$am h¡& {H$ÝVw md H$s _hËVm hm± gdm}n[a ahr h¢& Bgr Ho$ n[adoe _| {df` Am¡a {eën

H$mo {ZpíMV gm±M| _| Z T>mcH$a VmOo Am¡a _wŠV dmVmdaU _| g§ wŠV H$aVo hþE JrV Zo ZdJrV H$s g§km

J«hU H$s& Ú{n ZdJrV Zm_ Z¶r H${dVm H$s VO© na hr aIm J`m Wm, na AnZr {d{eîQ> àH¥${V Ho$

H$maU dh {ZaÝVa gånÝZ hmoH$a ñWm{nV hmoVm Mcm J`m& Bg{cE dmZràgmX {_l H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZm

nS>m {H$ Z`r H${dVm H$s Anojm ZdJrV H$m joÌ A{YH$ gånÝZ h¢& H${dVm go JrV H$s EH$mË_H$Vm Ed§

CgH$s gm_Ï © H$mo ì §{OV H$aVo hþE lr {dÚm{Zdmg {_l {cIVo h¡ {H$ -Ohm± VH$ AmYw{ZH$ ~moY, àË`J«

Am¡a Jhao AZw d, A{^ì`pŠV H$s Ag§{XJYVm Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ gån¥ŠVVm H$m àíZ h¡, {hÝXr Jr{VH$mì`

ZB© H${dVm H$s BZ V_m_ CncpãY`m| go H¥$VH¥$Ë` {gÕ hþAm h¡ Am¡a Bg àH$ma ZB© H${dVm Am¡a {hÝXr

H$m BYa H$m g_W© Jr{VH$mì` g_mZmÝVa Zht, EH$ h¡& ZB© H${dVm EH$ gm_mÝ` g§km h¢, JrV CgH$m EH$

{deof àH$ma&

1. Zd JrV : dñVwV: Zd wJ H$s àd¥{V`m| H$mo Amd¥V H$aZm JrV H$s Zì`V_² CncpãY h¡&

AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ n[adoe _| AnZr {ZOVm H$mo _wIa H$a JrV Zo ZdJrV H$m ê$n J«hU {H$`m& Ú{n Zd

H$m {deofU J«hU H$aZm JrV Ho$ {cE Amdí`H$ Zht Wm- Š`m|{H$ JrV H$s àd¥{V hr ZdVm go gå~Õ

h¡, VWm{n O~ gm{hË` H$s AZoH$ {dYmE± {deofV: H${dVm AZooH$mZoH$ AmÝXmocZm| go à^m{dV hmoH$a

AZoH$ àH$ma H$s ê$n §{J_m Am¡a Zm_ J«hU H$a ahr Wr, V~ {X JrV Zo ñd§ H$mo ZdJrV ~Zm {c`m,Vmo

Š`m JcV {H$`m? AñVw EH$ Amoa Oh±m JrV AnZr naånam H$m nmcZ {Zð>m go H$a ahm h¡, dht

àJ{VercVm _| dh {H$gr go nrN>o Zht h¡& CgH$s J{V ha wJ Ho$ g_mZmÝVa ahr h¡& ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$s

amJmmË_H$ A{^ì §OZm H$a CgZo AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ ñn§XZ H$mo _wIa {H$`m h¡, Z o g§ñH$mam| H$mo J«hU

H$aVr hþB© ZB© OrdZ nÕ{V H$mo AnZo go OmoS>m h¡ Am¡a Z o à`moJm| H$s MoVZm go g§ wŠV hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$

31


OrdZ ~moY H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo _| AnZr y{_H$m {Z~mhr h¡& Bg VÏ` Ho$ g_W©Z _| hm± Hw$N> _V XoZm Ag§JV

Zht hmoJm&

S>m°. ZÝXHw$_ma am` Zo {cIm h¡ {H$- ""Z`m JrV AmYw{ZH$ md ~moY H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aVm

h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h ZdrZ gm_m{OH$ MoVZm H$m ghO n[aUm_ h¡&''

lr ec^ am_qgh Ho$ _V go - AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s V_m_ {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a Hw$ê$nVmAm| Ho$

~rM Z o Am¡a ñdm^m{dH$ OrdZ gå~ÝYm| H$s ImoO Z o JrV H$s EH$ ~hþV hr ~S>r CncpãY h¢&

Bgr H«$_ _| nm±M OmoS> ~m±gwar H$s y{_H$m _| lr MÝÐXod qgh Zo ZdJrV H$s {d{eîQ>Vm VWm

ì`mnH$Vm {Zê${nV H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡ {H$ AmO H$m JrV Z Vmo cmoH$ OrdZ go {d_wI h¡, Z ZmJ[aH$ OrdZ

go Cno{jV, Z Vmo amîQ´> H$s m¡Jmo{cH$ gr_m _| dh ~Õ h¡, Am¡a Z AÝVam©îQ´>r` pñW{V`m| go VQ>ñW& Z`m

JrVH$ma AnZo n[adoe VWm ApñVËd Ho$ à{V ì`mnH$ ê$n go gOJ d gVH©$ h¢& n[adoe Am¡a wJ OrdZ

Ho$ à{V CgH$s `hr gOJVm CgHo$ ñda H$s ZdrZVm Ho$ {cE CËVaXm`r h¡&

ZdJrV Zo n[ad{V©V {Xem go nhMmZ H$aVo hþE à`moJm| Ho$ Z o ñda H$mo ñne© {H$`m h¢, {H$ÝVw

AnZr O_rZ Zht N>moS>r h¢& à`moJm| Ho$ AË`{YH$ AmJ«h Ho$ H$maU ZB© H${dVm H$ht-H$ht hmñ`mñnX m

{dH¥${V H$s AdñWm VH$ nhþ±M JB© h¡, {H$ÝVw ZdJrV ghO àmH¥$V ê$n _| ~Zo aho h¢& BgH$m H$maU hr

h¡ {H$ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$m AmJ«h ZB© H${dVm _| A{V H$s gr_m H$mo nma H$a J`m h¢, O~{H$ ZdJrV Zo Cg

~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$mo ^mdZm go gå~Õ H$a EH$ g§VwcZ ~Zm o aIm h¡& Bg{cE ZdJrV AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe _|

^r öX` Ho$ {ZH$Q> _hgyg hmoVo h¢, O~{H$ ZB© H${dVm ghO AW©-ì §OZm go Xÿa ahH$a àm`: {X_mJr

H$gaV H$amVr h¢&

dñVwV: ZdJrV Zo {Og gm¡ÝX © ~moY H$mo ImoOm h¡, Cg_| ncm`Z, {dH¥${V Ed§ AícrcVm Zht

h¡ ~pëH$ EH$ ñdñW AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡- Omo gm_m{OH$ g§MoVZm H$mo nyar g§OrXJr go J«hU H$aVr h¢ Am¡a

{dMma VWm ^md ì §OZm Ho$ Z o à`moJm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gQ>rH$ ê$n _| A{^ì`pŠV H$aVr h¢& amJmË_H$

g§ñne©, ZdrZ OrdZ _yë` Am¡a md-~moY, {eën H$s _m¡{cH$Vm Am¡a AnZr gZmVZ VmOJr Ho$ gmW

ZdJrV AnZo Xm{`Ëdm| H$m ~Iy~r {Zdm©h H$a ahm h¡&

ZdJrV Ho$ àñWmZ {~ÝXþ go coH$a AÚmd{Y Cgo CËH$f© XoZo dmcm| _| e§ wZmWqgh, Ho$XmaZmWqgh,

Y_©dra ^maVr, _mhoída {Vdmar, R>mHw$a àgmX qgh, draoÝÐ{_l, gmo_ R>mHw$a, C_mH$mÝV _mcdr`,

~mcñdê$n amhr, Amo_ à^mH$a, Hw±$da ZmamÙ, am_Xag {_l, a_mZmW AdñWr, ZB©_, MÝÐgoZ {damQ>,

32


AZyn, Aàeof Am{X à_wI JrVH$ma _hËVdnyU© h¢& ZdJrV AnZo g_` H$s ghO _m±J h¢, `h EH$

MwZm¡¡Vr ^r h¡&

2.2 N>m`mdmXr {hÝXr JrVH$ma :

Bg H$mc _| àgmX, n§V, _hmXodr, {Zamcm, _mIZcmc MVwd}Xr Am{X H${d`m| Zo JrV aMZm

H$s& {Zamcm Zo ^md Am¡a A{^ì §OZm H$s ImoO H$s& CZHo$ JrVm| _| eãX, ZmX Am¡a gm¡ÝX © VrZm| H$m

AX² wV g_Ýd` h¡& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| gË`_², {ed_² Am¡a gwÝXa_² Ho$ md {_cVo h¡& nÝV A{^ì §OZm

H$s epŠV Am¡a gm¡ÝX © {deofH$a àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX © Ho$ ào_r aho& nÝV Zo {deofV: gm¡ÝX © H$m hr JmZ {H$`m&

_hmXodr Zo gË`mYm[aV H$ê$U ag H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a àJrV Ho$ joÌ _| gdm©{YH$ H$m © {H$`m& àgmX

B{Vhmg Am¡a H$ënZm H$m g_Ýd` H$a ZmX {eënr Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hþE h¡&

2.3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _| N>m`mdmXmoËVaH$mc VH$ JrV H$s {dH$mg `mÌm :

A) AmYw{ZH$ H$mc : O`Xod Am¡a {dÚmn{V go l¥§Jm[aV {hÝXr H$s JrV naånam pŠVH$mc

_| gya, _ram, Vwcgr, Am¡a H$~ra Am{X go {df` d¡{dÜ` nm H$a \$cVr ahr Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H$mc _|

{dH$mg Ho$ A{YH$m{YH$ Adga ghoO H$a erf© ~Z H$a ah JB©& maVoÝXþ wJ, {ÛdoXr wJ, N>m`mdmX,

àJ{VdmX VWm BgHo$ g_mZmÝVa McVr ñdÀN>ÝX àJ{Verc Ymam Ho$ AÝV©JV _¡{WcreaU Jwá,

{Zamcm, _hmXodr, {XZH$a, ~ƒZ, A§Mc, gw_Z, ZaoÝÐ íe_m©, ZraO Am{X Zo JrV H$mo AZoH$mZoH$

Am yfUm| go Ac§H¥$V {H$`m Am¡a l¥§Jmma VH$ gr{_V CgH$s P§H$ma g_` VWm n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma ZB©

MoVZm H$mo Amd¥V H$aVr {ZV Z o Zd ê$n _| Z o amJ go wŠV hmoVr h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ H$mc H$m {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ {dH$mg _| {deof _hËd h¡& ì`pŠV ñdm§VÌ`, AVrV Jm¡ad

Ho$ à{V AmñWm VWm amîQ´>r` MoVZm A{YH$ ahr h¡& \$cV: OZOmJaU H$m h H$mc {hÝXr Jr{VH$mì`

Ho$ àgma Ho$ {cE A{YH$ Cn wŠV h¡& maVoÝXþ Zo EH$ Amoa {dÚmn{V, MÊS>rXmg, gya, Vwcgr H$s naånam

_| amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ Amcå~Z coH$a ~«O^mfm _| pŠVnyU© ñ\w$Q> nX {cIo h¡, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa amîQ´>r`naH$

H${dVmAm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& Bg wJ Ho$ coIH$m| Zo JÚ coIZ O¡go _hËdnyU© H$mì` H$m ew maå^ {H$`m&

Bg H$mc _| amîQ´>r`JrV naånam lrYa nmR>H$ Zo àmaå^ H$s&

~) {ÛdoXr wJ : `h Xoe ào_, Zr{VnaH$, AmMmaercVm, B{Vd¥VmË_H$Vm Am¡a ^mfm Ho$

n[aîH$ma H$m wJ ahm h¡& Bg wJ H$s H${dVm, g_mO godm, nwamVZ ào_, g_mO gwYma O¡gr pñW{V`m| go

33


nyU© ahm h¡& ZmWyam_ Am¡a e§H$a e_m© H$s n§M nwH$ma, J`mà`mX ewŠb gZohr Ho$ A§{hgm g§J«m_,

_¡{WcreaU Jwá Ho$ gwH${d H$sV©Z, am_M[aV CnmÜ`m` Ho$ H$Ýh¡ m, _mYd íewŠb VWm _wHw$Q> {~hmar

nmÊSo>` H$s ñ’w$Q> H${dVmE± BgHo$ CXmhaU h¡& {H$ÝVw Bg wJ _| {df` H$s EH$ê$nVm, A{^ì`pŠV H$s

ñWycVm, dU©ZmË_H$Vm Am¡a mfm H$s ê$jVm Ho$ H$maU Bg_| mdàdUVm H$s H$_r ahr h¢ Bg{cE BÝh|

nÚ {Z~ÝY H$hm OmVm h¡&

g) N>m`mdmXr H$mc : H$cm H$s X¥pîQ> go {dMma H$aZo na N>m`mdmXr H$mì` H$s {deofVm

{MÌ_ycH$ Üd{ZnyU© mfm, ñdN>ÝX N>ÝX moOZm, cjUm _ycH$ mfm, gwHw$_ma H$ënZm, _yV© H$m A_yV©

Am¡a A_yV© H$m _yV© {dYmZ, {deofU {dn © , g_mgmopŠV Am¡a AWm©ÝVa Ý`mg H$s e¡cr Am{X h¡&

`h H$mc {ÛdoXr wJrZ {dH$mg H$s H$S>r Z hmoH$a VËH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ à^mdm| go CËnÝZ EH$

AcJ H$mì` g§ñH$ma h¡& d¡ pŠVH$Vm, AmË_crZVm, ahñ`dmX, Ho$ gmW-gmW ñnîQ> gm_m{OH$Vm Am¡a

_mZddmX Ho$ Xe©Z N>m`mdmXr H${dVm _| hmoVo h¡& N>m`mdmX ncm`Z H$m dmX Zht h¡, ~pëH$ Z¡g{J©H$ OrdZ

H$s Am§H$mjm H$mo OrVm h¡& BgH$s Jr{Víe¡cr na EH$ Amoa cmdZr, H$Ocr, XmXam, drahm O¡go cmoH$JrVm|

H$m à^md h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa B§½c¡ÊS> Ho$ amo_m§g wJ H$s {c[aH$ e¡cr H$s N>mn h¡&

S>) N>m`mdmXmoËVa H$mc : {Zamcm Am¡a n§V O¡go H${d`m| Zo g§H«$_U H$mc _| r IwX H$mo g{H«$`

aIm& do ~XcVo g_` H$s _m±J H$mo nhMmZH$a Cgr amñVo McZo cJo& N>m`mdmXr e¡br H$mo AmJo VH$

{dH${gV H$aZo _| à_wI ê$n go OmZH$s d„^ emñÌr, {dÚmdVr H$mo{H$c, gw{_ÌmHw$_mar {gÝhm, Jmonmc

qgh Zonmcr Am{X h¢&

AmcmoMH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$m {eën npíM_r à^md go wŠV Wm& 1936

Ho$ ~mX N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ amo_mZr Voda cwá hmo JE Am¡a àJ{Verc coIH$ g§K H$s ñWmnZm hþB©&

àJ{Verc MoVZm OrdZ Ho$ WmW© go OwS>r; na Yrao-Yrao àJ{Verc MoVZm Aa{dÝX Xe©Z Ho$ à^md Ed§

^pŠVdmXr X¥pîQ>H$moU Am¡a N>m`mdmXr cmj{UH$Vm go D$~Zo cJr& do H$cm Am¡a gm{hË` H$mo nwamZo gm±M|

go {ZH$mcH$a Z o ê$n _| T>mcZm MmhVo Wo&

2.4 N>m`mdmXr {hÝXr JrVm| H$s {d{eîQ>VmE± :

1. d¡ pŠVH$Vm

2. àH¥${V gm¡ÝX © Am¡a ào_ H$s ì §OZm

34


3. l¥§Jmm[aH$Vm

4. ahñ`mZw y{V

5. doXZm Am¡a H$ê$Um H$s {dd¥{V

6. _mZdVmdmXr X¥pîQ>H$moU

7. Zmar Ho$ à{V ZdrZ X¥pîQ>H$moU

8. ñdÀN>§XVmdmX

9. Xoe ào_ Ed§ amîQ´>r` ^mdZm

10. àVrH$mË_H$Vm

11. {MÌmË_H$ mfm Am¡a cmj{UH$ nXmdcr

12. Jo`Vm

13. A§cH$ma {dYmZ

14. pñZ½YVm Ed§ gagVm

{ZîH$f©V: ^mdm{^ì`pŠV, ^mfm H$s VacVm, gyú_Vm Am¡a A{^ì`pŠV j_Vm H$s V_m_

D$±MmB`m±, {dñVma, JhamB`m± ñne©H$a Am¡a CÝh| cm±KVo hþE N>m`mdmXr JrV {ZaÝVa AmJo ~T>Vo hþE

N>m`mdmXr gmoM {dMmam| Ho$ AmÝXmocZ, H$Ï` Am¡a {eën Ho$ AZoH$mZoH$ Am`m_m| Am¡a _mnXÊS>m| H$mo

ñWm{nV H$aVo Mco J o& Bg H$mc Ho$ JrVm| Zo g_` H$m ì`mnH$ H¡$Zdmg, ñWc Ho$ {d{eîQ> _H$m_ JrV

{dYm H$mo àXmZ {H$`m&

{df` {dñVma Ho$ ^` go `hm± BZ {deofVmAm| H$m {dñV¥V ê$n go {ddoMZ Zht {H$`m J`m h¡&

2.5 g_H$mcrZVm go VmËn © :

O¡ZoÝÐ Ho$_ma H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$-"" g_H$mcrZ gm{hË` dh h¡, Omo gm{hË` Z Ho$dc Cg wJ _o

nW-{ZX}e Ed§ nW àH$m{eV H$aVm h¡, O~ dh aMm J`m, A{nVw dh wJm|- wJm| VH$ VËg_² H$m ©{ZX}e

H$aVm aho, hr CgH$s CnmXo Vm h¡& H$moB© r aMZm AnZo aMZm H$mc go coH$a {MaH$mc VH$ àH$me H$m

ñÌmoV ~Zm aho, hr CgH$s g_H$mcrZVm hmoJr&'' BgHo$ {cE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ H${d cmoH$ H$mo gm_m{OH$,

amOZ¡{VH$ X¥pîQ> go OmJ¥V H$a EH$ g§Vw{cV g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$m _mJ©-{ZX}e H$ao&

g_gm_{`H$ {MÝVZ Ûmam n[adV©Zerc OrdZ, g_mO Ed§ àH¥${V Am¡a VXZwê$n g¥{OV gm{hË`

H$s D$Om©epŠV H$m OrdÝV òmoV h¡& aMZmH$ma cmoH$OrdZ go OwS>H$a hr g_mO gmnoj gm{hË` H$m àU`Z

35


H$a gH$Vm h¡& JrV _| cmoH$ MoVZm Am_ OZVm H$s njYa hmoH$a {dH${gV hmoVr h¡& h {dH$mg cmoH$

-OrdZ go cmoH$-MoVZm Am¡a cmoH$-MoVZm go cmoH$H$ë`mU Ed§ cmoH$OmJaU H$s {ZpíMV {Xem H$s Amoa

hmoVm h¡& aMZmH$ma H$mo cmoH$-MoVZm Ho$ {Zd©hZ Ho$ {cE g_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ amOZr{VH$, {dg§J{V`m|

go {ZñVma nmZo hoVw H${dVm _| cmoH$H$ë`mU H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$s Amdí`H$Vm ahVr h¡& Bg_| OZ{damoYr

^mdZmAm| H$mo AZmd¥ËV H$aZm, Am_ AmX_r Ho$ OrdZ H$s Ag§J{V`mo H$m {MÌU, ê${T>`m| Ed§ {ZaW©H$

_mÝ`VmAm| H$m IÊS>Z H$aVo hþE {dnjr gËVm Ûmam {H$ o Om aho AÝ`m` Ho$ {dê$Û cmoH$epŠV H$mo g§J{R>V

Ed§ OmJ¥V H$aZm H${d H$m Amdí`H$ H$_© ~Z J`m h¡& H${d cmoH$ H$mo gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ X¥pîQ> go OmJ¥V

H$a EH$ g§Vw{cV g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡&

2.6 AmYw{ZH$Vm ~Zm_ g_gm_{`H$Vm :

gåà{V gm{hË` H$s X¥pîQ> go gm_mÝ`V: AmYw{ZH$Vm ~Zm_ g_gm_{`H$Vm _| {^ÝZËd à{V^m{gV

Zht hmoVm. {dJV gm{hË` H$mo g_gm_{`H$Vm Ho$ n[aàoú` _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ gm{hË`H$ma AnZo

wJ H$s g¥pîQ> hmoVm h¢ Ed§ CgHo$ gm{hË` _| CgH$m g_gm_{`H$ wJ {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| à{V{~på~V

Adí` hmoVm h¡& AnZo wJ go dh {H$VZm hr CXmgrZ Ed§ {Zanoj ahZo H$m à`mg H$ao, {H$ÝVw dh Cggo

gd©Wm Agån¥ŠV Zht ah gH$Vm; Š`m|{H$ dh AnZo wJ Ho$ dm w_ÊS>c _| gm±g coVm h¡, CgH$m gm_{`H$

dmVmdaU àË`j `m AàË`j ê$n go CgH$s öX`V§Ìr Ho$ Vmam| H$mo P§H¥$V H$aVm h¡, Cggo Omo ñda

{ZH$cVm h¡, dhr CgH$m gm{hË` hmoVm h¡& AV: Cg_| g_gm_{`H$Vm A{Zdm © ê$n go {dÚ_mZ ahVr

h¡& {Og wJ _| H$~ra H$m OÝ_ hþAm, Cg wJ _| {~hmar Zht hmo gH$Vo Wo VWm {Og wJ _| maVoÝXþ H$m

AdVaU hþAm Wm; Cg wJ _| nÝV H$s H$ënZm H$cm AnZm A{^Z` Zht ì`ŠV H$a gH$Vr Wr& g_`

AnZr {d y{V H$mo AnZo JmoX _| OÝ_ coZo dmcr à{V^m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ñdV: hr CX² m{gV H$a XoVm h¡&

\$cV: àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ wJ Ho$ H$WmZH$ _| r gm{hË`H$ma H$m wJ Pm§H$Vm àVrV hmoVm h¡& AnZo AmamÜ`

am_ H$s ^pŠV _| AmH$ÊR> _¾ Vwcgr Ho$ am_M[aV_mZg _| ^r _wJcH$mcrZ ^maV H$s ñnîQ> PcH$

{_cVr h¡ VWm IÊS> àc` Ho$ AZÝVa _mZd H$s A{^Zd g¥pîQ> Ho$ {Z_m©U go gå~pÝYV H$WmZH$ na

AmYm[aV H$m_m`Zr _| ^r àgmX H$m wJ ñnpÝXV hmoVm hþAm X¥pîQ>JV hmoVm h¡& `hr Zhr A{nVw Cg_|

Vmo àkmMjw AmcmoMH$ ÛÝÛmË_H$ m¡{VH$dmX Ed§ gmå`dmXr {dMmaYmam H$m àIa CÝ_of r XoIZo cJo

h¡& AVEd gm{hË` _| g_gm_{`H$Vm ñdV:{gÕ h¡&

36


{H$ÝVw AmO g_gm_{`H$Vm Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo EH$ hr AW© H$m dmMH$ Zht _mZm OmVm h¢&

g_gm_{`H$Vm _| ZyVZ wJ nwamVZVm Ho$ {Z_m}H$ _| Pm§H$Vm hþAm àVrV hmoVm h¡, Cg_| {X Zd wJ H$m

ñnÝXZ h¡ r, Vmo dh Oam OO©[aV gm cJVm h¡, Cg_| {X ZdrZ mdZm | Am¡a {dMmaYmam | àdh_mZ

h¡ ^r Vmo CZ_| JVmZwJV Ymam Ho$ {_lU H$m Am^mg {_cVm h¢& CgH$s A{^ì`pŠV H$m ñda `{X wJ

H$s à{VÜd{Z H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>o hþE h¡, Vmo r Cg_| Amamoh go Adamoh H$s Amoa CÝ_wI O¡gr J{V gwZmB©

nS>Vr h¡& Cggo {Og AW© H$s ì §OZm hmoVr h¡, dh dht h¡, Omo nhco Wr Am¡a gå^dV: AmJo r ahoJr&

`ÝÌm| Ûmam {Z{_©V CnH$aUm| go àmá m¡{VH$ d¡ d Ed§ E¡pÝÐ` gwIm| H$s CncpãY H$s ñnYm© _| h_

AmË_Ho$pÝÐV hmo J o h¡& oZ-Ho$Z-àH$maoU AW© g§{MV H$a moJ Ho$ gmYZm| H$mo OwQ>mZm h_mao OrdZ H$m

na_ cú` ~Z J`m h¢. \$cV: g_mO go h_mam CVZm hr gå~ÝY ah J`m h¡, {OVZo go h_mao cú` H$s

ny{V© _| gh`moJ {_cVm h¡. Ho$dc ì`pŠV`m| _| hr Zht A{nVw d¡pídH$ amîQ´>m| _| r h YmaUm ~cdVr

hmo ahr h¡& n[aUm_ñdê$n Ohm± {dkmZ Ûrnm| A{nVw J«hm| H$s Xÿar H$mo r H$_ H$a ahm h¡, dht Xÿgar Amoa

ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ _Ü` Xÿar H$mo {dñVma Xo ahm h¡. nañna A{dídmg, gÝXoh, Ame§H$m, ` Ed§ emofU H$s

àd¥{V ~c nH$S> ahr h¡& \$cV: g§Ìmg, Hw$ÊR>m, AdgmX, AmË_nrS>Z, {Zamem, EH$mH$snZ O¡gr mdZm |

~cdVr hmoVr Om ahr h¡& EH$ Va\$ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ Zm_ na _Z_mZr, ^moJ{cßgm Vmo Xÿgar Amoa yI go

N>Q>nQ>mVm dJ© h¡; BZ XmoZm| Ho$ _Ü` h¡ AmO H$s {XemhrZ Ed§ cú`hrZ wdm nrT>r; {Og_| h¡ Q>H$md,

AZmñWm, D$~, CXmgr& BZH$s A{^ì`pŠV dh CÀN¥>§IcVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aVm h¡& g_mO H$s Bg

{df_Vm H$mo, `WmVÏ` ê$n go Z¾ H$aHo$ {M{ÌV H$aZm AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡&

AmYw{ZH$Vm : AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo n[a^mfm _| Zht ~m±Ym Om gH$Vm, AmYw{ZH$ ~moY g~Ho$ AnZo

AnZo h¡& àË oH$ ì`pŠV EH$ Ûrn h¡, AmYw{ZH$Vm ê$nr ZXr H$m& AmYw{ZH$Vm _| Z`r J{V{d{Y`m| go

g_mO Ho$ Z o OrdZ _yë` g¥îQ> hmoVo h¡& co{H$Z g_` {deof Ho$ H$maU AmYw{ZH$Vm nwamVZ hmo OmVr h¡

Bg{cE Cgo {ZaÝVaVm àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {cE gVV g§emoYZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& g[aVm Ho$ R>hao hþE Oc

Ho$ g_mZ pñWa AmYw{ZH$Vm Xÿ{fV hmo OmVr h¡& ~rVm hþAm H$c {X VmËH$m{cH$ny{V© Ho$ {cE g_gm_{`H$

hmo gH$Vm h¡, na AmYw{ZH$ Zht& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Hw$N> A{Zdm © eV} h¡, na g_H$mcrZVm H$s Zht&

Bg{cE ha g_H$mcrZ AmYw{ZH$ r hmo, o Oê$ar Zht na Cgo g_H$m{cH$ hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& H$~ra

AnZo g_` _| AmYw{ZH$ ^r Wo Am¡a g_H$mcrZ ^r na AmO do nyar Vah g_H$mcrZ hmoVo hþE ^r

37


AmYw{ZH$ Zht h¡& h VH$ZrH$s AÝVa ~hþV _hrZ h¡ O¡go A{^_mZ Am¡a ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ ~rM gyú_ {H$ÝVw

Jham AÝVa h¡&

g_H$mcrZ hmoZm AnZo wJ gÝX^m] _| àmg§{JH$ hmoZm h¡& BgHo$ gmW hr Omo AmYw{ZH$ _yë`m| go

^r OwS>m hmo dhr g_H$mcrZ H${dVm H$m dmhH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡& g_H$mcrZVm hr dh VËd h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam

AmYw{ZH$Vm ê$nmH$ma J«hU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Bg ê$n _| g_H$mcrZVm _| naånam H$s OrdÝV Ymam go {dÀN>oX

Zht hmoVm& ~pëH$ h_ CgH$m ZdrZrH$aU H$a g_¥Õ Ed§ {dH${gV H$aVo h¡&'' AmcmoH$ Q²>Q>mMm`m© H$m

ZmJnya _| amîQ´>r` g§Jmoð>r _| {X`m J`m dŠVì`&

AmYw{ZH$Vm _yI©Vm, AkmZ, ê${T> Am¡a A§Y{dídmg H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡& naånam Ho$ gMoVZ

AZwHy$crH$aU Am¡a AnZmd go Zht, {X nmíMmË`rH$aU H$mo H$moB© AmYw{ZH$ _mZVo h¡; Vmo dh n{VV yc

H$a ahm h¡- nmíMmË` go r gMoVZ kmZ H$mo AnZmZm h¡, CgH$s ZH$c H$mo Zht& {N>ÝZ _yë` AmYw{ZH$Vm

Zht h¡&g_H$mcrZ ~moY OwS>md H$s H${dVm h¡& AV: naånam Omo ê${T> ~Z MwH$s h¡ dh Ë`mÁ` h¢ ha hmc

_|, na Cgo Z`m ê$n XoH$a AmYw{ZH$ ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

{dO oÝÐ Zo {cIm h¡ {H$ - ""g_H$mcrZVm H$m AW© m¡{VH$ ê$n go Omo K{Q>V hmo ahm h¡& _mÌ

CVZm Zht h¡ ~pëH$ Omo Hw$N> j{VJ«ñV h¡& CZH$s nwZ©aMZm H$s g¥OZerc MoîQ>mE± Am¡a OrdZ H$mo g_moÝZV

VWm gwÝXa Ed§ _Zmohmar ~ZmZo H$s n[aH$ënZm hr Cgr g_H$mcrZVm H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© nj h¡&

AmYw{ZH$Vm dñVwV: A{ZíM` H$s y{_H$m na IS>r h¢. dh EH$ {dMma à{H«$`m h¡, {OgHo$ _yc

_| _wpŠV H$s ~XcVr mdZm h¡- ì`pŠV H$s _wpŠV H$s AWm©V² ñdÀN>ÝXVm Ed§ ñdoÀN>mMm[aVm go CÝ_wŠV

{dcmg H$s H$m_Zm, {dMma Ho$ joÌ _| dh àmMrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m| go, Z¡{VH$ Ed§ íemñÌr` {gÕmÝVm|

go, Y{_©H$ {d{Y {ZfoYm| go _wŠV hmoH$a Zd wJ H$s _m±J Ho$ AZwê$n _yë`hrZ _yë`m| H$mo, _mZhrZ _mZm|

H$mo VWm _Z_mZo {dMmam| H$mo dhZ H$aVr hþB© McVr h¡& ì`dhma Ho$ joÌ _| AmYw{ZH$Vm àmMrZ g§ñH$mam|,

nwamVZ naånamAm|, nwamZr ê${T>`m| VWm AmMma-ì`dhma go _wpŠV H$s KmofUm H$aVr h¡. AmYw{ZH$Vm Vmo

ñ_¥{V Ed§ AVrV go r _wpŠV MmhVr h¡. CgHo$ g_j Vmo Ho$dc dhr jU h¡, Omo {O`m Om ahm h¢& CgHo$

~rVZo na CgH$m _hËd g_má Am¡a AmJV jU _yë`dmZ hmo OmVm h¡& \$bV: AmYw{ZH$Vm _| jUdmX

H$s à{Vð>m h¡& A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ joÌ _| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo nwamVZ H$mì` ê$n, àM{cV N>ÝX, mfm, n[aîH¥$V

e¡cr {eën VWm A§cH¥${V Ho$ ~ÝYZ ñdrH$m © Zht h¡& \$cV: VwH$hrZVm, JÚ-nÚ Ho$ {dYmZm| go

38


{Zñg§JVm, CcPr hþB© mfm, AnZo {ZVmÝV ì`pŠVJV àVrH$ Am{X AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ cjU h¡& gmam§e h

h¡ {H$ ^md, {dMma, ì`dhma Ed§ A{^ì`pŠV go _wpŠV AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡& Cg_| ZdrZVm Ho$ {cE Vrd«

N>Q>nQ>mhQ> h¡&

AmYw{ZH$Vm _| {dÐmoh H$m ñda AË`ÝV _wIa h¡, {H$ÝVw ¶h Ho$dc {dKQ>ZmË_H$ hr Zht A{nVw

g¥OZmË_H$ r h¡& Bggo h_mao kmZ Ho$ {j{VO H$m {dñVma hþAm h¡, h_| Zì` AmcmoH$ H$s àm{á hþB© h¡&

CgZo _mZd H$s g\$cVm H$s KmofUm H$aVo hþE OrdZ Ho$ à{V {Zð>m CËnÝZ H$s h¡& {dH$mg Ho$ {cE gmhg,

CËgmh Ed§ Amem H$s Á`mo{V àH$sU© H$s h¡&

2.7 JrV Am¡a Zd n[adV©Z :

gZ 1960 Ho$ Amgnmg JrV Zo Z o ~m¡{ÕH$ n[adoe H$mo r AnZr mdmË_H$ gr_m _| g_oQ>Zm

ewê$ H$a {X`m& Ú{n n[adV©Z Ho$ o {MÝh AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ àmapå^H$ MaU go hr X¥pîQ>JV hmoZo cJo

Wo, VWm{n gZ² 1960 Ho$ Amgnmg CgHo$ ~Xco hþE AàË`m{eV ê$n Zo H$B© {d{eîQ>m| H$mo Mm¢H$m gm {X`m&

dmñVd _| hþAm h {H$ Am{XH$mc go hr cmoH${à` Bg {dYm Zo AÝ` {hÝXr {dYmAm| H$s VwcZm _| AnZm

ñWmZ erf© hr ~Zm o aIm& n[aUm_ñdén AZoH$ {damoYm| H$mo ghVo hþE {d{dY AmdVm} _| Sy>~Zo-CVaZo

Ho$ ~mX ^r JrV H$s cmoH${à`Vm _| Z¡aÝV © ~Zm ahm& Bgr ~mV H$mo X¥pîQ>JV aIVo hþE JrV-EH$ H$s

y{_H$m _| h ñnîQ> {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ -JrVm| H$m wJ g_má hmo MwH$m h¡; h Zmam cJm Wm Hw$N> cmoJm|

H$s Va\$ go ~mH$m`Xm Hw$N> AmdmOm| H$s eh nmH$a& Z JrV _am, Z hr CgH$m wJ g_má hþAm& hm± BZ

Zmam| Ho$ OÝ_XmVm BZ Zmam| H$s Ag_` _m¡V na {Vc{_cmVo hþE AmO Z o Zmam| H$s Vcme Adí` H$a

aho h¡& {H$ÝVw O~ VH$ g¥pîQ> _| gZmVZ _Zwî` Or{dV h¡, V~ VH$ H$mì` _| JrV ^r ahoJm&''

`h H$WZ H$moar mdwH$Vm Zht h¡, EH$ gË` h¡ - {Ogo PwR>cmZm g§ d Zht h¡& {X JrV Zo Z o

^md~moY Am¡a Z`r A{^ì`pŠV H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡, Vmo h gånÝZVm Vmo JrV H$s gm_Ï © hr ì`ŠV H$aVr

h¡ {H$ CgZo CXmaVm Ho$ gmW Z o wJ H$mo A§JrH$ma {H$`m h¡& CgZo h {gÕ {H$`m h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ ~m¡{ÕH$

wJ Ho$ à^mdm| H$mo ^r dh AnZo ^mdmmË_m YamVc go A{^ì`ŠV H$a gH$Vr h¡& AVEd ~m¡{ÕH$ wJ

_| JrV H$s Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a r A{YH$ àVrV hmoVr h¡& AmMm © ZÝXXþcmao dmOno r H$m _ÝVì` Bgr

_V H$s nwpîQ> H$aVm h¡& CÝhmoZo ñnîQ> eãXm| _| {cIm h¡ {H$ - cmoJ H$hVo h¡ {H$ JrV öX` H$s dñVw h¡,

{OgH$m gm_§Oñ` AmYw{ZH$ ~w{ÕdmXr àd¥{V`m| go Zhro hmo gH$Vr& naÝVw VÏ` h h¡ {H$ wJrZ OrdZ

39


_| {OVZr hr ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Am¡a m¡{VH$Vm ~T>oJr; öX` H$s nwH$ma H$s, JrVm| Ho$ àU`Z H$s CVZr hr A{YH$

Amdí`H$Vm hmoJr&

2.8 AmO H$m ZdJrV :

""n§I hmoVo h¡ g_` Ho$

EH$ \w$ZJr na, H$hm§ dh

AmO VH$ R>ham

Am¡a

~hþV H${R>Z

g§dmX g_` go

eãX g^r nWamE''

amOoÝÐ Jm¡V_ Ho$ ZdJrVm| H$s o n§pŠV`m§ ghO ê$n go g_` g§km H$m n[aM` _mZd _pñVîH$

go H$amZo _| nyar Vah gj_ cJVr h¡& {H$gr r joÌ _|, g_` H$m AnZm {deof _hËd hmoVm h¡& {\$a,

gm{hË` H$m joÌ Cggo H¡$go AcJ ah gH$Vm Wm& gm{hË` H$s g^r {dYmAm| na BgH$m à^md ñnîQ> XoIm

Om gH$Vm h¡& naÝVw O~ h_ JrV {dYm H$s ~mV H$aVo h¡ Vmo EH$ nc H$mo m y± H$h c| {H$ àW_V: gm{hË`

H$m A{^àm`: H$mì` m H${dVm hr àVrV hmoVm h¡& h g~ Hw$N> JrV Ho$ gwg§ñH¥$V g§ñH$mam| Ho$ H$maU h¡&

AÝ` {dYmAm| H$s Anojm gm{hË` _| nÚñdê$n H$mo hr A{YH$ _hËd Ed§ _mÝ`Vm {_cr h¡& AnZo CX² d

go AYwZmVZ VH$ H$s mÌm H$aVo hþE Jr{VH$mì` H$s agmË_H$Vm Am¡a g§doXZercVm hr CgHo$ {dH$mg

H$m AmYma h¡&g_` Ho$ ~Xcmd Zo Cgo g_H$mcrZ ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ AZyHy$c gmoM _| T>mcZo H$m Adga

{X`m h¢& JrV H$m hr g§ñH$aU h_mao gm_Zo ZdJrV H$m {dcjU à{V^mdmZ g§H$ën coH$a CnpñWV hþAm

h¡&

ZdJrV Hw$_ma adrÝÐ Ho$ H$WZ Ho$ AZwgma - AmO H$m {hÝXr JrV dV©_mZ pñW{V go ê$-~-

ê$ hmoZo, CgH$s gmañdV Am¡a Am¡n{Zfo{XH$ Apñ_Vm H$mo H$m`_ aIZo H$s H«§$m{VH$mar à{H«$`m go JwOa ahm

h¡& hr CgH$s g_H$mcrZVm h¡& ZdJrV H$mo cJmVma g_H$mcrZ WmWm} go VWm g_H$mcrZ VÏ`m| go

Xmo-Mma hmoZm nS>m h¡& hr ZdJrV H$m EH$ gånÝZ Am¡a gj_ AÝVg§©dmX H$m g§àofUr` _mÜ`_ {Z{_©V

H$aVm h¡&

40


~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$s amJmË_H$ A{^ì §OZm H$a JrV Zo AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ ñn§XZ H$mo _wIa {H$`m h¡&

Z o g§ñH$mam| H$mo J«hU H$aVo hþE ZB© OrdZ nÕ{V H$mo ñd § go OmoS>m h¡ Am¡a Z o à`m|Jm| H$s MoVZm go g§ wŠV

hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ ~moY H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo _| AnZr Ah_² y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡&

dmñVd ‘| H${dVm Ho$ nm±M ê$n h¢ - H$WmË‘H$, {dMmamË‘H$, dU©ZmË‘H$, ^mdZmË‘H$ VWm

{MÌmË‘H$& BZ‘| go H${dVm Ho$ ^mdZmË‘H$ ê$n ‘| àJ{V Am¡a JrV ^r gpå‘{bV h¡&

àJrV H$mo A§J«oOr ‘| {b[aH$ H$hVo h¡& àmMrZ H$mb ‘| ¶yZmZ ‘| àJrV eãX bm¶a ¶m VÝÌr Ho$

gmW JmB© OmZo dmbr H${dVm H$mo H$hm OmVm Wm& ¶h H${dVm g‘doV Am¡a EH$mH$s ê$n ‘| JmB© OmVr Wr&

H$mbmÝVa ‘| àm¶… N>moQ>r Am¡a ì¶p³VJV H${dVmAm| H$mo àJrV H$hm OmZo bJm& mdZmË‘H$ Am¡a N>moQ>m

hmoZm àJrV H$m à‘wI JwU h¡& à~ÝY H$s Amoa PwH$md hmoZo na àJrVm| ‘| ì¶p³V¶m| Ed§ KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm©

^r Am‘ hmo JB© h¡& {Zambm H$s "am‘ H$s ep³V nyOm' Am¡a "‘hmamO {edmOr H$m nÌ' Bgr loUr H$s

aMZmE± h¡&

O~{H$ JrV H$s aMZm ‘| Adga, ag, J{V Am¡a amJ BZ Mma VËdm| H$s A{Zdm¶©Vm h¡& {Zambm

H$m gamoO ñ‘¥{V {hÝXr H$mì¶ OJV² H$m gd©loð> emoH$ JrV h¡&

dñVwV: JrV Zo AnZo ñdñW X¥pîQ>H$moU Ho$ ~c~yVo Ohm± EH$ Amoa ê${T>`m| H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡,

dht Xÿgar Amoa naånam Ho$ {dH$mg _| moJXmZ XoH$a AmYw{ZH$ wJ MoVZm Ho$ AZoH$ {~ÝXþAm| H$mo gm_Ï © go

CHo$am h¡& {H$ÝVw md H$s _hËVm hm± r gdm}n[a ahr h¢& Bgr Ho$ n[adoe _| {df` Am¡a {eën H$mo {ZpíMV

gm±M| _| Z T>mcH$a VmO| Am¡a _wŠV dmVmdaU go g§ wŠV H$aHo$ JrV Zo ZdJrV H$s g§km J«hU H$s&

lr {dÚm{Zdmg {_l Zo JrV H$s gm_Ï © H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo hþE H${dVm go CgH$s EH$mË_H$Vm

ì §{OV H$aVo hþE {cIm h¡ {H$ - ""Ohm± VH$ AmYw{ZH$ ~moY, àË`J« Am¡a Jhao AZw d, A{^ì`pŠV

H$s AgpÝX½YVm Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ gån¥ŠVVm H$m àíZ h¡, {hÝXr Jr{VH$mì` ZB© H${dVm H$s BZ V_m_

CncpãY`m| go H¥$VH¥$Ë` {gÕ hþAm h¡ Am¡a Bg àH$ma ZB© H${dVm Am¡a {hÝXr H$m BYa H$m g_W© Jr{VH$mì`

g_mZmÝVa Zht, EH$ {d{eîQ> à{V^m h¡& ZB© H${dVm EH$ gm_mÝ` g§km h¡, JrV CgH$m EH$ {deof

àH$ma.''

cJ^J 60 dfm} H$s Am w dmco ZdJrV Ho$ {cE dV©_mZ g_` AnZr g§doXZm H$mo Ord§V aIZo

H$s MwZm¡{V`m| H$m g_` h¢& _mZdr` Apñ_Vm Ho$ {cE cS>Zo H$m CgH$m g§H$ën, gm_m{OH$ WmW© Ho$ g§X ©

41


_| CgHo$ wJrZ ~moY, cmoH$ gån¥pŠV, dV©_mZ gä`Vm H$s {dg§J{V`m±, _mZd _yë`m| H$m n[aH$cZ Am¡a

ZdrZVm Ho$ Ûma IQ>IQ>mVr hþB© {OOr{dfm H$s ZB© CS>mZ VWm ZdmoÝ_of g§ mdZmE§, {ZpíMV ê$n go CgHo$

AmJ«h H$mo Am¡a A{YH$ geŠV VWm H$maJa ~ZmZo Ho$ à`moOZ h¡& gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mam| H$mo {Z^mVo-{Z^mVo

g§Ìmg, ÌmgXr, D$hmnmoh, AmnmYmnr, _erZrH$aU, [aíVm| H$s Qy>Q>Z-jaU Ho$ ~rM go JwOa ahm h¡& dh

AmO H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| _| n[admam| H$s g§{jáVm Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ EH$c hmoZo VH$ H$s Xem H$m

àË`jXeu h¢& Bgr EH$c n[adma H$m EH$ CXmhaU adrÝÐ Hw$_ma Ho$ ZdJrV _| ñnîQ> XoIm Om gH$Vm

h¡-

""Š`m ~VcmE§/ Bg Ka _| ~ƒo CXmg h¢

Ka _| g~ Hw$N> h¡/ {\«$O, Q>rdr Am¡a H$åß`yQ>a

gyZm H$~ go ZXr {H$Zmao H$m nyOmKa

do~gmBQ> ^r ha ~ƒo Ho$ {cE Img h¡

OwSo> hþE h¡ gmao H$_ao S>m°Q>H$m_ go

gnZo ~wH$ h¡ ha ~ƒo Ho$ AcJ Zm_ go

_å_r-nmnm Ho$ H$_ao ~g nmg-nmg h¡&''

AmO Ho$ wJ _| g§dmX g_má hmo MwH$m h¡, eãXm| H$m Cn`moJ H$_ hmoVm Om ahm h¡& g_H$mcrZ

ZdJrV _| g_` ~moY, B{Vhmg ~moY Am¡a ZdrZ {dMmaercVm Zo Cgo A yVnyd© ~Zm`m h¡& J§ raVm àXmZ

H$aVo hþE g§àofUr` ~Zm`m h¡¡& ZdJrVH$mam| H$s g§doXZm AmO OrdZ Ho$ D$hmnmoh AmnmYmnr Ho$ à{V

A{YH$ qM{VV {XImB© nS>Vr h¢& g_` Ho$ gmW J{V_mZ ahZo dmcm ZdJrV {OgHo$ {~Zm H${dVm H$m

ñWmZ V` Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Bgr ZdJrV na lr am_ n[ahma Ho$ {dMma h¡- A^r VH$ o V` Zht

hmo gH$m h¡ {H$ nhcm ZdJrV {H$go _mZm Om o&

"ZdJrV _mZd _yë`m| Ed§ _mZdr` EfUm Ho$ AÝV©ÛÝX Ho$ \$cñdê$n CËnÝZ OrdZ g§Kf© H$m

`Wm©W ê$n Vmo h¡ hr, à{VamoY Ed§ à{VH$ma _| r gj_ h¡&' _YwH$a AîR>mZm Ho$ Bg H$WZ H$mo Ü`mZ aIm

Om o Vmo AmO g_mO _| CR>Zo dmco emoa-eam~o {Xc XhcmZo dmco ZdJrV na, CgH$s BÀN>mAm| na r

EH$ àH$ma go derH$aU H$m Omc \¡$cm {XIVm h¡, wJ ~moY H$m h X~md Cgo r à{Vg§do{XV hmoZo go

Zht amoH$ nmVm&

42


Eogo hr n[adoe _| OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY Am`m_m| H$s ì`m»`m H$s j_Vm aIZo dmco ZdJrVH$ma S>m°. AO`

nmR>H$ Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {dícofU VWm ñnîQ>dm{XVm H$m EH$ X¥îQ>ì` Am¡a XoI|-

~yT>o hþE H$~ra / AmOH$c

D$§Mm gwZVo h¡/Am§Im| go h¡ gm\$ PcH$Vr

^rVa H$s ~¡MoZr/ hþE AH$maW gmIr, Xmoho

{~aWm hB© a_¡Zr/ Im§g-Im§g H$a

g_agVm H$s/ MmXa ~wZVo h¢

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^r H$aVm McVm h¡ Am¡a AmJmh r, R>rH$ EH$ Hw$ec {dî`dŠVm ~ZVo hþE& gm_m{OH$ MoVZm _| Jhar

n¡R> Ed§ OZg_wXm` go gmW©H$ g§dmX H$m`_ H$aZo dmco gOJ JrVH$mam| Ho$ eãXm| H$s ì`Wm _| Bgo XoIm

Om gH$Vm h¡&

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h¡&-

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hmo MwHo$ _¡co

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H$WmAm| _| PcH$Vr/ V§Jhmcr

43


dh gw~h go íem_ VH$/ {dÚmd«Vm| Ho$ noQ> Imcr

A~ Zht nhMmZVo Vw_/ Š`m ngrZo MmH$ grZo

[aŠV g§dmXm| Ho$ Omo/ AmH$me h¡ \¡$co

Vwåh| {XIVo Zht Š`m

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Zht _pñVîH$ àYmZ h¢ _mZdr` MoVZm Ho$ d¡Mm[aH$ g§dY©Z Ho$ \$cñdê$n ghO g§àofUr` h¡& h AmO

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Ho$ {~JS>Vo Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ Ho$ à{V, Ag§Vw{cV hmoVr Xoe H$s amOZ¡{VH$ pñW{V`m| Ho$ à{V, g§~§Ym| Ed§

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CZH$s n¡Zr ZOa h¡& gwà{gÕ AmcmoMH$ nmagZmW JmodY©Z Ho$ eãXm| _| - ""AmO Ho$ ZdJrVH$mam| _|

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OrdÝVVm H$m àVrH$ h¡&''

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44


YamVb na à{V{ð>V H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& AmË‘r¶Vm H$m Am¡nMm[aH$Vm ‘| n[adV©Z, {Zamem,

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go g‘Pm¡Vm Z H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo AnZo JrVm| ‘| g‘H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&

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H$mo _hËdnyU© Am`m_ Xo ahm h¡& ZdJrV Zo n[ad{V©V {Xem go nhMmZ H$aVo hþE à`moJm| Ho$ Z o ñVa H$mo

Nw>Am h¢, {H$ÝVw AnZr O_rZ Zht N>moS>r h¡& à`moJm| Ho$ AË`{YH$ AmJ«h Ho$ H$maU ZB© H${dVm H$ht H$ht

hmñ`mñnX m {dH¥${V H$s AdñWm VH$ r nhþ±M JB© h¡, {H$ÝVw ZdJrV ghO àmH¥${VH$ ê$n _| ~Zo aho

h¡; Š`m|{H$ ZdJrV Zo ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$mo ^mdZm go gåãÕ H$a EH$ g§VwcZ ~Zm o aIm h¡& ZdJrV Ho$ Bg

gm¡ÝX ©~moY _| EH$ ñdñW AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡- Omo gm_m{OH$ g§MoVZm H$mo nyar g§OrXJr go J«hU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a

{dMma VWm ^mdì §OZm Ho$ Z o à`moJm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gQ>rH$ ê$n _| A{^ì`pŠV H$aVr h¡& amJmË_H$

g§ñne©, ZdrZ md ~moY, Z o OrdZ _yë`, {eën H$s _m¡{cH$Vm Am¡a AnZr gZmVZ VmOJr Ho$ gmW

ZdJrV AnZo Xm{`Ëdm| H$m ~Iy~r {Zdm©h H$a ahm h¡& OrdZ~moY AnZo Amn _| H$mì` _yë` Zht h¡, Z

H$mì` _yë` H$m {dH$ën hr h¡; na H$mì`_yë` H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVo hþE OrdZ ~moY A{dMmaUr` _mZ {O`m

Om o, Bg àñVmd go gh_{V H${R>Z hmoJr&

""H${dVm hr H$aVr h¡,

`h grYm _Ja OmopI_ âm H$m_

{H$ gmao eãXm| Ho$ ~mX ^r

AmX_r Ho$ nmg h_oem ~Mm aho

EH$ gmXm nÝZm&''

A~moY H$ënZm WmW© Ho$ VrIo Ehgmg H$mo YwY±cm Zht ~ZmVr h¡; A{nVw {dS>å~Zmnyd©H$ Cgo

JhZVa VrIm ~ZmVr h¡& `WmW© Ho$ Ehgmg Ho$ gmW g§Kf© H$s ñ_¥{V Ho$ gmW WmoS>r H$m¡VwH$s d¥{V `m

{dZmoX{à`Vm ^r H$mì`Ëd H$mo gå^d H$aZo _| Cn`moJr hmoVr h¡& crcmYa OJyS>r Ho$ AZwgma:-

""g_H$mcrZ H${d`m| H$s H${dVm Zo Z Ho$dc mfm H$s epŠV H$mo hr Z`m Zht ~Zm`m, ~pëH$ pñW{V H$m

{dícofU r {H$`m h¡& dhm± eãX ~wcoQ> H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢, Am_ AmX_r VH$ nhþ±MZo dmcm _whmdam wdm

H${dVm Zo aMm& ~pëH$ `m| H$h| {H$ AmO H$s H${dVm Am_ AmX_r H$s H${dVm h¡&''

45


2.8 {ZîH$f© :

N>m`mdmXr H$mì` H$mc ^maVr` g_mO Am¡a gm{hË` _| Anyd© à`moJm| H$m H$mc h¡& VËH$mcrZ

g_` _| {d{eîQ> à`moJH$Vm© Wo- {Zamcm&

ì §½` Am¡a {dÐÿn Ho$ ghmao AnZo g_` H$s gm_m{OH$ Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ {dg§J{V`m| H$s ì §OZm H$aVo

hþE nmR>H$ H$mo H$mì`mZw y{V H$amZm hr N>m`mdmX H$m à_wI Ü o h¡& ñdmYrZVm H$m ~moY H$m {dñVma

^maVr` {H$gmZ H$s Cn{ZdoedmXr Am¡a gm_ÝVr emofU go _wpŠV H$s {MÝVm {XImB© XoVr h¡& àH¥${V Ho$

Aà{V_ gm¡ÝX © _| Sy>~Vm-CVaVm H${d nmR>H$ H$mo ^r àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX © char _| {hcmoa| cJdmVm h¡&

AnZr ñdÀN>ÝX H$ënZm àH¥${V go _Zwî` Ho$ amJmË_H$ gå~ÝYm| H$s ImoO H$aVo N>m`mdmXr JrV {XImB©

XoVo h¡& àH¥${V Ho$ crcm ahñ`m| H$m AÝdofU H$aVr H${d H$s ahñ`dmXr àd¥{V ^r {XImB© XoVr h¡&

CnamoŠV VÏ`m| H$m {dícofU H$aZo go gwñnîQ> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ ^co hr N>m`mdmXr JrVm| _|

amo_m§gdmX, àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX © O¡gr {deofVmE± X¥pîQ>JmoMa hmoVr h¡; VWm{n Cg H$mc Ho$ JrVm| _| wJrZ

g_gm_{`H$ X¥pîQ> g_m{hV h¡& N>m`mdmXr JrV ^co hr H$ënZm Ho$ AmH$me _| CS>mZ âVo hmo, VWm{n

do nmR>H$ H$mo _ÝÌ_w½Y H$a AnZr Amoa AmH${f©V Vmo H$aVo hr h¡&

q q q

46


l AÜ¶m¶ - 3 l

lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m ì`pŠVËd Am¡a aMZmY{_©Vm H$s àoaUm

AÚVZ àH$m{eV H¥${V n[aM`

JrV g§J«h {hÝXr JOc g§J«h

H«$_m§H$ Zm_ df© H«$_m§H$ Zm_ df©

1 _|hXr aMr hWocr 1965 1 {Zd©gZm Mm±XZr 1970

2 ñda Ho$ gmonmZ 1968 2 AmñWm Ho$ A_cVmg 1980

3 Amo _oao AZm_ 1968 3 H$MZma H$s Q>hZr 1983

4 {H$aU Ho$ H$erXo 1974 4 Yma Ho$ {dnarV 1984

5 {_Q²>Q>r _oao Xoe H$s 1976 5 n[adV©Z H$s AmhQ> 1987

6 nrco Mmdc Ûma na 1976 6 cS>mB© cå~r h¡ 1988

7 XX© H¡$go Mwn aho 1977 7 Ý`m` H$a _oao g_` 1989

8 ^rVa H$s ZmJ\$Zr 1977 8 \$mJwZ _m±J| wOnme 1993

9 ncH$m| _| AmH$me 1978 9 Bg gXr H$m AmX_r 1997

10 gÝZmQ>o H$s MrI 1996 10 h_Zo H${R>Z g_` XoIm h¡ 2002

11 ~y±X-~y±X nmam 1996 11 Iwco Vrgar Am±I 2010

12 JmAmo {H$ {O o OrdZ 2003 12 ~moc _oar {OÝXJr 2013

13 gaJ_ Ho$ {gc{gco 2008 Xmohm g§J«h

14 Amo, JrV Ho$ Jê$S> 2012 1 MwQ>H$s MwQ>H$s Mm±XZr 2006

2 A±Owar A±Owar Yyn 2008

_wŠVH$ g§J«h gånm{XV g§H$cZ

1 Hw$N> N>m`m Hw$N> Yyn 1989 1 JrV-J§Y 1966

2 Hw$N> ncme Hw$N> nmQ>c 1998 2 {hÝXr Ho$ _Z_mohH$ JrV 1997

47


3 Hw$N> gnZo Hw$N> gM 2000 3 {hÝXr Ho$ gd©loð> _wŠVH$ 1998

4 Hw$N> A§Jmmao Hw$N> \w$hma| 2007 4 Q>ogy Ho$ \y$c 2003

5 Hw$N> {_lr Hw$N> Zr_ 2009 5 H$Oamao ~mXc-dfm© JrV 2004

6 Hw$N> cmohm Hw$N> _mo_ 2013 6 Yyn Ho$ g§J_a_a- J«rî_ JrV 2005

7 Mm±XZr- Mm±XZr 2007

nwañH$ma Ed§ gå_mZ :

1. _Ü` àXoe {hÝXr gm{hË` n[afX,^monmc Ûmam _mIZcmc MVwd}Xr df© 1976 _| nwañH$ma àmá

Ed§ 1991 _| gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ nwañH$ma& CVaàXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ cIZD$ go nwañH¥$V&

2. 1992 _| _Ü`àXoe {hÝXr gm{hË` gå_ocZ, monmc Ûmam df© 1991-1992 H$m dmJrídar

nwañH$ma àXËV&

3. df© 1994 _| {hÝXr gm{hË` gå_ocZ, à`mJ Ûmam gm{hË` gmañdV H$s _mZX Cnm{Y&

4. _madmS>r gå_ocZ, _wå~B© Ûmam KZí`m_ gam\$ gdm}V_ gm{hË` nwañH$ma àXËV&

5. gm{hË` g§ñWm A{^`mZ O~cnwa Ûmam 1996 H$m {Xì` Ac§H$aU&

6. 1196 H$m _Ü`àXoe coIH$ g§K, monmc H$m Aja Am{XË` gå_mZ&

7. amîQ´>^mfm àMma g{_{V, monmc H$m df© 1197 H$m Apå~H$màgmX nwañH$ma&

8. gå^mdZm gm{hË` g§ñWmZ A{^`mZ O~cnwa H$m df© 1998 H$m JOc {dYm _| loð> {dYm H¥${V

H$m {hÝXr yfU nwañH$ma&

9. df© 1999 H$m amYmXodr ñ_¥{V gm{hË` g§ñWm, {edZr, _Ü` àXoe Ûmam 2000 H$m {hÝXr yfU

nwañH$ma àXËV&

10. 1999 _| lr gm{hË` g^m, BÝXm¡a H$m CXè§H$a nwañH$ma&

11. _wa¡Zm _Ü` àXoe gm{hË` g§ñWm H$m df© 1999 H$m JrV JÝYd© nwañH$ma&

12. H$cm g§J_ AH$mX_r, àVmnJT> CËVa àXoe H$m 1999 _| {ddoH$mZÝX gå_mZ

13. amîQ´>^mfm n[afX, _wå~B© H$m 1999 _| gá_ _hmXodr nwañH$ma&

14. ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V g§ñWmZ, ZOr~m~mX go df© 1999 H$m maVr lr gå_mZ&

15. JwOamV {hÝXr {dÚmnrR>, Ah_Xm~mX, JwOamV H$m df© 2000 H$m {hÝXr J[a_m gå_mZ

16. A{^`mZ gm{hË` g§ñWm,O~cnwa Ûmam df© 2001 H$m Zya {hÝXr yfU gå_mZ àXËV&

48


17. gm{hË`H$ma g§gX g_ñVrnya {~hma H$m 2002 _| _ra VH$s _ra amîQ´>r` {eIa gå_mZ&

18. {hÝXr gm{hË` gå_ocZ à`mJ H$m df© 2002 _| gå_ocZ gå_mZ&

19. 2002 _| Jm{O`m~mX C.à. _mÊS>dr àH$meZ H$m {Z_©cmXodr ñ_¥{V gm{hË` nwañH$ma&

20. g¥OZ gå_mZ, N>ËVrgJT> Ûmam 2003 _| ZmamÙcmc na_ma gå_mZ&

21. A{^`mZ gm{hË` g§ñWm,O~cnwa Ûmam df© 2003 H$m empÝVamO {hÝXr aËZ A§cH$aU&

22. Vwcgr gm{hË` AH$mX_r, ^monmc Ûmam 2004 _| Vwcgr gå_mZ&

23. 2004 _| S>m°. am_oóa IÊSo>cdmc Ûmam VéU ApIc maVr` H$mì` nwañH$ma&

24. 2004 _| _.à.amîQ´>^mfm àMma g{_{V, ^monmc H$m df© 2004 H$m Apå~H$màgmX {Xì`

nwañH$ma&

25. ApIc ^maVr` H$cm_§M _wamXm~mX Ûmam 2004 _| am_{H$eZ AJ«dmc ñ_¥{V Jr{V gm{hË`

gå_mZ&

26. H$mì` emoY g§ñWmZ, {X„r H$m 2004 _| H$mì` dm[a{Y gå_mZ&

27. H$mXå~ar gm{hË` g§ñWm,O~cnwa Ûmam df© 2005 H$m n§. am_oÝÐ {Vdmar g_J« coIZ gå_mZ

àXËV&

28. H$cm _pÝXa, ^monmc Ûmam nd¡ m nwañH$ma 2005 _|&

29. nwînJ§Ym àH$meZ dYm© N>.J. Ûmam ñd. h[aR>mHw$a ñ_¥{V gå_mZ 2006 _|

30. Zo_m \$mCÊCoeZ Ûmam 2006 _| Vwcgr am_ Zo_m gm{hË` gå_mZ&

31. H$adQ> H$cm n[afX monmc Ho$ Ûmam 2007 _| H$cmgmYZm gå_mZ&

32. [agM© qcH$ emoY OZ©c BÝXm¡a Ûmam g_J« AdXmZ hoVw 2008 _| ñdU©nXH$ àmá&

33. ^maVr` dmS>_` nrR> H$mocH$Vm Ûmam 2009 _| a{dÝÐZmW R>mHw$a gmañdV gm{hË` gå_mZ àmá

34. am_{H$eZ qghc \$mCÊCoeZ {ednwar Ûmam 2009 _| {J[aOme§H$a JrV ZdJrV gå_mZ&

35. A{^Zd H$cm n[afX ^monmc Ûmam 2010 _| A{^ZdíeãX {eënr _mZX Cnm{Y&

36. coIH$ g§K ^monmc Ûmam 2010 _| _oh_yX OH$s ñ_¥{V JOc gå_mZ&

37. _mcdm a§J_§M g{_{V C‚m¡Z Ed§ H¥${VH$m H$å y{ZHo$eZ Ûmam 2010 _| {hÝXr godm gå_mZ&

38. Xod ^maVr` n{ÌH$m H$m df©© 2011 _| Xod ^maVr` gå_mZ&

39. gm{hË` g§ñWm ^maVoÝXþ g{_{V Ûmam 2012 H$m e§ wX_mh gŠgoZm gå_mZ&

49


40. 2012 _| CËVa àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ Ûmam gm{hË` yfU gå_mZ&

41. emgH$s` A{hë`m nwgVH$mc` BÝXm¡a H$m 2013 _| H¥${V Hw$gw_ gå_mZ àXËV&

42. 2014 _| ~moc _oar {OÝXJr H¥${V na Hw$gw_ gå_mZ àXËV&

43. 2014 _| ^maVr` dmS>_` nrR> H$mocH$Vm Ûmam gm{hË` {eamo_{U _mZX Cnm{Y&

44. Xþî §V Hw$_ma g§J«hmc` ^monmc Ûmam 2014 _| gwXrK© gmYZm gå_mZ&

3.1 lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m OrdZ n[aM` :

lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> EH$ nhMmZm hþAm Zm_ h¡- {hÝXr JOc Ed§ JrV {dYm Ho$ {cE& dh Ho$dc

`m§{ÌH$ H${d Zht A{nVw EH$ g§doXZerc m gm¡ÝX`m©{^ yV ì`pŠV h¡& CZHo$ gmW Am¡a CZHo$ rVa EH$

~hþV ì`mnH$ AZw d VWm OrdÝV g§gma ha dŠV _m¡OyX ahVm h¡; Bg{cE H$mì` à{V^m go àmá CZH$s

H$ënZmercVm hdmB© Z hmoH$a OrdZ H$s ghO ñdm^m{dH$Vm go Amßbm{dV h¡& CZHo$ H$mì` _| OrdZ Ho$

gm¡ÝX © H$s ì`m{á h¡ Am¡a ag H$m CÝ_of& Bgr H$maU CZH$s coIZr _| H$cmË_H$Vm H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþB© h¡

Am¡a gOJ {dídmg-AmñWm H$m gpÝZdoe ^r& dñVwV: {damQ> H$m H$mì`Xe©Z amJmË_H$ AZw y{V H$m

Xe©Z h¡&

H${dda {damQ> Ho$ JrVmo Am¡a _wpŠVH$mAm| _| gwI-XþI Ho$ gm_§Oñ` H$m àñWmnZ h¡, ào gr-

{à`V_ Ho$ àU` ì`mnma g§ moJ g§ moJ-{d`moJ (g§ moJ A{YH$, {d`moJ H$_) Ho$ AZoH$ ê$nm| _|

A{^ì`ŠV hþE h¢, dht àU` gå~ÝYm| _| EH$ X¥T>Vm H$m md AZwñ yV h¡& gmW hr OrdZ Ho$ {MaÝVZ

gË`m| Ho$ ~moY _| OrdZ Ho$ emídV _yë`m| _| g§VwcZ H$s A{^ì`m{á h¢& Bg{cE àH¥${V _| H${d Ho$ mdm|

H$m àjonU gd©Ì h¡ Am¡a g_ñV OS> dñVwE± _Zwî` H$s MoVZm _| a§JH$a ê$nm{`V hmo JB© h¢& {Zd©gZm

Mm±XZr, AmñWm Ho$ A_cVmg, ncH$m| _| AmH$me H$s aMZmE±, amJmË_H$Vm, agmË_H$Vm Am¡a àH¥${V H$s

CXmVVm go Amßbm{dV h¡&

AmcmoMH$m| Ed§ g_rjH$m| Ûmam {damQ> H$mo AmpË_H$ Am¡a _m±gcdmXr gm¡ÝX © H$m A{ÛVr` H${d

H$hm h¡; H$maU hr hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ CZH$s aMZmAm| _| g§J_a_a H$m COcmnZ Am¡a Jwcm~ H$s H$_Zr`Vm

go AZwào[aV gwJ§Y XmoZm| hr {dÚ_mZ h¢, {OZ_| _m{_©H$Vm Am¡a {ZOËd XoZo H$m anya gm_Ï © h¡& {H$ÝVw

{damQ> Zo AnZo JrV-g¥OZ Ed§ amo_mZr ê$PmZm| H$mo IwX hr aÔ H$aVo hþE VWm Xþî`ÝV H$s O_rZ H$mo

nhMmZVo hþE AnZr O_rZ na ISo> hmoZo H$s gmW©H$ nhc H$s h¢ Am¡a Bgr nhc H$m {gc{gcm CÝh| H${dVm

50


Ho$ H$mën{ZH$ AmH$me go hQ>H$a XþpI`mao Ordm| Ho$ {dñV¥V Am¡a WmW© g§gma go OmoS>Vm r h¢& dh Ho$dc

^mdwH$Vm Ho$ g§gma _| "AZmñWm n¡Xm H$aZo H$s O_rZ V¡ ma Zht H$aVo, do Vmo AmñWm Ho$ gmW gO©ZmË_H$

B©_mZXmar na âmogm H$aVo hþE g_pîQ> Ho$ gË` H$mo B{Vhmg H$m n[adV©Z MH«$ ~ZmVo h¡&

Añgr (80) df© nyd© 3 {Xgå~a 1936 H$mo OÝ_| MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$s _mV¥ mfm _amR>r h¡& gZ

1958 _| ZmJar m§{ÌH$s _| ZoeZc {S>ßbmo_m àmá H$a o goVw {ZJ_ Ho$ à~ÝYH$ Ho$ nX na H$m ©aV h¡&

CZH$m àmapå^H$ OrdZ _Ü`_dJu` Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$s pñW{V _| ì`VrV hþAm& {nVm lr `mXdamd

S>moHo$ gmYmaU _mñQ>a go {Ocm {ejm A{YH$mar Ho$ nX na nhþ±Mo& ñd § {damQ> Zo r 80 ê$n o à{V_mh

H$s àmW{_H$ emcm H$s _mñQ>ar H$s, gmW hr `m§{ÌH$s (B§O{Z §[aJ) H$s nT>mB© ^r& àmaå^ go hr

Or{dH$monmO©Z H$m H$îQ> moJZo dmco {damQ> H$s A^mdm| go nwamZr nhMmZ ahr h¡&

{H$emoamdñWm _| gwZo am_-X§Jcm| Zo {damQ> H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV {H$`m& Ú{n JrV-coIZ Ho$ ~rM

Z¡go{JH$ ê$n go CÝh| AnZr _mVm Or lr_Vr ZoUyVmB© S>moH$ go hr àmá hþE h¢& nËZr ho_cVm ,nwÌÛ` g§Vmof,

VWm EH$ nwÌr gnZm S>moHo$ ~g `hr CZH$s J¥hñWr h¡&

{damQ> Ho$ AOñÌ H$mì` òmoV Zo {hÝXr H$mì` OJV H$mo 12 _m{_©H$ H¥${V`m±- _|hXr aMr hWocr,

ñda Ho$ gmonmZ, Amo _oao AZm_, {Zd©gZm Mm±XZr, {H$aU Ho$ H$erXo, {_Q>Q>r _oao Xoe H$s,nrco Mmdc Ûma

na, XX© H¡$go Mwn aho, rVa H$s ZmJ\$Zr, ncH$m| _| AmH$me, ~y±X-~y±X nmam Am¡a AmñWm Ho$ A_cVmg

Xr h¡& nrco Mmdc Ûma na H¥${V na _Ü` àXoe {hÝXr gm{hË` n[afX, monmc Ûmam _mIZcmc MVwd}Xr

nwañH$ma, Ed§ CËVa àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ, cIZD$ H$m nwañH$ma àmá H$a MwHo$ h¡& {Zd©gZm Mm±XZr Am¡a

AmñWm Ho$ A_cVmg {hÝXr JOcm| `m _wpŠVH$mAm| Ho$ H$mì` g§J«h h¡ Am¡a eof JrV g§J«h&

{damQ> Or Zo JOc H$mo _wpŠVH$m H$hm h¡& CZH$s mfm _amR>r h¡, AV: CZHo$ {cE IS>r ~mocr

{hÝXr H$m g§ñH¥$V{Zð> ê$n A{YH$ ghO àVrV hmoVm h¡, ~{Zñ~V IS>r ~mocr Ho$ Cg ê$n Ho$, Omo CËVa

àXoe, h[a`mUm Am¡a CgHo$ Amg nmg Ho$ joÌm| _| àM{cV h¡- AWm©V CXÿ© {_{lV ê$n& {damQ> Or Zo r

Bgr ^mfm H$mo AnZr ^mdm{^ì`pŠV H$m AmYma ~Zm`m h¡& àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bg ewÕ {hÝXr ^mfm _|

JOc {cIZodmcm| _| lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> ^co hr AHo$co Zht h¡ {H$ÝVw gdm}n[a {ZíM` hr h¡&

{damQ> Or àm`: hr {hÝXÿ Y_© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ n[aàoú` go {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a ÚmoVH$ md Am¡a

íeãX coH$a CZgo AnZo H$mì` H$mo gOmVo h¡& do _ñVr, ào_ Am¡a gm¡ÝX © H$m AmñdmX XoZo dmco amo_mZr

H${d h¡& CZH$s n§pŠV`m± àm`: hr JrVm| H$m VaÝZw_ Am¡a g§JrV H$s Py_Vr hþB© c` {c o hmoVr h¡&

51


3.2 MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m aMZmË_H$ ì`pŠËËd …

MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Or H$m aMZmË_H$ ì`pŠËËd {d{dYVmnyU© h¡& EH$ JrVH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| »`m{V nmZo

Ho$ gmW-gmW CÝhm|Z| JOc Ho$ joÌ _| r AnZr {d{eîQ> nhMmZ ~ZmB©& {damQ> Or H$s coIZr Zo maVr`

OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo AnZr aMZm H$m AmYma ~Zm`m& _mZd OrdZ Ho$ XþI, nrS>m, g§Ìmg, KwQ>Z

O¡go g_gm_{`H$ OrdZ ~moY H$m aMZmË_H$ ê$n àñVwV {H$`m& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| EH$ Amoa Xoe, OmVr`

A{^_mZ, g§ñH¥${V, naånam Amoa ^maVr` _mZg H$m ~moY h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa amîQ´>r` ào_, _mZdr`

ñdm{^_mZ Am¡a CgH$s J[a_m, _mZd gå~ÝY, Zmar Ho$ AmXe© ê$n, íemídV gm¡ÝX © Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ à{V

AmñWm H$m ^md h¡&

{damQ> Or Zo BZ {df`m| H$mo AnZr aMZmY{_©Vm H$s j_Vm Ho$ AZwê$n N>ÝX~Õ H$aZo H$m CnH«$_

{H$`m h¡& {damQ> Or H$s aMZmË_H$Vm ì`mnH$ {dYmZ Am¡a mdm| Ho$ {dñVma go ar h¡& do JrV, JOc,

_wpŠVH$m, _wŠVH$ Am{X _| N>§X à`moJm| H$s Amoa AmH¥$îQ> aho h¡& {damQ> Or Zo N>ÝX Ho$ AZwê$n mfm H$m

à`moJ H$aVo hþE CgHo$ àVrH$mË_H$, {~å~mË_H$, cmj{UH$ Am{X ê$nm| H$m Amdí`H$VmZwê$n à`moJ {H$`m

h¡& CZH$s aMZmË_H$ j_Vm Am¡a g§c¾Vm Ho$ {df` _| h H$WZ C„oIZr` h¡ {H$ - maVr` OZOrdZ,

^maVr` g§ñH¥${V go {damQ> H$^r n¥WH$ Zht hþAm& `h {damQ> H$s EH$ Eogr {deofVm h¡, Omo CÝh| AÝ`

aMZmH$mam| go AcJ H$a EH$ {d{eîQ>Vm àXmZ H$aVr h¡& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| {M{ÌV {~å~, AZw y{V,

H$ënZmE± Am¡a {MÌ ewÕ maVr` YamVc na h¡& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| XþI, nrS>m, g§Ìmg, KwQ>Z Am`m{VV

Zhr| h¢& {Og YaVr, {Og _mQ>r {Og hdm nmZr _| coIH$ ídmg coVm h¡, dh§t Ho$ h¡&

{damQ> H$s H¥${VËdVm AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm, ào_ H$s H$mo_cVm Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ g§VwcZ H$s XoZ h¡&

{damQ> H$s H¥${VËdVm H$m gm_m{OH$ X¥pîQ>H$moU Bg ~mV H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡ {H$ OrdZ go {Z{c©á ahH$a

H$mì` Or{dV Zht ah gH$Vm Am¡a Z hr OZ{d_wI hmoH$a dh AnZm ApñVËd H$m`_ aI gH$Vm h¡&

CZH$s H¥${VËdVm H$m CÔoí` h h¡ {H$ dh _mZdr` g§X^m} H$mo g_gm_{`H$ n[aàoú` _| _mZdr` H$éUm

H$mo ~hmH$a, gwá g§doXZmAm| H$mo OJmH$a gm_m{OH$ MoVZm cmZm MmhVo h¡& dh wJrZ hcMcm| _| VQ>ñW

Z ahH$a CZ_| AnZr g{H«$` ^mJrXmar {Z^mZm MmhVo h¡& CZHo$ coIZ _| e¡cr H$s ghOVm Ed§

àdmh_`Vm h¡&

52


3.3 lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m aMZm OJV _| àdoe :

MÝÐgoZ {damQ> H$m OÝ_ 3 {Xgå~a 1936 H$mo BÝXm¡a Ho$ ~cdmS>m J«m_ _| hþAm& {damQ> Ho$ {nVm

H$m Zm_ lr mXdamd S>moHo$ VWm _mVm H$m Zm_ lr_Vr doUwVmB© S>moHo$ Wm& BZHo$ {nVm emgH$s` godm Ho$

AÝVJ©V {ejm {d^mJ _| {ejH$ Wo& {nVm Ho$ ñWmZmÝVaU Ho$ H$maU BZH$s àmapå^H$ {ejm H«$_e:

_Zmgm, _{hXnwa, H$ÝZm¡X, BÝXm¡a Am{X ZJam| _| hþB©& _m± Ho$ gmpÝZÜ` go BÝh| Z¡g{J©H$ H${dËd àmá hþAm&

~MnZ go hr _m± H$mo JwZJwZmVo hþE gwZZo na BÝh| Jm`Z d coIZ H$s àoaUm {_cr& g§JrV Ho$ à{V ê${M

CÝh| AnZr _m± go àmá hþB©, CZH$s _m± H$s ÔZ JmZo _| Ed§ g§JrV _| ê${M Wr&

MÝÐgoZ {damQ> Zm¡-Xg df© H$s Am w _| hr VwH$~§Xr H$aZo cJo& O~ {damQ> Mm¡Wr H$jm _|

AÜ``ZaV Wo, V~ _{hXnwa Ho$ Cgr ñHy$c _| ({Og_| do AÜ``Z H$a aho Wo) 15 AJñV Ho$ g_mamoh

_| CÝhm|Zo AnZr nhcr ñda{MV aMZm H$m nmR> {H$`m& aMZmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| h CZH$m àW_ à`mg Wm;

{ZaÝVa ñHy$c Ho$ CËgdm| _| gh^mJ H$aZo go CZHo$ coIZ _o §CËVamoVa àm¡T>Vm AmVr JB©&

aMZmH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| `h CZH$m àW_ n[aM` Wm& BZH$s àW_ aMZm B§Xm¡a Ho$ OmJaU Zm_H$ g_mMma

nÌ _| àH$m{eV hþB©& CgHo$ níMmV {ZaÝVa {d{dY nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| CZH$s aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB©&

CZH$s àW_ aMZm BÝXm¡a go àH$m{eV "OmJaU' Zm_H$ g_mMma-nÌ _| gZ²1955 _| àH$m{eV

hþB©& CgHo$ níMmV² CZH$s Añ’w$Q> aMZmAm| H$m àH$meZ {d{dY nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Wm: Y_© wJ, _mÜ`_,

gmám{hH$ {hÝXþñVmZ, H$mXpå~Zr, AmO Am{X _| àH$m{eV hmoZo cJr& g^r àH$m{eV aMZmAm| H$m

g§H$cZ g§J«hm| _| g_m{hV h¡& gµZ 1966 _| {X„r Ho$ cmc {H$co na JUVÝÌ {Xdg Ho$ Adga na H${d

{damQ> Zo amîQ>r` ñVa na hmooZo dmco H${d gå_ocZ _| "JmonmcXmg ZraO, {XZH$a, draoÝÐ {_l, h[ad§eam`

~ƒZ Am{X à{V{ð>V H${d`m| Ho$ gmW H$mì` nmR> {H$`m&

{damQ> H$mo e¡edmdñWm go hr _§M go cJmmd Wm, Omo AmO VH$ ~Zm hþAm h¡& {damQ> Zo gZ² 1958

_| gd©àW_ AmH$medmUr na aMZmnmR> {H$`m AmH$medmUr na BZH$s aMZm "Mm±X H$m S>moam' ~hþV

cmoH${à` hþB©& {damQ> AnZr aMZm {cIZo Ho$ gmW-gmW CgH$s YwZ ñd§ ~ZmV| h¢& gm[aH$m, g[aVm,

_wŠVm, gmjmËH$ma, H$cmdVm© Am{X n{ÌH$mAm| _| g_`-g_` na CZH$s aMZm | àH$m{eV hmoVr ahr&

BZHo$ n[adma _| {damQ> g{hV nm±M gXñ` h¢& BZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ lr_Vr ho_cVm S>moHo$ h¢& BZHo$

Xmo nwÌ Ed§ EH$ nwÌr h¡& BZHo$ nyd©O _ycV: _hmamîQ> Ho$ nyZm íeha Ho$ {Zdmgr h¢& {nVm_h lr H¥$îUamdOr

53


S>moHo$ VËH$mcrZ hmoH$a amÁ` _| g¡Ý` A{YH$mar Ho$ nX na nXñW hmoH$a BÝXmoa _| ñWm`r ê$n go ~g J o&

lr mXdamdOr Zo {ejH$ Ho$ ê$n _| emgH$s` godm H$m © Amaå^ {H$`m Am¡a {ejm A{YH$mar Ho$ nX na

nhþ±MH$a godm{Zd¥V hþE& BZH$m nm{UJ«hU nƒrg df© H$s Am w _| 4 _B© 1961 H$mo {d_c Aå~oS>H$a

Ho$ gmW nyZm _| gånÝZ hþAm&

gZ² 1953 _| hmà g¡H$ÊS>ar H$s narjm àW_ loUr _| CËVrU© H$s& gZ² 1956 _| hmocH$a H$m°coO

BÝXm¡a go BÝQ>a_r{S>EQ> H$s narjm {dkmZ {df` coH$a CVrU© H$s& VËníMmV² Jmo{dÝXam_ goŠg[a`m

Q>oŠZmcm{OH$c B§ñQ>rQ²> yQ> BÝXm¡a go gZ²1958 _| ZmJar m§{ÌH$s _| ñZmVH$ H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& ~MnZ

go {damQ> H$s AÜ``Z _| {deof ê${M Wr& {dnarV n[apñW{V`m± hmoZo na r BÝhm|Zo gmhg Zht N>moS>m Am¡a

AnZr nT>mB© gVV Omar aIr& 1859 _| lr {damQ> cmoH$ {Z_m©U {d^mJ _| A{^ §Vm Ho$ nX na {Z wŠV

hþE&

CÝh| gm{hË` g¥OZ H$s àoaUm {H$emoa AdñWm _| gwZo J o am_ X§Jcmo go {_cr, {Og_| JrV g§JrV

H$s à{V`mo{JVm hmoVr Wr& gm{hË`H$mam| _| CÝh| {OZ-{OZ H${d`m| g| àoaUm àmá hþB©-gw ©H$mÝV {ÌnmR>r

{Zamcm, àgmX, {XZH$a, ~ƒZ, ZraO Ed§ Ë`mJr&

H${dVmE± {cIZo Ho$ àmapå^H$ Xm¡a _|, _¢ dra ag H$s Hw$N> cå~r H${dVmE± {cIVm Wm Am¡a D$±Mr

AmdmO _| Omoe-Iamoe Ho$ gmW nT>Vm Wm& h JrVmo H$s aMZm Ed§ _Ywa H§$R> go àñVwV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ

H$aVm Wm& dra ag H$s Omoercr aMZmAm| H$s àñVw{V Ho$ ~mX {_ÌJU _wP ñWycH$m` H$s "Vwåhmam g~

Hw$N> {damQ> h¡ ^B©, Š`m eara, Š`m H${dVmE± Am¡a Š`m nT>Zm& g~ Hw$N> Ho$ gmW Vw_ {damQ> hr hmo &'

_OmH$ _| H$hr OmZo dmcr Bg {Q>ßßUr Ho$ gmW {damQ> Zm_ Yrao-Yrao _oao Zm_ Ho$ gmW H$~ OwS> J`m (em`X

1955 go 1959 ) Hw$N> R>rH$ go _wPo r mX Zht h¡& {damQ> CnZm_ _oao Zm_ Ho$ gmW OwS>m Ed§ àH$m{eV/

àgm[aV Ed§ WmoS>m ~hþV àMm[aV hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Bgo N>moS>m OmZm g§ d hr Zht ahm Am¡a h CnZm_ _wPo

H$m_ go dm_Z Ed§ Zm_ go {damQ> hmoZo H$m ~moY H$amVm ahVm h¡& em`X Bgr ~moY Zo _wPgo ñd § na h

ì §½` r H$adm`m h¡ {H$- "Vw_ Wo {damQ> co{H$Z dm_Z {ZH$c J o&' 1960 _| S>m°. h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ

go |Q> H$aHo$ Amerdm©X {c`m Wm& O~ r CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm {H$ "AÀN>o co JrVH$ma hmo, H$mo_c _Ywa

JrV {cIVo hmo, `h Š`m AnZm Zm_ {damQ> aI {c`m? {H$VZm néf, H$R>moa Ed§ Üd{Z H$s X¥pîQ> go

JrVH$ma Ho$ {cE AZwn wŠV Zm_ aI {X`m Vw_Zo& _wP na KS>m| R>ÊS>m nmZr nS> J`m& {H$ÝVw IwX H$mo g §V

H$a CËVa {X`m- "S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ _wPo _oam H${d Zm_ MwZZo H$m Adga hr H$hm± {_cm? h Vmo àmapå^H$

54


AdñWm _| _oao {_Ìm| Ûmam _OmH$ _| {X`m J`m Zm_ h¡ Omo _oao gmW {MnH$ J`m h¡& AJa _wPo _m¡H$m {_cVm

Vmo AnZo {cE H$moB© _Ywa gm, H$mo_c gm Zm_ Zht MwZVm? V~ Vmo {\$a Bgr Zm_ H$mo AnZo H${dËd H$mo

gmW©H$ H$amo -S>m°. ~ƒZ ~moco& _¡Zo Am±I| _y±XH$a Bgo CZHo$ Amerdm©X Ho$ ê$n _| J«hU {H$`m Am¡a Mwn

hmo J`m&

3.4 {d{dY {dMmaYmamAm| Ho$ AmYma na {damQ> H$m ì`pŠVËd :

lr {damQ> H$s {dMmaYmamAm| H$m {ddoMZmnaH$ {dícofU {ZåZmZwgma h¡-

1. ì`pŠVJV gmjmËH$mam| Ho$ AmYma na

2. g§J«hm| H$s y{_H$m Ho$ AmYma na

3. à_wI aMZmAm| Ho$ AmYma na

1. ì`pŠVJV gmjmËH$mam| Ho$ AmYma na :

lr {damQ> J§ ra àH¥${V Ho$ ì`pŠV h¡& ~ZmdQ>rnZ go Xÿa, grYm-gmXm OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZo dmco

H${d {damQ> Ho$ öX` _| íemofU Ho$ {déÕ Vrd« à{V{H«$`m h¡& {Zamcm, àgmX, {XZH$a, ~ƒZ, Xþî §V,

Zonmcr, ZraO Ed§ Ë`mJr O¡go _hmZ H${d`m| go à^m{dV lr {damQ> Zo AnZo OrdZ Ho$ AZw dm| H$mo hr

H$mì` g¥OZ {H$`m&

""{g\©$ _oao hr Z`Z Wo, Omo Oê$aV Ho$ g_`

O~ H$moB© Z Xo ahm Wm, Xo Jò nmZr _wPo&

Š`m H$hÿ± AnZo A§h H$s AmO VH$ _oao {gdm

{_c Z nm`m Xÿgam _wPgo A{YH$ _mZr hþB©&''

2. g§J«hm| H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ AmYma na :

a_mZmW AdñWr Zo {damQ> Ho$ H$mì` H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$ - ""lr {damQ> H$s H${dVmE±,

JrV m JOc aMZmE± nT>r Am¡a gwZr Vmo cJmm {H$ O¡go CZH$m aMZmH$ma H${dVm Ho$ ~hmZo EH$ Eogr AZyR>r

eãXg¥pîQ> H$a ahm h¡, Omo Cgo Cg {~ÝXþ VH$ co Om oJr, Ohm± EH$ Eogm Jwcm~ Omo AHo$cm hmoH$a r nyar

\w$cdmar go A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ Am¡a h_mar nhMmZ Ho$ mo½` h¡& _oao {cE {damQ> H$s H${dVm Cgr Jwcm~

H$s Vah h¡& _wPo {dídmg h¡ {H$ `h Jwcm~ H$mì`-XodVm Ho$ {cE AmZÝX_` N>ÝX O¡gm hmoJm&''

55


{damQ> Ho$ JrVm| Am¡a _wpŠVH$mAm| _| wJ OmJaU H$s MoVZm Ho$ gmW gmW OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m|

go lm§V-Šbm§V _Zwî`m| Ho$ {cE àU` Ho$ _Ywa ñda r g§dm{hV {H$E h¡& CÝhm|Z| OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY a§Jm|

H$m g_mdoe H$a H$mì` H$mo BÝÐYZwfr N>Q>m go l¥§Jmm[aV {H$`m h¡&

3. à_wI aMZmAm| Ho$ AmYma na :

lr {damQ> OrdZ Ho$ ha a§J Am¡a ha {dYm Ho$ aMZmH$ma h¡& OrdZ H$m WmW© CZH$s aMZmAm| _|

n[ac{jV hmoVm h¡&

""Bg_| Am±gy ^r h¡, h§gr ^r h¡

Bg_| H$m§Q>o ^r h¡, H$cr ^r h¡&

Xÿgam nj ^r h¡ OrdZ H$m

Yyn `{X h¡ Vmo Mm§XZr ^r h¡&&

aMZm à{H«$`m : CZH$s JrV _| Jhar AmñWm h¡& àmaå^ go hr CÝhm|Zo ào_ Ed§ l¥¥§Jmma H$m amñVm

MwZm Am¡a JrV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝh| ì`ŠV {H$`m& CZHo$ JrVm| _| ào_ H$s c` h¡ {OgH$m AnZm àdmh Am¡a

à^md h¡& AmH©$fU, {dH$f©U, AmdoJ, Amdoe, AmVwaVm, AZwamJ, àVrjm, g_n©U, gå_mohZ Am{X

g§doXZmAm| H$m H$cmË_H$ {MÌU CZHo$ JrVm| H$s {deofVmE± h¢& mdwH$ Am¡a g§doXZerc JrVH$ma hmoZo Ho$

gmW-gmW CZHo$ JrVm| _| Am_ AmX_r H$s nrS>m ^r A{^ì`ŠV hþB© h¡&

do g_` Ho$ à{V {MpÝVV Am¡a MoVZmerc JrVH$ma aho h¡&`Ú{n CÝh| ê$n Am¡a àU` H$m JrVH$ma

_mZm OmVm h¡,na {\$a ^r do g_mO Ho$ à{V AnZo H$V©ì` go AZ{^k Zht h¡& CZH$s aMZmY{_©Vm Bg

~mV H$m à_mU h¡ {H$ dh {hÝXr H$s gmñH¥${VH$ nr{R>H$m {cE hþE àVrH$mË_H$ VWm {_WH$s` md y{_

na AnZr {ZOr e¡cr H$s ñdVÝÌ nhMmZ ~ZmVr h¡& CZHo$ JrV wJ OrdZ H$mo AZoH$ àH$ma go ê$nm{`V

Am¡a Üd{ZV H$aVo h¡& CZH$s aMZmY{_©Vm, AZw y{V H$s Vrd«Vm, ào_ H$s H$mo_cVm Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ gÝVwcZ

H$s XoZ h¡, CÝhm|Zo XX© H$mo g§doXZm Ho$ ñVa na XoIm, g_Pm, d¡få`m| H$m Oha nMm`m Am¡a EH$ JrVH$ma

Ho$ ZmVo A§Yoao na amoeZr Ho$ hñVmja {H$ o&

lr {damQ> ñd § ñdrH$maVo h¡- ""EH$ BÝÐYZwfr n§pIc jU ñda gVa§Jr eãX `moOZm Ho$ a§Jmo

go gOm _wPo Ny>Vm h¡& EH$ AZmoIr N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, ì`ŠV hmoZo H$s AmHw$cVm, EH$ A~yP AHw$cmhQ> _wPo JrV

coIZ d H$hZo H$mo {dde H$aVr h¡- hr dh ñ\w$aU H$m A{Zd©MZr` jU _oao {cE H${dVm coIZ Ed§

56


H$mì` g¥OZ H$m jU hmoVm h¡& h N>ÝX_`r, JmZ_`r íeãXm{^ì`pŠV _wPo {dde H$aVr h¡ {H$ Hw$N> {cIy±,

Hw$N> JmD$±, EH$ nyam md, EH$ nyam {dMma N>ÝX Ho$ doe _| _oao H§$R> na XñVH$ Xo Vmo _¢ H$~ VH$ AZJm`m

ah gH$Vm hÿ±& ~g Bgr Vah _oao JrV H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡&''

AmO Ho$ m§{ÌH$ OrdZ _| _mZdr` g§doXZmAm| H$mo ~aH$ama aIZo Ho$ {cE H${dVm H$s Oê$aV H$mo

~hþV rVa go _hgyg H$aVo h¡& {damQ> H$s H${dVm {d^mOZ Am¡a AcJmmd Ho$ à{V _mZdr` gXme`Vm

Am¡a _yë`m| H$s H${dVm h¡&

`h {d^mOZ Yma H$m AcJmmd d{O©V H$a Mco&

Xmo VQ>m| H$mo OmoS> Xo dh goVw {Z{_©V H$a Mco&

h_ {H$aU H$m ~mU nyar íepŠV go _mao Cgo

dY Z Mmho {V{_a H$m {H$ÝVw _y{N©>V H$a Mco&

{damQ> H$s am` _| JrVm| H$m CËg h¡- XX© H$s Vrd«Vm& JrVm| H$s VacVm Alw H$m AdXmZ h¡& BZHo$

^rVa H$m H${d gËVmYmar VmZmemh, A§hH$mar Am¡a A{ddoH$s _wIm¡Q>mYm[a`m| H$m {damoY H$a gX¡d

gOJVm Ho$ gmW g_mO Ho$ àhar ~ZZo H$m H$m © H$aVo h¡& do H$hVo h¡ {H$ H$cm Z Vmo OrdZ go {Z{c©á

hmo gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Z OZ{d_wI hmoH$a AnZm ApñVËd H$m`_ aI gH$Vr h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ì`pŠV`m| Ho$

AÝV_w©Ir g§H$sU© X¥pîQ>H$moU _| {dñVma cmZm MmhVr h¡ Am¡a VQ>ñW Xe©H$ ~ZH$a wJrZ hcMcm| _|

AnZr gmPoXmar {Z^mZm MmhVr h¡&{damQ> H$s aMZmY{_©Vm _| íe¡cr {eën H$s ghOVm Am¡a àdmh_`Vm

h¡&

AZoH$ pñW{V`m| _| {damQ> dñVwpñW{V H$m ghr _wAm`Zm H$aVo h¢, O~ CZH$s Ow~mZ YmaXma hmo

OmVr h¡ Am¡a do MwZm¡Vr Ho$ ñda _| CVa AmVo h¡& `mdh pñW{V`m| go grYr _wR> oS> Am¡a g§Kf© H$s cmcgm

CZ_| {XImB© XoVr h¡& CZ_| {dH¥${V`m|, {dg§J{V`m| Am¡a {df_VmAm| H$mo ~oZH$m~ H$aZodmcr aMZmAm| _|

gm_m{OH$ WmW© Am¡a n[adoeJV gƒmB`mo H$m VmZm-~mZm AnZr gdm}V_ A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ ZOXrH$ h¡

Am¡a CZH$m ñda ^r geŠV h¡& {damQ> H$m g¥OZ joÌ _| Cg g_` àdoe hþAm, O~ H${dVm Ho$ à{V

gm_mÝ` nmR>H$ _| r AZmgpŠV H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡& H${d {cIVo h¢ {H$-

""ñda Z OJVo gwIm| _|

nra hr H${dVm OJmVr

57


H$gH$ H$moB© JrV ~ZVr

gm§g Km`c JrV JmVr&''

JrV {dYm na {damQ> H$s nH$S> Jhar h¡ AnZo gKZ mdm| Ed§ {dMmam| H$mo gac ê$n _| ì`ŠV

H$aZo H$s H$cm _| do {ZîUmV h¢& {damQ> AnZo wJ Ho$ CZ {gÕ H${d`m| _| go h¡, {OÝhm|Z| {hÝXr JrV H$mo

ZdmZ wJ H$s Amem-AmH$m§jmAm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$m g\$c _mÜ`_ ~Zm`m& CZHo$ JrV ^mdZm Ho$

Am§V[aH$ c` go AZwñ yV, H$mo_c, _Ywa Am¡a N>ÝX g§JrV Ho$ A{V[aŠV {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| _| AÝË`mZwàmg

H$s gH$c moOZmAm| H$s ghr Am¡a N>moQ>o JË`mË_H$ N>ÝXm| H$mo AnZmZo H$s àd¥{V {XImB© nS>Vr h¡, {OgHo$

H$maU CZHo$ JrV Jo Vm go wŠV h¡&

d¡{eîQ²>` nyU© aMZm aMH$a Ho$ {H$`m AZyR>m H$m`©

{ZíM` hr `h g§J«h hmoJm Xþ{Z`m H$mo ñdrH$m ©

MÝÐgoZ Or! Amn ~Z J o hmo {eën {dÚm Ho$ Ym_

_m{ÌH$ N>ÝXm| _| à~c _hmaV, H$mì`m_¥V H$s AmZ&''

{ZîH$f© : lr {damQ> Ho$ JrV ZdrZVm go AmoV-àmoV h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo n[adoe H$s O{Q>cVm H$mo

g§{já {H$ÝVw à^mdr ê$n go gåào{fV H$aZo Ho$ {cE _wpŠVH$m {cIr&

3.5 JrV Am¡a lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> :

noeo go m§{ÌH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do ~m¡{ÕH$ Am¡a _erZr n[adoe _| OrVo h¢, na H${d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU

^mdmË_H$ gmJa _| Sy>~Vo-CVaVo ahVo h¢, Ú{n XmoZm| H$m g_Ýd` H${R>Z hr Zht cJ^J Agå^d gm

h¡, na lr {damQ> Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$s hr {deofVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Z| XmoZm| nhcyAm| H$mo {^ÝZ Zht _mZm A{nVw

EH$ Ho$ H$m © {g{Õ _| Xÿgao H$m àMya gh`moJ {c`m h¢& H$hV| h¡ {H$ H${d ^mdwH$Vm Ho$ àdmh _| {eën

H$mo AZXoIm H$a XoVm h¡, na H${d {damQ> H$m §m{ÌH$ ì`pŠVËd Bg H$_r H$mo r nyam H$a XoVm h¡& CZHo$

ì`pŠVËd H$s Bg {deofVm Zo CÝh| cmoH${à` ~Zm {X`m. gZmVZ gm_Ï © Ho$ YZr Bg JrV {dYm go MÝÐgoZ

{damQ> ^r à^m{dV hþE {~Zm Z ah gHo$& AnZo _mZ{gH$ {dMmam| Ed§ gmoM Ho$ H$maU CÝh| AnZr

{dMmam{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {cE JrV {dYm hr gdm}ËH¥$îQ> AZwHy$c cJr. AnZr aMZm à{H«$`m H$mo ñnîQ> H$aVo

hþE CÝhmoo|Zo {cIm h¡ {H$ -"" _oao JrVH$ma _Z Ho$ VhImZo _| Z OmZo EH$ ~m±gwar Š`m| h¡? gmgmo§ H$s dm w

na ~OZm Bg ~m±gwar H$m ñd^md h¡, {Z`{V h¡& JrV _oao H${d _Z H$s àH¥${V h¡& JrV Ho$ à{V _oar AmñWm

58


AQy>Q> h¡& AÝ` {dYmAm| Zo BVZo cmcM {X o, à{V{ð>V H$admZo Ho$ H$m¡c ao, na _oam H${d _Z JrV dmcr

Cg ~m±gwar H$m hr Am{eH$ h¡&'' {damQ> Ho$ o CÒma ~VmVo h¢ {H$ do AÝ` {dYmAm| H$s Amoa J{Verc hmo

gH$Vo Wo, {H$ÝVw CZHo$ _Z H$s ñdm^{dH$ àH¥${V H$mo JrV hr {à` cJo, \$cV: CÝhm|Z| AnZr AQy>Q> AmñWm

JrV H$mo g_{n©V H$s.

JrV Ho$ à{V g_{n©V lr {damQ> AnZo ñd^md H$s {_cZ g[aVm go, gacV_ ì`pŠVËd go,

AZdaV² gm{hË` gmYZm go VWm ñda Ho$ gå_mohZ go Xoeì`mnr »`m{V àmá H$a MwHo$ h¡.OrdZ Ho$ H$R>moa

§m{ÌH$ `Wm©W H$mo ^moJVo hþE ^r CZHo$ JrVm| H$s agYmam AmñWm, epŠV, {Zð>m, VmOJr, C„mg Am¡a

ghO àofUr`Vm go gå~Õ hmoH$a {ZaÝVa àdh_mZ ahr h¡.

dñVwV: {damQ> EH$ g_W© JrVH$ma h¢, {OÝhm|Zo ZdJrV H$mo AnZr gmYZm go dmñV{dH$ AW© àXmZ

{H$`m h¢ Am¡a {hÝXr ZdJrV H$s gmR>moËVar naånam H$mo gånÝZVm àXmZ H$s. AV: lr ZraO Ho$ íeãXm|

_| - ""JrV Ho$ {cE nyU©V: g_{n©V EH$ C‚mdc hñVmja AmS>å~am| Ed§ Am¡nMm[aH$Vm go nao _mZdVm

Ho$ gac ê$n H$m g_W©H$ JrVH$ma Omo {H$gr dmX go Zht OwS>m, Omo {H$gr Io_| m _R> _| íem{_c Zht

hþAm. EH$mH$s AcI OJm`m h¡. Bg àH$ma {damQ> go JrV Am¡a JrV go {damQ> H$^r AcJ Zht hmo nm`m&

q q q

59


l AÜ¶m¶ - 4 l

lr MÝÐgoZ {damQ> : H¥${VËd g_rjm

4.1 aMZmE± (H¥${VËd) :

{hÝXr ZdJrV _| ê${M aIZo dmcm| Ho$ {cE {damQ> EH$ n[a{MV Am¡a à{V{ð>V Zm_ h¡& {damQ> H$s

H${dVmAm| _| ñda, H$Ï` Am¡a H$mì` H$m {dñVma h¡& AŠga JrV {dYm na `h Amamon cJmm`m OmVm

h¡ {H$ dh AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s O{Q>c g§doXZmAm| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo _| Aj_ h¡& Bg Amamon H$mo {ZamYma

gm{~V H$aZo Ho$ {cE {damQ> Ho$ JrV hr H$m\$s h¢&

""OO©a gr Xrdma| Am¡ XhVo ñVå^

[agVr N>V, Y±gr Ztd, J[a_m H$m X§ ,

y{_ ahZ Am¡a nS>m Am±JZ dramZ,

nrT>r Zo nm`m {damgVr _H$mZ&''

BÝhm|Zo cJ^J 14 JrV g§J«h Am¡a 12 JOc g§J«hm| go AnZm aMZmH$_© g±dmam h¢& {df` Ho$

AmYma na dJuH$aU g§ d Zht h¡& EH$ hr {df` na {d{dYVmnyd©H$ {cIZo Ho$ H$maU BZH$s aMZmAm|

_| amo_mM§H$Vm {dÚ_mZ h¡& aMZmË_H$Vm H$m n[aM` CZHo$ {ZåZ H¥${Vd go {_cVm h¡-

JrV g§J«h :

""OrdZ H$s mÌm Ho$ g~go gƒo gmWr JrV aho h¡& H$^r ~mV H$a coZo H$mo, H$^r _Z ~hcmZo

H$mo& mÌm _| BgH$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo H$_ _hËd Zht XoZm Mm{hE& mÌm Ho$ _YwaV_ jU gmWr go ~mV

~hcmd Ho$ hr hmoVo h¡&...... na gOrd, gàmU Am¡a eŠV JrV do hmoVo h¢ {OZ_| McVo hþE `mÌr H$s

g§mg gwZmB© Xo, {OZ_| àñWmZ H$m ZdmoËgmh, amh H$s H$V©ì`_` WH$mZ, _§{Oc na nhþ§MZo H$m g§Vmof

Amam_ à{V{~på~V hmo, {OZ_| à^mV Ho$ _ÝX J§Y g_ra H$m ñne©, {XZ H$s JX©Jw~mar, cy cnQ> H$m Pm|H$m

Am¡a g§Ü`m H$s {e{Wc íerVc hdm H$m Pm|H$m - g§jon _| {OZ_| haH$V hmo, J{V hmo, OrdZ hmo&''

(~ƒZ- àdmg H$s S>màr)

60


(1) _|hXr aMr hWocr (1965) : h BZH$m àW_ JrV H$mì` g§J«h h¡& àñVwV g§H$cZ _|

H$B© JrV g§H${cV h¢ h g§J«h AZwncãY h¡& 1965 _| {da{MV CZH$s Bg H¥${V _| Hw$c BŠ`mdZ JrV

h¢& {damQ> Ho$ JrVmË_m ê$PmZ Am¡a qMVZ Ho$ àmapå^H$ MaUm| H$mo Xem©Zo dmco g§H$cZ h¡& BZ g§H$cZm|

_| Ohm± H${d EH$ Amoa ào_, gm¡ÝX © Ed§ XX© H$m {Zê$nU H$aVm h¡, dht Xÿgar Amoa BZ_| amîQ´>r`Vm Am¡a

Zd{Z_m©U Ho$ {cE {d{dY ê$nmË_H$ g§X © ^r àH$Q> hþE h¡& BZ JrVm| H$s aMZm H$m hoVw CZH$s à~c

AZw y{V`m| _| {Z{hV h¢ CZH$s H$mì`H¥${V Ho$ àmaå^ _| {cIm h¡-

"" XþI Zo O~ _Z H$mo _W S>mcm

V~ Am±gy H$m ZdZrV {_cm

O~ XX© Kwc J`m, gm±gm| _|

V~ AYam| H$mo _YwJrV {_cm&''

`Ú{n ñd § H${d Zo nrS>m H$mo AnZo JrVm| H$s àoaUm ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¢, {H$ÝVw h nrS>m ghO Z

hmoH$a H¥${Ì_ {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| {dah mdm| H$m AmXoe {e{Wc h¡& H$mì` H$WZ ~ZH$a àH$Q>

hþAm h¡, g§doXZm gKZ H«$ÝXZ ~ZH$a Zht AmB© h¢& Bg g§X © _| {ZåZ CXmhaU Xe©Zr` h¡-

"" EH$ ^r Eogr Zht h¡ gm±g A~ Vmo,

Omo Vwåhmar Vac gw{Y go Z_ Zht h¢

nwV{c`m| _| _y{V©dV hr OS> J`r Vw_

EH$ _pÝXa ~Z JB© h¢ Am±I| _oar&&''

g_rú` g§J«h Ho$ Hw$N> hr JrVm| _| doXZm H$m {MÌU h¡, "Vw_ Amo _oar Zrc_ Z`Zo' O¡go JrVm| _|

{_cZ H$m AmZÝX h¡, àgÝZ n[adoe h¡, doXZm ào[aV ê$XZ Zht h¡& {ZgÝXoh Bg H¥${V Ho$ JrVm| H$m CËg

Ho$dc H${d H$s à~c AZw y{V hr h¢; H${d AnZo _Z H$s pñW{V Ho$ AZwgma àH¥${V H$mo CXmg Am¡a àgÝZ

XoIVm h¢&

(2) ñda Ho$ gmonmZ (1968) : Bg g§J«h Ho$ gdm©{YH$ JrV g§H${cV h¢& BgHo$ àW_ g§ñH$aU

H$m àH$meZ gm{hË` maVr ~å~B© go gZ² 1968 _| hþAm& Bg_| 160 JrV h¢& CÝhm|Zo AnZm h g§J«h

AnZo {nVmOr H$mo g_{n©V {H$`m h¢& CÝhm|Zo Bg J«ÝW H$s y{_H$m _| {cIm h¡ {H$- JrV gm{hË` H$s EH$

A{dpÀN>ÝZ Ymam h¡& H${dVm H$m coIZ àm`: JrV aMZm go hr àmaå^ hmoVm h¡& JrV CZHo$ AÝV:H$aU

61


H$s AmdmO h¢, BgHo$ {cE CÝh| H$moB© l_ Zht H$aZm nS>Vm h¡, JrV ñdV: hr mfm ~ZH$a àñVwV hmo

OmVo h¢& JrV _oao H${d _Z H$s àH¥${V h¢&''

lr {damQ> H$s h {ÛVr` àH$m{eV H¥${V aMZmH$ma Ho$ ZE ê$n go n[a{MV H$amVr h¡& _|hXr aMr

hWocr _| do EH$ l¥§Jmm[aH$ H${d àVrV hmoVo h¢ Vmo ñda Ho$ gmonmZ _| l¥§Jmm[aH$ A{^ê${M Ho$ gmW-gmW

CZH$m amîQ´>r` MoVZm H$m ê$n r gm_Zo Am`m h¡& Bg àH$ma h H$mì`H¥${V CZHo$ aMZmË_H$ {dH$mg Ho$

gmW hr d¡ pŠVH$ {dH$mg H$s r gmú` ~Zr h¡& ê$ngr ào gr Ho$ g_j CgHo$ ê$n H$s àe§gm _| ì`ñV

H${d H$m amîQ´>r` Jm¡ad Ho$ g_j lÕmZV hmo OmZm H$moB© gm_mÝ` ~mV Zht h¢&

"" BgHo$ Am±JZ âr nS>r h¡

g§ñH¥${V`m| H$s JmWm

BgHo$ B{Vhmgm| Ho$ g_j

IwX hr PwH$Vm _mWm& ''

H${d Ho$ _mZg _| amîQ´> ào_ H$m `h CX` nm[adm[aH$ n[apñW{V go nmo{fV Am¡a g§ñH$ma Am¡a

{dMmam| go {dH${gV h¡& H${d Ho$ àmapå^H$ aMZm H$mc _| m¡dZ Ho$ CÔm_ AmdoJ V§aJmm| Ho$ àdmh _| CZH$s

l¥§Jmm[aH$ d¥pèV© hr nadVu H$mcmd{Y _| amîQ´>r`-^mdm| H$s Xrn{eIm Ho$ ê$n _| A{YH$ Á`m|{V©_` hmoVr

Mcr JB©& ""^rVa H$s ZmJ\$Zr, gÝZmQ>o H$s MrI, cS>mB© cå~r h¡, Ý`m` H$a _oao g_`'' Am{X CZH$s

H¥${V`m± Bgr ~mV H$m à_mU h¡&

"{Og OJh _yH$ hmo OmVr h¡ H${dVm

~g Cgr OJh coVm h¡ JrV OÝ_&''

CŠV n§Úme {cIVo hþE _Z H$m {dídmg Am¡a JhZ hmo J`m Wm {H$ O~ H${dVm D$Üd©_wIr hmoH$a

ñda Ho$ n§Im| na Amamo{hV hmoVr h¡, dh jU hr JrV H$m CÒ_ jU h¡& AZw y{V KZr yV hmoH$a ghO-

Y_m©c` Ho$ g§ñH$ma ñdrH$ma H$aVr hþB© ñda go ñd §da aMmVr h¡ Am¡a JrV H$m AZm`mg hr OÝ_ hmoVm

h¡& JrVH$ma H$hVm h¡ {H$ JrV aMZm EH$ AZm`mg CncpãY h¡& Bgr g§X © _| do H$hVo h¡ {H$-

"" _wPgo hþAm Zht VH$m} Ho$

AZwem{gV N>§Xm| _| JmmD$±

~w{Õ àoV Ho$ g§Ho$Vm| na

à`{gH$ ñda _| XþhamD$±&''

62


do {cIV| h¢ {H$- OrdZ H$s Kmoa ì`ñVVmAm| go Hw$N> jU MwamH$a JrV H$s ~m§gwar H$s Hw$N> gm±g|

gm¢nVm h¡& hr _oao A§Vg Ho$ g¥OZY_m© H${d H$s aMZm à{H«$`m h¢ aMZmH$ma ñda {epën`m| H$m {ZaÝVa

AmJ«h ahm h¡ CÝh| JrV AnZo ghOV_ JwUm| Ho$ gmW CncãY hm|, Vm{H$ do H$mì` Ed§ lì` H$s gmYZm

_| Hw$N> Am¡a d¥{Õ H$a gHo$& {dZ_« md go _oao JrV ñda Ho$ gmonmZ MT>Zo Ho$ {cE CÕV h¡, XoIy± {H$ {H$VZm

ñZoh ghOoVo h¢ ?

(3) Amo _oao AZm_ (1968) : Bg g§H$cZ _| OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY {df`m| na AmY[aV 50 JrVm|

H$m g§J«h {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ àW_ g§ñH$aU H$m àH$meZ "cmoH$ MoVZm àH$meZ' O~cnwa _Ü` àXoe

go gZ² 1968 _| hþAm& AnZm `h g§J«h CÝhm|Zo AnZr __Vm_`r _m± H$mo g_{n©V {H$`m h¢&

""ê$n AZoH$m| {_co amh _|,

na _wPH$mo {OgH$s Vcme _|

dhr AZm_ Zht {_cVm&''

Bg g§J«h Ho$ JrV AQy>Q> AmñWm Am¡a AQ>c {Zð>m Ho$ {cE g_{n©V h¡& o AZw yV OrdZ H$s

A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ JrV h¢& BZ JrVm| H$s àoaUm H${d H$mo OrdZ g§J«m_ H$s àË`j AZw y{V`m| go àmá hþB© h¡&

l¥§Jmma Bg g§J«h Ho$ JrVm| H$m Ho$ÝÐr` md h¢& Ú{n A{YH$m§e JrV cm¡{H$H$ YamVc na Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m

Ho$ {_cZ Ed§ {dah H$s àVr{V H$amVo h¡, VWm{n Amo _oao AZm_ O¡go JrVm| _| AmÜ`mpË_H$ md y{_ H$m

^r ñnîQ> g§Ho$V {_cVm h¡&

coIH$ Zo WmW© gm_{`H$ emídV n[apñW{V`m| H$m AdcmoH$Z H$a Bg JrV H$s aMZm H$s h¡,

Bgr gÝX © _| do H$hVo h¡ {H$-

""`h Zht Oê$ar ha ~mXc ~ago

ha ~ma Yam H$s ß`mg e_Z hr hmo

g~ nm±d Zht OmVo h¢ _§{Oc VH$

g~H$s g~ Zmd| nma Zht OmVr

g~Ho$ g~ nËWa _y{V© Zht ~Z nmVo

g~H$s g~ H${c`m± \y$c Zht ~Z nmVr&''

AJco JrV _| g`mZr hmoVr ~oQ>r Ho$ ~mao _| {dMma H$a EH$ {nVm CgHo$ {ddmh Ho$ {df` _| {dMmma

H$a AnZr g§doXZmAm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¢& {damQ> Or Zo gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Am¡a Aì`dñWm na àH$me

S>mcm h¢ &

63


(4) {H$aU Ho$ H$erXo (1974) : {H$aU Ho$ H$erX| AZoH$ X¥pîQ>`m| go H${d Ho$ H$mì` H$m¡ec

Ho$ {dH${gV Am`m_m| H$mo àñVwV H$aVm h¡. gm¡ÝX © X¥pîQ>, amJmË_H$Vm, gwI-Xþ:I H$s A{^ì`pŠV, àH¥${V

H$s {damQ> A{^ì §OZm Ho$ gmW hr _hmZJa ~moY Am¡a AmñWm Ho$ g§X © Am{X g~ {_cH$a àñVwV g§H$cZ

H$mo loð>Vm àXmZ H$aVo h¡& AZoH$ X¥pîQ> m| go H${d Ho$ H$mì`-H$m¡ec Ho$ {dH${gV Am`m_m| H$mo àñVwV H$aVm

h¢&

""H$T>o hþE _oKmo na

{H$aU Ho$ H$erXo

`§Ìm| H$s Xþ{Z`m _| H$m¡Z na IarXo&''

gZ²² 1974 _| gacm àH$meZ {Xëbr go àH$m{eV Bg H¥${V _| Hw$c 57 JrV h¢& lr {damQ> _yc

ê$n go H$mo_c mdZmAm| Am¡a gac Vac g§doXZmAm| Ho$ mdwH$ JrVH$ma h¢& CZH$s gm¡ÝX © X¥pîQ> Z Ho$dc

_mZdr` g§X^m} _| A{nVw àmH¥${VH$ gÝX^m}§ _| r gm¡ÝX © H$m Xe©Z H$aVr h¢ mXm| Ho$ MrS>, _m¡c{gar

\y$cr, ~§gdQ> _| ~§gar, nrcm H$Zoa, {Z{eJ§Ym Ûma _hH$s, Am{X CZHo$ AZoH$ JrV BgHo$ gmjr h¡& Bg

g§J«h Ho$ JrVm| _| Ho$dc H$ënZm H$m Zht, A{nVw ì`dhm[aH$ OrdZ H$s H$Qw>VmAm| Ho$ AZw d H$mo ^r

eãX~Õ H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

""dŠV ~Xcm hþAm XoI ~Xco g^r,

Omo gJo Wo h_mao do MMoao hþE&''

EH$ AÝ` CXmhaU XopI o:-

""AmdmOm| AmO _wPo EH$mH$s N>moS> Xmo

^rS> go AcJ ^r Vmo

_oam ApñVËd hmo

{ZOr BH$mB© _oar

ñd na ñdm{_Ëd hmo&''

AmYw{ZH$ wJ Ho$ m§{ÌH$ H$mocmhc go ÌñV ì`pŠV H$s naoem{Z`m| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo

h¡ {H$ {H$g àH$ma ì`pŠV AmO Ho$ _mhm¡c _| _Z H$s em§{V Am¡a IwX H$m ApñVËd ~MmZo H$m g§Kf© H$a

ahm h¡ h md ì`ŠV {H$`m h¢ VWm Bg g§J«h _| H${d Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ {H$ JrV Zo CZHo$ ñd^md H$mo

a§J {c`m h¢& dmñVd _| JrV, coIZr Am¡a g¥OZVm h g~ {damQ> Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$m EH$ A§J ~Z MwHo$

64


h¢, BZHo$ {~Zm CZHo$ ApñVËd H$s H$ënZm hr Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& CZHo$ JrVm| _| OrdÝV AZw y{V`m| H$s

AZoH$ N>m`mE± Amcmo{H$V hmoVr h¡& OrdZ Ho$ AZoH$ ANy>Vo OrdÝV jUm| na CZHo$ Ûmam àH$me S>mcm J`m

h¢§&

"Xe©Z nm {c`m' JrV _| H${d àmH¥${VH$ CnH$aUm| _| AnZo {à` H$m gm¡ÝX © Xe©Z d¡go hr àmá

H$aVm h¡ O¡go {H$ gmHo$V _| {da{hUr C{_©cm eaX G$Vw Ho$ gm¡ÝX © CnH$aUm| _| AnZo {à`V_ cú_U H$s

N>{d XoIVr h¡&

{ZapI gIr o I§OZ Am o &

\o$ao CZ _|ao a§OZ Zo Z¡Z BYa _Z ^mE&

\¡$cm CZHo$ VZ H$m AmVn _Z Zo ga gagmE&

Ky_| do Bg Amoa dhm± ò h§g CS> `hm± N>mò

H$aHo$ Ü`mZ AmO Bg OZ H$m {ZíM` do _wñH$m o

\y$c CR>o h¢ H$_c, AYa go ò ~ÝYyH$ gwhmò&

ñdmJV ñdmJV eaX ^m½` go _¢Zo Xe©Z nm o&

Z^ Zo _moVr dmao, cmo o Alw A¿ © â cm o

(5) {_Q²>Q>r _oao Xoe H$s (1975) : {_Q²>Q>r _oao Xoe H$s amîQ´>r` mdZmAm| H$mo ì §{OV H$aVm

h¡, Bg g§H$cZ Ho$ JrVm| _| {Z_m©U Ho$ ñda ao nSo> h¡& 148 JrVm| Ho$ Bg g§H$cZ Ho$ àW_ g§ñH$aU H$m

àH$meZ gZ² 1975 _| àJ{V àH$meZ AmJam go àH$m{eV hþAm& h g§H$cZ BZH$s nwÌr gwlr ñdßZm

H$mo g_{n©V h¢& amîQ´>r` ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV Bg g§H$cZ Ho$ amîQ´>r` JrVm| Ho$ nR>Z go nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _|

amîQ´>r` ^mdZm H$m C×moYZ hmoVm h¡&

EH$ g_W© H${d AnZo n[adoe _| CncãY g^r {df`m| H$mo ñne© H$aVm h¡; CÝh| ñda XoH$a OrdÝV

~ZmVm h¡& CgH$m rVar H${d g_^md go g^r X¥í`m| go A{^ yV hmoH$a CÝh| AnZr coIZr go CHo$aVm

h¡& AnZo Xoe H$s {_Q²>Q>r Ho$ à{V gd©Xm OmJê$H$ Ed§ M¡VÝ` nhaoXma Ho$ ê$n _| CgZo h_oem OmJVo ahmo

H$s AmdmO cJm`r& Xoe H$s {_Q²>Q>r Ho$ à{V EH$ G$U^md CgHo$ _Z _| g_m`m h¡, {Oggo ào[aV hmoH$a

ha ~ma dh AnZo ào_ Ed§ gm¡ÝX © Ho$ ere_hc go ~mha {ZH$cH$a Cgo AnZo _ñVH$ na MÝXZ Ho$ {VcH$

H$s m±{V cJmm coVm h¡& h g§J«h {damQ> H$s Amoa go AnZr _mV¥ y{_ H$mo g_{n©V do lÕmgw_Z h¢, {Og_|

Xoe Ho$ à{V CZH$s {Zð>m H$s J§Y h¢& ñda Ho$ gmonmZ Ho$ Hw$N> amîQ´>r` mdZm go AmoVàmoV JrV Bg g§J«h

65


_| r àñVwV hþE h¢& ñda Ho$ gmonmZ _| H${d H$s amîQ´>r` mdZm ~rO Am¡a A§Hw$a ê$n _| Wr, O~{H$ Bg

g§J«h _| dh nyU© n[an¹$ ê$n _| gm_Zo AmB© h¡&

Bg g§J«h _| H${d H$s àIa Xoe^pŠV Am¡a gm_m{OH$ OmJê$H$Vm Ho$ n[aMm`H$ h¡& Xoe ào_

Ho$ gmW-gmW Cg_| g_gm_{`H$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ CXma X¥pîQ> go amîQ>r` mdm| _| Xem© |

J o h¢& CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> JrVm| _| Xoe Ho$ dÝXZr` ì`pŠVËdm| H$mo Vmo, Hw$N> JrVm| _| Xoe Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ Ed§

gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡ d H$mo Z_Z {H$`m h¢& "l_ J§Jm _| AmO Zhm cmo, enW| CR>mZo H$m g_`, {Z_m©U ~wcmV|

h¢ Vw_H$mo' O¡go JrVm| _| Xoe Ho$ Zd{Z_m©U H$m g§H$ën h¢& Bg àH$ma Bg JrV g§J«h H$m YamVc AË`ÝV

{dñV¥V h¡&

Bg g§H$cZ _| amîQ´>r` mdZmAm| H$mo ì §{OV H$aVm h¡, {OgHo$ JrVm| _| {Z_m©U Ho$ ñda ao nSo>

h¢& gZ² 1976 _| àH$m{eV XX© H¡$go Mwn aho _| XX© A{^ì`pŠV H$m à_wI AmYma ~Zm h¢& Mmho g§X ©

ào_ H$m hmo AWdm wJ ì`mnr {dg§J{V`m| H$s doXZm gd©Ì _wIa ahr h¡& gZ² 1977 _| àH$m{eV rVa

H$s ZmJ\$Zr H${d {damQ> Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ ~moY H$mo g_W©Vm go ì`ŠV H$aVm g§H$cZ h¢ Am¡a h {gÕ H$aVm

h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ {dg§J{V`m| go àmá AZw y{V`m| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo H$m gm_Ï © JrV _| A{YH$ geŠV h¢§&

dh Ho$dc ào_ àg§Jm| _| dm`dr CS>mZ aVm hþAm n§N>r Zhr h¢, ~pëH$ _Zwî` Ho$ gwI-XþI _| Sy>~m, CgHo$

AZw dm| H$mo VXZwê$n AmH$ma XoVm hþAm O_rZ go OwS>m Or{dV g§doXZ r h¢ & AñVw àñVwV g§H$cZ OrdZ

H$m ~hþ{dY àd¥{V`m| H$mo AmH$ma XoVm h¢ Am¡a H$R>moa dmñV{dH$VmAm| H$m gmjmËH$ma àñVwV H$aVm hþAm

AnZr epŠV_Vm àX{e©V H$aVm h¡& dñVwV: {damQ> H$m h g§H$cZ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~rM ì`pŠV H$s VS>n

Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ê$n àX{e©V H$aVm hþAm _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s ajm Ho$ {cE à`ËZerc h¢& gZ² 1978 _|

àH$m{eV g§H$cZ ncH$m| _| AmH$me ào_ g§X^m} Ho$ gwI-XþI_` {MÌ CHo$aVm hþAm {OÝXJr H$s ì`m»`m

H$a AmñWm Ho$ _ÝÌm| H$mo Cƒm[aV H$aVm h¡&

ê$n, ag, m¡dZ, ào_ Ed§ gm¡ÝX © Ho$ JrV JmVo hþE AnZr OÝ_ y{_ Cg __Vm_`r _mQ>r Ho$ à{V

H¥$VkVm Ho$ md H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¢& AnZo Xoe H$s {_Q²²>Q>r Ho$ à{V lÕm md CZHo$ _Z _| g_m`m h¡,

{Oggo ào[aV hmoH$a ha ~ma dh AnZo ào_ Ed§ gm¡ÝX © Ho$ ere_hc go ~mha {ZH$cH$a Xoe ào_ H$mo AnZo

_ñVH$ na M§XZ Ho$ {VcH$ H$s m±{V A{M©V H$a coVm h¡& Jm±YrOr Ho$ ~{cXmZ Ed§ g_n©U Ho$ à{V H¥$Vk

^md ì`ŠV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$-

66


""Vw_Zo AnZo ~{cXmZm| go

grMt YaVr Xoe H$s

Vw_Zo aIr naånam

Or{dV {ZO am_ _hoe H$s

Vw_Zo amono {dídmgm| Ho$ nm¡Yo amîQ´> O_rZ _|

AmO Cgr AmñWm H$s \$gc| cham CR>r ccm_ h¡&''

H${d ñdJ© Ho$ XodVmAm| H$s nyOm H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ h_ AnZo {dídmg, g_n©U

Am¡a _ohZV go Bg YaVr H$mo ñdJ© ~Zm gH$Vo h¡& BZ H$mì` n§pŠV`m| Ho$ Ûmam H${d Xoe dm{g`m| H$mo H$_©R>

~ZH$a _ohZV H$aZo Ho$ {cE ào[aV H$aVm h¡, dh MmhVm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV H$m IwX na {dídmg X¥T> hmo&

Bg g§J«h Ho$ A{YH$m§e JrV maV na MrZ (1962) Ed§ nm{H$ñVmZ (1965) Ho$ AmH«$_U Ho$

g_` aMo J o& JrVH$ma lr {damQ> H$s d§emmZwH«$_ go àmá Am¡a g§ñH$ma nmo{fV Xoe^pŠV H$s Xrn{eIm

Bg AmnmVH$mcrZ n[adoe _| Am¡a A{YH$ CÔrá hþB©& àñVwV JrV g§J«h Ho$ JrV Cgr Xrn{eIm H$s

ñd{U©_ apí_`m± h¢ Omo wJm|- wJmm| VH$ h_mar amîQ´>r` mdZm H$mo Amcmo{H$V H$a|Jr&

(6) nrco Mmdc Ûma na(1976) : nrco Mmdc Ûma na ào_ g§X^m} H$m C^`njr` {MÌU

hþAm h¡& ào_ gm¡ÝX © H$mo H$ënZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CHo$am J`m h¡ Vmo doXZm H$mo r JhZ JhamB© m| Ho$ gmW

A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& BgH$s d¡Mm[aH$ y{_ ^r AË`ÝV nwîQ> h¡&

Bg JrV g§J«h _| JrVH$ma Zo OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$VmAm| H$mo gË`Vm go à_m{UV {H$`m h¡& ào_

Ho$ a§J _| a§Jo wdH$mo H$mo OrdZ Ho$ ghr _mJ© H$mo {XIcmZo H$m Wmg§ d à`mg {H$`m h¡& {damQ> Or H$mo

OrdZ _| Omo nrS>mE± {_cr h¡, CgHo$ {cE dh B©ída H$m Am^ma _mZVo h¡& CZHo$ _V _| {X CZHo$ OrdZ

_| X¥w:I Zm AmVm Vmo CÝh| gwI H$s _hËVm H$m Ehgmg ^r Zm hmoVm& Am±Im| _| `{X Am±gy Zm hmoVo Vmo

g§doXZmhrZ hmoH$a _¢ nËWa ~Z OmVm& AV: do Xþ:I Am¡a nrS>m H$mo _mZdr`Vm H$mo Or{dV aIZo Ho$ {cE

Amdí`H$ _mZVo h¡&

""EH$ Vwåhmam ê$n Zht Ho$dc H$Ï` {à o

Am¡a {df` ^r Bg OrdZ Ho$ JmZo cm`H$ h¢

OrdZ {g\©$ àU` H$s goO Z h¡ l¥§Jmma_`r

emoH$ âo go Bg_| gOc nha ^r em{_c h¢

67


Bg nXmW©dmXr Xþ{Z`m _| {gdm ß`ma Ho$ ^r

cme ñd`§ H$s T>moVo hþE g\$a ^r em{_c h¢

lr {damQ> Ho$ JrVm| H$m `h H$mì`-g§H$cZ gm{hË` n[afX ^monmc Ûmam _mIZ cmc MVwd}Xr

nwañH$ma Ed§ CËVa àXoe {hÝXr g§ñWmZ cIZD$ go nwañH¥$V h¢& Bg_| ào_ g§X^m} H$m C^`njr` {MÌU

AË`ÝV gwÝXaVm go hþAm h¢& BgHo$ JrVm| _| Ohm± EH$ Amoa ào_ Am¡a gm¡ÝX © H$s {damQ> H$ënZm Ho$ _mÜ`_

go CHo$am J`m h¢, Xÿgar Amoa doXZm r JhamB`m| Ho$ gmW ì §{OV hþB© h¡& BgH$s d¡Mm[aH$ n¥ð> y{_ AË`ÝV

nwîQ> h¡&

EH$ Vwåhmam ß`ma Zht h¢ Ho$dc gË` {àò

Am¡a gË` ^r OrdZ Ho$ AnZmZo cm`H$ h¡&''

(7) XX© H¡$go Mwn aho (1977) : XX© Mwn H¡$go aho _| Mmho g§X © ào_ H$m hmo `m wJ ì`mnr

{dg§J{V`m| H$s doXZm gd©Ì _wIa ahr h¡& {damQ> Or EH$ Eogo H${d h¡ {OZHo$ JrVm| _| OrdZ Ho$ ha a§J

h¢, do gƒo ào_ H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZVo hþE OrdZ Ho$ H$ÊQ>mH$sU© nW na AmJo ~T>Zo Ho$ {cE Cgo EH$

Amdí`H$ _mÜ`_ _mZVo h¡&

_¢ O~ ^r {Ogo nyOVm hÿ± OJ _|

Xod dhr {Zðw>a dmhZ ~Z OmVm h¡

{OgH$s N>m`m _| jU â éH$ OmVm hÿ±

AmKmVm| H$s JmO Cgr na {JaVr h¡

Eogr Hw$N> AneHw$Zm| H$s N>m`m _wP na

~o_m¡g_ hr H$mcr ~Xcr {JaVr h¡&

Bg JrV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H${d Zo AnZo OrdZ H$s EH$ Eogr gƒmB© H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡, {Ogo

PwR>cm`m Zht Om gH$Vm, `h CZH$s {ZOr AZw y{V h¡, {Ogo dh AnZr ~XZgr~r go OmoS>Vo h¡&

(8) rVa H$s ZmJ\$Zr (1977) : rVa H$s ZmJ\$Zr Zm_H$ h g§H$cZ H${d {damQ> Ho$

AmYw{ZH$ ~moY H$mo g_W©Vm go ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a `h {gÕ H$aVm h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ {dg§J{V`mo H$mo

à^mdr T>§J go ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ {cE JrV go CËH¥$îQ> H$moB© Amoa {dYm Zht h¢& dh Ho$dc ào_ àg§Jm| _| dm`dr

CS>mZ aVm hþAm n§N>r Zht h¡, ~pëH$ _Zwî` Ho$ gwI-Xþ:I _| Sy>~m, CgHo$ AZw dm| H$mo VXZwê$n AmH$ma

XoVm hþAm O_rZ go OwS>m Or{dV g§doXZ ^r h¡& AñVw àñVwV g§H$cZ OrdZ H$s ~hþ{dY àd¥{V`m| H$mo

68


ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& gd©J«mhr Cn^moŠVmdmXr g§ñH¥${V g_mO Ho$ loð> _yë`m| H$mo crc ahr h¡, gmW hr _mZdr`

g§doXZm H$mo ZîQ> H$aZo na Vwcr h¡&

{ddoÀ` JrVH$ma Zo AmO Ho$ {e{jV ~oamoOJmam| H$s XþX©em H$m dU©Z Bg H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go

H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$ Xoe Ho$ Zm¡OdmZm| Ho$ OdmZ gnZo, ~oamoOJmmar H$s dOh go X_ VmoS> aho h¡, à{V^m

gånÝZ hmoH$a r, hmWm| _| Hw$Xmcr, \$mdS>m coH$a {JQ²>Q>r VmoS> aho h¢, {g\©$ noQ> H$s AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {cE&

AmO r h_mao Xoe _| à{V^memcr cmIm| Zm¡OdmZ wdH$ \w$Q>nmWm| na hr ~goam H$a aho h¢, Xmo dŠV H$a

amoQ>r Ho$ {cE ^r Vag aho h¡&

gnZo Vê$U _Ja X_ VmoS> aho,

hmoZhma H$a {JQ²>Q>r \$moS> aho

à{V^mE± ~oN>V \w$Q>nmWm| na,

H$m±Xm amoQ>r ^r Zm hmWm| na&

g_mO _| ì`má ~wamB`m| na àH$me S>mcZo H$m à`mg H$aVo hþE Zem Am{X Hw$ar{V`m| H$m {damoY

H$aVo h¢& AmO Ho$ wJ _| ha ì`pŠV Ho$dc Xÿgao H$s ~~m©Xr hr MmhVo h¢-

""Hw$N> cmoJ MmhVo h¡ Eogr Zem {ncm |

Xmo Mma nr{T>`m| VH$ h_H$mo hmoe Zm Am o

_mgy_ do ~hþV h¢ g§ d {H$ ~hH$ Om |

Ka \y±$H$Zo ñd § H$m A§Jma XhH$ Om |&''

Xoe _| ì`má AZmMma go ÌñV _mZd H$mo ~Xcmd H$s Amem Ho$ à{V AmídñV H$aVo hþE, A±Yoao

H$mo amoeZr Am¡a Cå_rX go âVo hþE H${d H$hVm h¡ {H$-

Xod y{_ `h OÝ_ {X o h¡ BgZo hr AdVma H$mo

Á`mo{VñV§ ~Z haVr Am`r `h OJ Ho$ A§{Y`ma H$mo

_wPH$mo h¡ {dídmg {H$ YaVr ~m§P Zht Bg Xoe H$s

{\$a go H$moB© Z`m _grhm XoJr g§gma H$mo&

(9) ncH$m| _o§ AmH$me (1978) : {damQ> Or H$hVo h¡ {H$ AmO Ho$ g_` _| {H$gr H$mo ê$cmZm

Vmo AmgmZ h¡, na amoVo hþE H$mo hg±mZm _wpíH$c h¡& Bgr H«$_ _| do H$hVo h¡ {H$ AJa h_ {H$gr H$mo gwI

Zht Xo gH$Vo Vmo CgHo$ gwI, Iwer Am¡a _wñH$mZ H$mo N>rZZo H$m r h_| H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡& Bg gÝX ©

_| CZH$m `h JrV Bg àH$ma h¡-

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